NIOS Class 12 Military History Chapter 14 Indian Navy

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NIOS Class 12 Military History Chapter 14 Indian Navy

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Indian Navy

Chapter: 14

MODULE – IV: ARMED FORCES TODAY

Intext Questions 14.1

1. Who was the first Indian Naval Commander-in-chief? 

Ans: Vice Admiral Ram Dass Kataria.

2. List any three responsibilities of the Indian Navy. 

Ans: Guarding India’s maritime waters, protecting Indian commercial shipping and other marine assets, and Maritime Patrols.

3. Name any three ranks of Commissioned Officers in the Indian Navy.

Ans: Lieutenant, Commander and Captain.

Terminal Exercises

1. Describe the evolution of the Indian Navy.

Ans: The beginning of India’s maritime history dates back to 3000 BC. During this time, the inhabitants of Indus Valley Civilisation had maritime trade link with Mesopotamia. The discovery of a tidal dock at Lothal in Gujarat is proof of India’s ancient maritime tradition. The mention of the Department of Navadhyaksha or Superindent of Ships in Kautilya’s treatise Arthasastra highlights the development of maritime commerce. The ancient Tamil empire of the Cholas in the south, and the Marathas and the Zamorins of Kerala during the 16th and 17th centuries maintained naval fleets.

The history of the Indian Navy can be traced back to 1612 when Captain Best encountered and defeated the Portuguese. It was responsible for the protection of the East India Company’s trade in the Gulf of Cambay and the river mouths of the Tapti and Narmada. The East India Company came under the British Crown on 01 May 1830 and acquired combatant status. It was named as Her Majesty’s Indian Navy in 1858. In 1863, it was reorganised into two branches; one at Bombay and the other at Calcutta, as the Bombay Marine and the Bengal Marine.

Thereafter, it was called The Royal Indian Navy (RIN), under the British rule. The first Indian to be granted a commission was Sub Lieutenant D.N Mukherji. At the outbreak of the Second World War, the Royal Indian Navy consisted of eight warships. By the end of the war, its strength had risen to 117 combat vessels and 30,000 personnel who had seen action in various theatres of operations. On India attaining Independence, the Royal Indian Navy consisted of 32 ageing vessels suitable only for coastal patrol., with R Adm ITS Hall, CIE, being the first Post-independence Commander-in-Chief. After the independence of India on 15 August 1947 and the ensuing partition, the RIN’s fleet of ships and remaining personnel were divided between the newly independent Union of India and Dominion of Pakistan.

The first engagement in action of the Indian Navy was against the Portuguese Navy during the liberation of Goa in 1961. During the Goa liberations, Operation Vijay, the Indian Navy supported troop landings and provided fire support. The 1962 Sino-Indian War was largely fought over the Himalayas and the Navy had only a limited role in the war. Indian Naval activity in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 largely involved coastal patrols. During the war, the Pakistani Navy attacked the Indian coastal city of Dwarka, although there were no military resources in the area. India deployed naval resources to patrol the coast and deter further bombardment.

The Indian Navy’s capabilities were best demonstrated during the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971. The navy successfully enforced a naval blockade of West and East Pakistan. Pakistan’s lone long-range submarine PNS Ghazi was sunk off the coast of Visakhapatnam. On 4 December 1971, the Indian Navy successfully executed Operation Trident, a devastating attack on the Pakistan Naval Headquarters of Karachi that sank a mine sweeper; a destroyer and ammunition supply ship. The attack also damaged another destroyer and oil storage tanks at the Karachi port. To commemorate this action, 4 December is celebrated as the Navy Day.

2. What are the principal roles of the Indian Navy?

Ans: The full range of operations in which a nation’s naval forces may be involved is vast, ranging from high intensity war fighting to humanitarian assistance and disaster relief operations. The four main roles of the Indian Navy are: Military, Diplomatic, Constabulary, and Benign Role.

(i) Military: This includes application of maritime power against enemy forces, territory and trade, and to protect own forces, territory and trade. 

Tasks of navy are:

Surveillance – To keep a watch at sea.

Maritime Strike – Attack in the sea.

Anti-submarine operations.

Anti-Surface operations.

Anti-Air operations.

Amphibious operations – Carry army soldiers to theatre of war.

Information operations.

(ii) Diplomatic: Naval Diplomacy entails the use of naval forces in support of foreign policy objectives such as building friendship and strengthening international cooperation. 

Tasks would include the following:

Overseas deployments.

Flag showing/Port visits – Indian naval ships going on visit abroad.

Hosting foreign warship visiting India.

Technical and logistics assistance to foreign ships.

Foreign training – training naval personnel of friendly foreign countries.

Maritime Patrols.

Bilateral/ Multilateral Exercises.

Non Combat Evacuation

Peace enforcement, peace making, peace keeping and peace building as per requests from United Nations.

(iii) Constabulary: In the constabulary role, forces are employed to enforce law of the land or to implement a rule and law of the seas, established by an international mandate. With the establishment of the Indian Coast Guards in February 1978, law enforcement aspects of the constabulary role within the Maritime Zones of India (MZI) have been transferred to the Coast Guard. 

Constabulary tasks beyond the MZI are vested with the Indian Navy. Tasks include:

Counter infiltration.

Anti-Piracy.

Anti-Poaching.

Anti-Trafficking

(iv) Benign Role: Examples of benign tasks include humanitarian aid, disaster relief, Search and Rescue (SAR), ordnance disposal, diving assistance, salvage operations, Hydrographic surveys, etc. 

Some of the tasks envisaged are:

Provision of Relief Material and Supplies.

Medical assistance.

Diving assistance.

Hydrographic assistance, etc.