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NCERT Class 12 Geography Chapter 20 Transport and Communication
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Transport and Communication
Chapter: 20
PART – II INDIA: PEOPLE AND ECONOMY
Very Short Type Questions Answer
1. Name the longest national highway of India.
Ans: NH 44 covers the North-South Corridor of NHDP and it is officially listed as running over 4,112 km (2,555 mi) from Srinagar to Kanyakumari. It is the longest national highway in India.
2. Name two states with highest road density.
Ans: Kerala has the highest road density in India followed by Tripura. Kerala has a road network of 5,268.69 km per 1,000 sq km.
3. When and where railway first started in India?
Ans: On 16th April 1853, the first passenger train ran between Bori Bunder (Bombay) and Thane, a distance of 34 km.
4. In which geographical region of India do you find the highest density of railway network?
Ans: The state with the highest number of rail tracks in India is Uttar Pradesh, not Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, or Maharashtra.
Short Type Questions Answer
1. Why is transport a vital sector of the economy?
Ans: The transport sector plays a crucial role in the economy by facilitating the movement of people, goods, and resources, and contributing to the productivity of other sectors. It is the backbone of trade infrastructure and has a significant impact on the competitiveness of industries in countries and regions .
2. Why is road transport in India considered more useful than rail transport? Give three reasons.
Ans: The growing importance of road transport vis-à-vis rail transport is rooted in the following reasons; (a) construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railway lines.
3. Why does Punjab have a very high density of roads?
Ans: High density of 50-100 km is also found in Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh of the northern plain. This is due to advanced agriculture, industry and urbanisation in these areas. Building material is obtained from the Himalayan region. Large parts of the Deccan plateau have moderate density of roads.
4. What is the significance of railways in India?
Ans: Significance of railways: Easy and quick transport of bulky and perishable raw materials and other finished products. Provides comfortable and cost-effective long-distance transport across the country. Facilitates easy movement of police and defence equipment in times of war.
Long Answer Type Questions
1. Describe the importance of roads as a mode of transport.
Ans: Road transport means transportation of goods and personnel from one place to the other on roads. Road is a route between two destinations, which has been either paved or worked on to enable transportation by way of motorised and non-motorised carriages. There are many advantages of road transport in comparison to other means of transport. The investment required in road transport is very less compared to other modes of transport such as railways and air transport. The cost of construction, operating cost and maintaining roads is cheaper than that of the railways.Road transport can be classified as transporting either goods and materials or transporting people. The major advantage of road transport is that it can enable door-to-door delivery of goods and materials and can provide a very cost-effective means of cartage, loading and unloading. Sometimes road transport is the only way for carrying goods and people to and from rural areas which are not catered to by rail, water or air transport.
A few important ones are briefly explained below:
(i) Safety: Well-maintained roads reduce the risk of accidents. Potholes, uneven surfaces, and faded road markings can cause vehicles to lose control, leading to accidents. Proper maintenance ensures that these hazards are addressed promptly.
(ii) Economic Impacts: Roads in good condition improve transportation efficiency. They ensure smooth transit of goods and services, reduce vehicle operating costs, and increase fuel efficiency. Neglecting road maintenance can impact the economy due to increased transportation costs and delays.
(iii) Cost Efficiency: Addressing minor issues as they arise through regular maintenance is usually more cost-effective than dealing with major repairs or complete road replacements later on.
2. Describe the role played by the National Electric Grid for transmitting electricity.
Ans: The national electricity grid, often referred to simply as “the grid,” is a network of interconnected power generation, transmission, and distribution infrastructure that provides electricity to consumers across a country or geographic region. It typically consists of power plants, transformers, substations, transmission lines, and distribution lines. The National Grid works by transmitting electricity from power plants to substations, which then distribute the electricity to homes and businesses through local transmission lines. When you turn on your lights or use any electrical device, the electricity travels through these lines to get to you.The National Grid is a system of power plants, transmission lines, and substations that deliver electricity to homes and businesses all across the country. It’s kind of like a big network of pipes and wires that work together to bring electricity to you.
The National Grid is run by a company called National Grid plc, which is responsible for making sure that the electricity supply is always flowing to where it needs to go. They work closely with other companies and organisations to make sure everything runs smoothly. Power transmission is the second step in delivering electricity and involves the transfer of electricity from the power stations to power companies’ distribution systems. Finally, power distribution completes the electric grids’ functions by delivering power to consumers. The major difference between power transmission and power distribution is that power transmission utilises infrastructure that can handle high voltage whereas power distribution utilises infrastructure that can handle medium and low voltageHistorically power was supplied by a small number of large power stations, such as coal or nuclear power. Increasingly, there are a greater number of generators, including smaller scale and domestic generation, and a greater diversity of generation technology, such as renewables, that are introducing more variability in supply.
3. Write a short essay on Indian railway.
Ans: The history of Indian Railways dates back to over 160 years ago. On 16th April 1853, the first passenger train ran between Bori Bunder and Thane, a distance of 34 km. It was operated by three locomotives, named Sahib, Sultan and Sindh, and had thirteen carriages. The photo to the right, while capturing a scene from the early days of railways in India, features a train pulled by a single locomotive, and is widely – but incorrectly believed to be that first service.
The railways carry heavy goods and people over long distances quickly and cheaply. The invention of the steam engine and the Industrial Revolution helped in speedy development of rail transport. Diesel and electric engines have largely replaced the steam engines. In places super fast trains have been introduced to make the journey faster. The railway network is well developed over the plain areas. Advanced technological skills have enabled laying of railway lines in difficult mountain terrains also.
(i) Indian Railways is one of the largest rail networks in the world.
(ii) The Indian Railways network spans 1,23,236 kilometres, with 13,452 passenger trains and 9,141 freight trains transporting 23 million passengers and 3 million tonnes of freight daily from 7,349 stops.
(iii) Under single control, India’s railway network is the fourth biggest in the world and the second largest in Asia.
(iv) The Indian Railway is the country’s principal artery, often known as the country’s lifeline, and it transports both freight and passengers.
(v) It adds to the country’s national progress and economic integration.
Other textual & Questions Answers
1. Choose the right answers of the followings from the given options:
(i) In how many zones has the Indian Railways system been divided?
(a) 9
(b) 12
(c) 16
(d) 14
Ans: (c) 16.
(ii) Which one of the following is the longest highway of India?
(a) N.H.-1
(b) N.H. -6
(c) N.H. -7
(d) N.H. -8
Ans: (c) N.H. 7.
(iii) On which river and between which two places does the National Waterways No. 1 lie?
(a) The Brahmputra, Sadiya-Dhubri.
(b) The Ganga, Haldia-Allahabad.
(c) Westcoast Canal, Kota Puram to Kollam.
Ans: (b) The Ganga, Haldia-Allahabad.
(iv) In which of the following year, the first radio programme was broadcasted?
(a) 1911
(b) 1936
(c) 1927
(d) 1923
Ans: (d) 1923.
(v) The National average density of roads in India is:
(a) 75 km.
(b) 150 km.
(c) 200 km.
(d) 100 km.
Ans: (a) 75 km.
(vi) Radio transmission service was started in India:
(a) 1930
(b) 1927
(c) 1950
(d) 1951
Ans: (b) 1927.
(vii) The Prasar Bharti was set up in:
(a) 1997
(b) 1996
(c) 1995
(d) 1990
Ans: (a) 1997.
(viii) The first telecast by Doordarshan was started in:
(a) 15 September 1959
(6) 15 September 1960
(c) 15 September 1950
(d) 15 September 1961
Ans: (a) 15 September 1959.
(ix) The total length of roads in India is:
(a) 30 lakh km.
(b) 33 lakh km.
(c) 50 lakh km.
(d) 40 lakh km.
Ans: (b) 33 lakh km.
(x)The Headquarters of Northern Railway is in:
(a) New Delhi.
(b) Amritsar.
(c) Allahabad.
(d) Meerut.
Ans: (a) New Delhi.
(xi) The total international airport in India are:
(a) 10
(b) 11
(c) 15
(d) 20
Ans: (b) 11.
(xii) The international air service of India is:
(a) Air India.
(b) Indian Airlines.
(c) Kingfisher.
(d) Jet Airways.
Ans: (a) Air India.
2. Give one word answer:
(i) The modes of transport that supplement other vehicles of transportation as well.
Ans: Roads.
(ii) The government agency responsible for laying down and maintaining roads in India.
Ans: CPWD (Central Public Works Department).
(iii) The body constituted to implement the National Highway Development Programmes.
Ans: National Highway Authority of India.
(iv) The name/number by which the historical Sher Shah Suri Marg is known today.
Ans: National Highway-1(NH-1).
(v) The longest National Highway.
Ans: NH-7(Varanasi-Kanyakumari).
(vi) The year of setting up of the Border Roads Organisation.
Ans: 1960.
(vii) The country with the biggest railway network in Asia.
Ans: India.
(viii) The world rank of India in terms of the scale of the railway network.
Ans: Fourth.
(ix) The year of the beginning of the first train in India.
Ans: 1853.
(x) The region with the densest railway network in India.
Ans: Great Northern Plains.
(xi) How many zones of railways are in India?
Ans: 16.
(xii) What is the length of a broad gauge railway?
Ans: 1.676 m.
(xiii) Which is the longest National Highway of India?
Ans: National Highway No. 7.
(xiv) Which element is not sent through communication?
Ans: Passengers.
(xv) Name the stretch of National Waterway No. 1.
Ans: Allahabad-Haldia.
(xvi) Expand PSLV.
Ans: Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle.
(xvii) What is the total length of railway in India?
Ans: 62759 km.
(xviii) When was the first railway run in India?
Ans: 1853.
(xix) Which stations are joined by the North-South corridor?
Ans: Srinagar-Kanyakumari.
(xx) Name a port of Maharashtra and a port of Tamil Nadu which have been constructed to reduce the pressure of existing major ports.
Ans: NhavaSheva (Maharashtra), Ennore (Tamil Nadu).
2. Answer the following questions in not more than 30 words.
(i) Which activity does transportation convey? Name three major modes of transportation.
Ans: Transportation convey the activities of transportation such as the items for daily consumption are brought from the site of production to the market, which make them available to the consumer.
The modes of transport are land, water and air transport.
(ii) Discuss advantages and disadvantages of pipeline transportation.
Ans: The pipeline has certain advantages over other modes of transport:
1. The pipelines can be laid over difficult terrain as well as under water.
2. Their operation and maintenance cost is lower.
3. It involves very low energy consumption.
4. It ensures steady and constant supply of liquid and gases to the places at long distances.
5. It minimises transhipment losses and delays.
6. The pressure of carrying mineral oil and natural gas by railways has been reduced by the use of pipeline transport.
Disadvantages:
1. Itis very difficult to desert leakage.
2. Over laid their capacity an not be increased.
3. Their security also difficult.
4. Initial cost of laying pipe lines is very high.
(iii) What do you mean by communication?
Ans: Communication means sending
messages from one place to another. Radio, TV, telephone, telegraph etc are the means of communication.
(iv) Discuss the contribution of Air India and Indian Airlines in the air transport of India.
Ans: Air India connects all the continents of the world through its services. In 2005, it carried 12.2 million passengers and 4.8 lakh metric tonnes of cargo.
In 2005, domestic movement by Indian Airlines involved 24.3 million passengers and 20 lakh metric tonnes of cargo.
