NIOS Class 12 Military History Chapter 21 Insurgency

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NIOS Class 12 Military History Chapter 21 Insurgency

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Insurgency

Chapter: 21

MODULE – VI: INSURGENCY AND TERRORISM

Intext Questions 21.1 

1. Define in simple words the meaning of Insurgency. 

Ans: A violent attempt to oppose a country’s government which is carried out by citizens of that country.

2. Where did Naxalism originate in India? 

Ans: Naxalbari village in West Bengal.

3. Who is a Maoist? 

Ans: Maoists are a group ofradical communists, supportive of Maoist political sentiment and ideology.

Intext Questions 21.2 

1. Name the regions in India that are affected by Insurgency. 

Ans: J&K and NE states.

2. Write the full form of ULFA.

Ans: United Liberation Front for Assam.

Terminal Exercises

1. What are the reasons for Insurgency in India? 

Ans: Reasons regarding North-Eastern states:

(i) Historical Neglect: “The long British rule never attempted to bring the tribals of these states into the mainstream of the nation. A feeling of hatred, alienation and disharmony was created in their hearts which fuelled the insurgency based in the North East.

(ii) Socio-Psychological Factors: “Psychological, emotional and religious aspects are also involved in the problem.

(iii) Economic Factors: “Widespread poverty, unemployment, neglect of youth, peasants and working class and emotional alienation are some of the main reasons of insurgency in these States.

General causes of insurgency:

(a) Ethnic, language and cultural difference from rest of India.

(b) Lack of attention to the problems of people by the Government.

(c) Boundary dispute with neighbouring states.

(d) Clashes between locals and illegal immigrants.

(e) Support from the neighbouring countries.

2. Explain the counter Insurgency.

Ans: The specific measures or “Counter insurgency operations (COIN)” are:

(i) Remove support: “Remove people support to the insurgents. This means that the government must talk to the people and solve their routine problems quickly. Govt should undertake development works like building schools, health centres in villages/ districts and making them function efficiently.

(ii) Military Action: “Eliminate armed insurgents by military action.” The forces involved include the Army, Assam Rifles (AR), Rashtria Rifles (RR), CRPF, and local police.

(iii) Dialogue: “Talk to insurgent leaders, and arrive at a pact or understanding.

(iv) Training: “Army has established a Counter Insurgency Warfare school in the NE and regularly trains its troops. Indian army has the expertise to deal with insurgency and terrorism.

3. Write a note on Terrarism.

Ans: Terrorism is a comparatively new phenomenon and it is used to terrorise the population to support the cause of terrorists.” Unlike insurgency, “terrorism is more an act of violence to cause terror.

Characteristics:

(i) It involves “small groups with a leader” rather than the general population.

(ii) It can have a political aim but is primarily “aimed at creating panic amongst population.

(iii) It involves “Violence against population” rather than just the government.

(iv) It relies on “Money and support from outside agencies. Some countries support terrorists.

Self-Description: Terrorists typically do not refer to themselves as terrorists but use terms like “‘freedom fighters’, ‘soldiers’, ‘activists'”.