NCERT Class 4 Environmental Studies Chapter 12 Changing Times

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NCERT Class 4 Environmental Studies Chapter 12 Changing Times

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Changing Times

Chapter: 12

FIND OUT AND WRITE

1. Talk to any one of your grandparents or any other elderly person. Find out, when she or he was eight-nine years old – 

(a) Where did she or he live? Name that place.

Ans: “When my grandmother was eight or nine years old, she lived in a small village called Rampur in Uttar Pradesh.”

(b) From what material was her or his house made?

Ans: “Grandmother’s house was made of mud and bamboo with a thatched roof.”

(c) Did they have a toilet in their house? If not, where was it?

Ans: “No, they did not have a toilet inside their house. They used an open field behind their home.”

(d) In which part of the house was food cooked?

Ans: “Food was cooked in a separate kitchen area, which was outside the main house, using a clay stove and firewood.”

(e) A lot of mud was used when Chetandas’ house was made. Why?

Ans: “Mud was used because it kept the house cool in the summer and warm in the winter. It was also easily available and inexpensive.”

2. Chetandas says that people from the basti used to come to clean the toilets and take away the waste.

(a) The people who used the toilets did not clean them. Discuss.

Ans: Because they thought that it was a dirty job. Hence, people from basti used to come to clean the toilets and take away the waste. 

(b) Is there a toilet in your house? Who cleans it?

Ans: “Yes, there is a toilet in my house. In my family, we take turns cleaning it, or sometimes we have a helper who does it.”

3. What material has been used in making your house?

Ans: My house is made of cement, bricks, sand, iron rods, and concrete.

4. Find out the material from which your friend’s house is made? Is there any difference? Write about it. 

Ans: (a) My house is made of bricks and cement, whereas my friend’s house is made of wood and bamboo.

(b) My house has a concrete roof, but my friend’s house has a tin or thatched roof.

5. What kind of house do you think Chetandas’ grandchildren will live in?

Ans: Based on the typical progression of housing development, Chetandas’ grandchildren would likely live in a modern, well-constructed house made of concrete, bricks, and steel, with amenities like electricity and plumbing, essentially a “pucca” house with a much more advanced design compared to the traditional mud hut Chetandas likely lived in; this could include multi-storey apartments in an urban setting.

6. Where would you like to live when you grow up? What kind of house would you like?

Ans: My house would be a modern bungalow with a huge backyard where I can grow a nice garden with my favourite flower plants. Inside the house, there would be a capacious hall, a TV room with a built-in home theater and a kitchen with a wide dining area.

7. You had written about the things that your grandparent’s house was made of. Has some of that material been used in your house? Name them.

Ans: Yes, some of the materials used in my grandparent’s house have also been used in my house.

Some materials are the same, modern houses use stronger and more durable materials like cement, steel, and glass for better safety and comfort.

8. People are given names according to the work they do. For example, a person who works with wood is called a carpenter. 

(a) In your place, what do you call a person who works with wood?

Ans: Carpenter.

Now, look at the picture and fill in the table.

What kind of work is being done by different people here?

What tools are they shown using in the picture? Write them in the given table.

Work	Tool	What is the person called
1.
2.
3.
4.

Ans: 

Work	Tool	What is the person called
1. Breaking stones	Hammer	Stone breaker / Mason
2. Mixing cement and carrying it	Shovel, pan	Laborer
3. Plastering and painting the wall	Brush, paint bucket	Painter
4. Fixing electrical wiring	Wire roll, pliers	Electrician
5.Installing a pipe	Pipe, wrench	Plumber

9. With your teacher or someone from home, go to a place where a building is being constructed. Talk to the people working there and find out answers to these questions.

(a) What is being built there?

Ans: A multi-story residential building is being constructed.

(b) How many people are working there?

Ans: Around 40-50 workers, including masons, laborers, electricians, and painters.

(c) What kind of work are they doing?

Ans: Some workers are laying bricks.

Some are mixing cement and carrying it.

A few workers are fixing electrical wiring.

Others are installing plumbing pipes and painting walls.

(d) How many men and women are there?

Ans: There are about 35 men and 15 women working at the site.

(e) Are any children working there? What are they doing?

Ans: No, there are no children working at the site. However, some workers’ children are playing nearby.

(f) How much money do these people get paid daily? Ask from any three different people.

Ans: A laborer earns around ₹400–500 per day.

A mason earns about ₹700–900 per day.

An electrician earns around ₹800–1000 per day.

(g) Where do these people live? 

Ans: Most of them live in temporary huts or rented rooms near the construction site. Some have come from villages and stay at the site itself.

(h) What are the materials being used for making the building?

Ans: Bricks, cement, sand, iron rods, concrete, wood, and paint are being used.

(i) Try and guess how many trucks of bricks and bags of cement will be used for making the building. 

Ans: Approximately 15–20 trucks of bricks and 500–600 bags of cement will be used for the entire construction.

10. How does the material reach the building site? (By truck, handcart, any other vehicle) List them.

Ans: (a) By truck.

(b) By tractor/trolley.

(e) By manual labor (on head or shoulders).

11. Find out the price of.

(a) One bag of cement.

(b) One brick.

(c) One truck of sand.

Ans: The price are approx:

Material	Unit	Price Range (INR)
Cement	per 50 kg bag	₹350 – ₹420
Clay Brick	per brick	₹11 – ₹13
River Sand	per truckload	₹7,300 – ₹8,760

12. Ask a few other questions and write their answers.

(a) How much sand is mixed with cement?

Ans: Five bags of sand are mixed with one bag of cement.

(b) Who makes the map of buildings?

Ans: An architect makes the map of buildings.

(c) Why are cranes used at construction sites?

Ans: To lift heavy objects.

13. Over the sixty years, different materials were used at different times in Chetandas’ house. List these in the correct order.

Ans: (i) Initially: Mud, straw, wood, rope, and bamboo sticks were used. 

(ii) Later: Bricks, cement, iron rods, sand, and other materials were used. 

(iii) More recently: Baked bricks, marble chips, colored tiles, lintel cement, and cement marble are used.  

LET US MAKE HOUSES

1. Divide the children in the class into 3-4 groups. Let each group make a model of a different house. For this you can use mud, wood, paper, pieces of cloth, shoe-boxes, match boxes and colours.

Ans: Each group in the class can make a different type of house using various materials:

(a) Hut: Made using mud, straw, and sticks to represent a village-style house.

(b) Brick House: Built using small cardboard boxes, clay, or paper to represent a modern house.

15. Place all the houses so as to construct a neighbourhood colony.

Ans: Students do it yourself.