NIOS Class 12 Military History Chapter 1 Warrior System In Ancient India

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NIOS Class 12 Military History Chapter 1 Warrior System In Ancient India

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Warrior System In Ancient India

Chapter: 1

MODULE – I: MILITARY HISTORY OF ANCIENT INDIA

Intext Questions 1.1

1. What is a Clan? 

Ans: The family was the basic unit of a society and more than one family was called a Clan.

2. Name any three reasons why wars were fought. 

Ans: Wars were fought basically to protect one’s land from invaders. Other reasons why wars were fought include, protection of cattle and women.

3. Name the three castes in the Varna System.

Ans: (i) Brahmin.

(ii) Vaisyas.

(iii) Kshatriya.

Intext Questions 1.2 

1. Who was a Kshatriya? 

Ana: Caste of the solider or warrior was called Kshatriya.

2. Name any one law of war practiced by ancient Indians.

Ans: One should fight only one enemy and cease fighting if the opponent is disabled.

Terminal Exercises

1. Describe how boundaries were formed.

Ans: The people of Harappa and Mohanjodaro settled around the ‘Indus’ river and did not have any boundaries around their land. But after its decline and disappearance, settlers from the West and North West started settling. Tribes, being agriculturists, started cultivating land for crops and these lands were marked with boundaries called ‘Janapadas’. The group consisting of families was called ‘Clan’ and one or more Clans were called ‘Jana’ or tribe. As the tribes became bigger with more population the requirement of land became larger and bigger boundaries were formed. This was the first boundary created and the tribes protected their land from animals and other tribes.

2. Give an account of the concept of `One India’ as practiced in ancient times.

Ans: The tribal chief or a King always desired to expand his power and have large empires. This desire of conquest was also for personal glory and was also encouraged by the people. 

The advantages of a large empire under a King were as follows:

(i) It created a sense of unity and brought people of different clans, with different customs and traditions together under a King.

(ii) A large empire also meant larger armies. Therefore, for an outside invader it was always a difficult task to go for a battle.

(iii) A large empire under one King unified the people and ensured all round development of the society, both economically as well as culturally.

Our scriptures talk of the Aswamedha Yagna and Rajasuya Yagna, wherein the emperor’s horse was let loose to roam freely. Anyone who stopped the horse was duty bound to wage a war against the emperor. If it was allowed to roam freely all that land then the people were required to obey the laws, rules set by the emperor. This was also a method to expand one’s Kingdom. The performance of the sacrifice, Asvamedha and Rajasuya, established supremacy of the ruler over a territory.

3. Name any four warrior codes practiced by ancient armies of India.

Ans: The warrior code enjoined that a soldier must die in the battlefield. Among the laws of war, we find that:

(i) A warrior (Kshatriya) in armour must not fight with one who is not wearing armour.

(ii) One should fight only one enemy and cease fighting if the opponent is disabled.

(iii) Aged men, women and children, the retreating, or one who held a straw in his lips as a sign of unconditional surrender should not be killed.

(iv) One of the laws enjoins the army to leave the fruit and flower gardens, temples and other places of public worship unharmed.

4. Do you think the Warrior Code that was practiced in ancient India is relevant today?

Ans: This ethos of the ancient army is practised by the Indian Army even today.”