SEBA Class 9 Health Care Important Chapter 2 Healthcare Delivery System

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SEBA Class 9 Health Care Important Chapter 2 Healthcare Delivery System

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Healthcare Delivery System

Chapter: 2

IMPORTANT SOLUTIONS

Short Question Answers

1. What is the primary purpose of healthcare services? 

Ans: The primary purpose of healthcare services is to effectively meet the total health needs of the community, with hospitals playing a key role in maintaining and restoring the health of a person.

2. What is the role of a District Hospital? 

Ans: District hospitals serve as the secondary referral level for a district, catering to both urban and rural populations. They implement health programmes and offer comprehensive curative, preventive, and promotive health facilities.

3. Who are the healthcare workers stationed at a Sub-Centre (SC)?

Ans: Each sub-centre is staffed with one Auxiliary Nurse Midwife (ANM) and one health worker.

4. What are the main responsibilities of an Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA)? 

Ans: ASHA workers encourage family welfare, institutional delivery, and immunization. They also provide basic medical care and supplies like first-aid, ORS, contraceptive pills, and iron-folic acid tablets.

5. What is the function of an Anganwadi Worker (AWW)? 

Ans: Anganwadi workers are engaged in maternal and child care, providing supplementary food to young children and pregnant/lactating mothers, and ensuring immunization and early childhood education.

6. What is the capacity and setup of a Community Health Center (CHC)? 

Answer: A CHC has a capacity of 30 beds, an X-ray machine, a laboratory, and an operation theatre. It serves a population of 80,000 to 120,000 people.

7. What is the purpose of Teaching cum Research Centres? 

Ans: These hospitals focus on advancing medical knowledge, conducting research activities, and training medical students. Examples include AIIMS in New Delhi and PGIMER in Chandigarh.

8. Why are diagnostic services essential in a hospital? 

Ans: Diagnostic services are important for investigating diseases through blood tests, radiation reports, and bodily fluids so that the best required therapy can be provided as quickly as possible.

9. What are the responsibilities of the hospital’s Dietary Department? 

Ans: The dietary department ensures nutritional support and quality food service to patients based on their physiological conditions and doctor’s prescriptions, and teaches patients about proper diets post-discharge.

10. How much soiled linen is generally produced by a ward patient and an operation? 

Ans: Each ward patient produces about 5 to 6 kg of bed linen, while each operation in the Operation Theatre produces 7 to 8 kg of soiled linen.

11. How much work-area is typically assigned to a sanitary attendant in a hospital? 

Ans: A sanitary attendant is generally allocated a work-area of 1200 to 1500 square feet, depending on the hospital’s policies and the degree of cleanliness required.

12. What are the primary duties of the Finance and Accounts Department? 

Ans: This department is responsible for collecting money, paying for supplies and equipment, handling financial records, keeping track of assets and liabilities, and assisting in budget preparation.

13. What does “Informal Care” mean in the context of Long-Term Care? 

Ans: Informal care is provided by family members, friends, or unpaid volunteers. It includes personal care, food, and housekeeping, and makes up about 90% of all home healthcare.

14. What is the difference between “Abduction” and “Adduction” body movements? 

Ans: Abduction is a motion that pulls a structure away from the midline of the body, whereas adduction pulls a structure towards the midline of the body.

15. What is “Bereavement Care” in a hospice setting? 

Ans: Bereavement care is the support provided to the family and survivors during the grieving process after a loved one’s death. It involves counseling, phone calls, visits, and support groups.

Long Question Answers

1. Describe the structure of the Public Healthcare System for rural areas in India. 

Ans: The Public Healthcare system in rural India is structured into multiple tiers to ensure delivery at the grassroots level:

(i) Sub Centres (SCs): The first point of contact for the community, established for every 5000 people (3000 in hilly areas). They offer basic maternal and child care, vaccinations, and disease prevention.

Primary Healthcare Centres (PHCs): Covering 20,000 to 30,000 people, these act as the first interaction point with a medical officer, providing medical care, family planning, and health education.

(ii) Community Health Centres (CHCs): Serving 80,000 to 120,000 people, CHCs act as referral units for PHCs. They have 30 beds and four specialist medical officers (surgeon, physician, gynecologist, and pediatrician) for routine and emergency care.

(iii) District Hospitals: Serving as the secondary referral level for the entire district, they have 75 to 500 beds and provide comprehensive curative, preventive, and promotive health facilities.

2. Explain the roles and responsibilities of the various grassroots healthcare workers under the Public Healthcare sector. 

Ans: Grassroots healthcare workers operate at the village level to ensure health services reach the rural population:

Auxiliary Nurse Midwife (ANM): A village-level female health worker stationed at sub-centres who acts as the first contact person. She undergoes 18 months of training to manage immunizations and health education, and also supports ASHA and Anganwadi workers.

Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA): After receiving 23 days of training, ASHA workers encourage institutional delivery, family welfare, and preventive care. They provide basic medical supplies like ORS and first-aid, and refer patients to PHCs and CHCs.

Anganwadi Worker (AWW): Employed under the Integrated Child Development Schemes (ICDS), they focus on maternal and child care, ensuring supplementary food for pregnant/lactating mothers and young children, early childhood education, and iron-folic acid distribution for adolescent girls.

3. Detail the functions of the Support Services, Information Services, and Administrative Services in a hospital. 

Ans: Support Services: These departments maintain the hospital’s environment and equipment. They include material supply, housekeeping (cleanliness and maintenance), laundry services, biomedical technology for equipment repair, and biomedical waste management for safe disposal of hospital waste.

Information Services: This department acts as the communication hub for patients and providers. It handles patient admissions, maintains general data and medical records, manages billing and insurance claims, and looks after employee/patient benefits.

Administrative Services: Managed by the hospital owners or board (directors, executives, etc.), this branch frames policies, handles budget management, and oversees public relations. It includes the Purchasing Department for buying supplies and the Finance and Accounts Department for tracking assets, paying bills, and collecting funds.

4. What are the different types of laboratories found in a hospital and what specific functions do they perform? 

Ans: A hospital typically houses several specialized laboratories to assist in diagnosis and research:

(i) Bacteriology Laboratory: Focuses on conducting tests related to bacteria and the specific toxins they produce.

(ii) Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory: Conducts research and tests related to the biochemical basis of diseases and is involved in the clinical trials of new drugs.

(iii) Haematology Laboratory: Responsible for all blood-related investigations, including hemoglobin determination, red/white cell counts, coagulation time studies, and special pathology for conditions like anemia and leukemia.

(iv) Parasitology Laboratory: Studies the presence of parasites, cysts, and ovas found in patient faeces.

(v) Blood Bank: Collects blood, screens it for diseases, and stores it for patient benefit during transfusions.

5. Differentiate between the In-Patient Department (IPD) and the Out-Patient Department (OPD) in terms of their setup and scope of services. 

Ans: In-Patient Department (IPD): The IPD is meant for patients who require admission to the hospital for extended care. It is divided into specialized departments (such as orthopedics, neurology, pediatrics, oncology, etc.) where a team of medical specialists takes care of specific body parts or complex diseases.

Out-Patient Department (OPD): The OPD provides medical care without requiring the patient to be admitted, which significantly brings down the cost of treatment. OPDs are usually located on the ground floor near the entrance for easy access. The scope of the OPD includes consultations, physical investigations, preventive/promotive healthcare, counseling, health education, and rehabilitation services.