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NCERT Class 12 Geography Chapter 6 Secondary Activities
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Secondary Activities
Chapter: 6
PART – I FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
Very Short Type Questions Answer
1. What is manufacturing?
Ans: Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing.
2. What are two broad bases of classifying industries?
Ans: Industries are classified on the following basis:
(i) On the basis of size: Cottage, small scale and large scale.
(ii) On the basis of size of operation: Heavy and light industries.
(iii) On the basis of output: Basic industries and consumer goods industries.
3. Give two examples of each of heavy and light industries.
Ans: Industries that use heavy raw materials and produce heavy goods are called heavy industries, example: iron and steel industry. The industries that use light raw materials and produce light goods are called light industries. Different goods are manufactured by using the raw materials or products supplied by basic industries or key industries.
4. Where is silicon valley situated?
Ans: Silicon Valley is a global centre of technological innovation located in the South San Francisco Bay Area of California. The term Silicon Valley refers to a region in the south San Francisco Bay Area.
5. Give four examples of high tech-industries.
Ans: Me Robotics on the assembly line, computer-aided design (CAD) and manufacturing, electronic controls of smelting and refining processes, and the constant development of new chemical and pharmaceutical products are notable examples of the high-tech industry. Those that use research and technology to create products of high value e.g. medicines and electronics.
Short Type Questions Answer
1. Distinguish between:
(i) Cottage and small-scale industries.
Ans:
| Basic | Cottage industries | Small-scale industries |
| Meaning | It is the smallest manufacturing unit. The craftsmen with the help of their family members produce everyday goods within their homes. They use locally available raw-material and sell their products in the local markets. | An industrial town is a city where the economic system is based on industry, such as a mining town. An area where workers of a monolithic heavy industry live within walking-distance of their places of work. |
| Objective | Cottage industries are generally small-scale household industries, producing goods to fulfil the demand of the local community. Their main aim is to provide employment to rural people. | Farming activities are less duringClustered, agglomerated or nucleated, Semi-clustered or fragmented, Hamleted, and Dispersed or isolated. intervening streets present some recognisable pattern or geometric shape, such as rectangular, radial, linear, etc. |
| Benefits | A major benefit of cottage industries is that they allow people to work from their homes. Women have benefited the most because they can work from home while still tending to their families. Many cottage businesses include the entire family in their operations, however, including husbands and children. | Availability and Affordability. Availability affects the choice, as, at times, there is only one type of transport available to reach a specific area. Affordability also plays an important role. |
| Aim/uses | Cottage industries are playing a significant role in lifting people out of poverty. In advanced economies, cottage industries produce handmade goods that are prized for their traditional craftsmanship. | Factors which affect the choice of transport service are based on two main terms: Availability and Affordability. Availability affects the choice, as, at times, there is only one type of transport available to reach a specific area. |
(ii) Heavy and light industries.
Ans:
| Basic | Heavy industries | Light industries |
| Meaning | The industries which require heavy and bulky raw material, enormous amounts of power, huge investment and large transport costs are called Heavy Industries. | The industries that use light raw materials and produce light goods are called light industries. The electrical goods industry is an example of a light industry. |
| Objective | Heavy industry relates to a type of business that typically carries a high capital cost (capital-intensive), high barriers to entry, and low transportability. The term “heavy” refers to the fact that the items produced by “heavy industry” used to be products such as iron, coal, oil, ships, etc. | Light manufacturing typically has lower emissions than heavy manufacturing since it uses less energy and resources. In addition, light manufacturing often takes place indoors, which can help to reduce the release of pollutants into the environment. |
| Benefits | The production of satellites, the exploration of space, the ease of global travel, and the introduction of renewable energy methods such as wind farms are all due to the work of heavy industry. | Light manufacturing typically has lower emissions than heavy manufacturing since it uses less energy and resources. In addition, light manufacturing often takes place indoors, which can help to reduce the release of pollutants into the environment. |
| Aim/uses | The production of satellites, the exploration of space, the ease of global travel, and the introduction of renewable energy methods such as wind farms are all due to the work of heavy industry. Furthermore, it produces many of the machinery and tools needed in other sectors of the economy. | Light industry refers to a diverse range of industrial sub-sectors in areas like food processing, textiles, consumer goods, vehicles and machinery which have less demanding energy needs than heavy industries such as steelmaking and chemicals. |
(iii) Technopoles and technology parks.
Ans:
| Basic | Technopoles | Technology parks |
| Meaning | Technopole refers to a centre of high-tech manufacturing and information-based quaternary industry. The term was coined by Allen J. Scott in 1990 to describe regions in southern California which showed a rapid growth in high technology fields. | Technology uses computer-based tools to analyse spatial information into a geographic information system (GIS). There is a dynamic link between the displayed maps and the stored georeferenced data, that is, a change on the maps leads to a change in the database and vice versa. |
| Objective | Technopole refers to a centre of high-tech manufacturing and information-based quaternary industry. These may be developed by the private sector or by the co-operation or partnership between the public and private sectors. Governments of all levels promote them as a panacea for economies hurt by economic restructuring. | Using technology enables us to manipulate maps and graphs quickly, see them at different scales and highlight different features.Remote Sensing. Global Positioning System (GPS) Geographical Information System (GIS) Digital Cartography and Database Management Systems. |
| Benefits | Technopole refers to a centre of high-tech manufacturing and information-based quaternary industry. The term was coined by Allen J. Scott in 1990 to describe regions in southern California which showed a rapid growth in high technology fields. | Technologies such as interactive whiteboards influence geography teaching and the web presents opportunities for diverse and up-to-date sources and case studies to enrich lessons. Using technology enables us to manipulate maps and graphs quickly, see them at different scales and highlight different features. |
| Aim/uses | Technopole refers to a centre of high-tech manufacturing and information-based quaternary industry. The term was coined by Allen J. Scott in 1990 to describe regions in southern California which showed a rapid growth in high technology fields. | Technology uses computer-based tools to analyse spatial information into a geographic information system (GIS). In a GIS, data of the real world are stored into a georeferenced database, which can be displayed via maps. |
2. Write short notes on the following:
(i) Industrial inertia.
Ans: Industrial inertia (geographical) describes a stage at which an industry prefers to run in its former location although the main alluring factors are gone. For example, the raw material source is depleted or an energy crisis has emerged.
(ii) Assembling processing and distribution factors.
Ans: A.n assemblage is a multiplicity, neither a part nor a whole. If the elements of an assemblage are defined only by their external relations, then it is possible that they can be added, subtracted, and recombined with one another ad infinitum without ever creating or destroying an organic unity.
The main factors determining population distribution are: Climate, landforms, topography, soil, energy and mineral resources, accessibility like distance from sea coast, natural harbours, navigable rivers or canals, cultural factors, political boundaries, controls on migration and trade, government policies.
(iii) Footloose industries.
Ans: Some prominent examples of the footloose industry are watch-making, diamond cutting, precision electronics etc.
(iv) Large-scale industries.
Ans: Indian industries that come under the umbrella of a large-scale industry are the cotton industry, tea industry, jute, cement, paper, engineering industry, food processing, information and electronic technology, and automobile industry.
(v) High-tech industries.
Ans: In turn, high-tech industries are important drivers of growth for the U.S. economy. These industries advance innovation, employ millions of highly skilled and highly educated workers, further U.S. competitiveness in an increasingly globalised world, and contribute to greater prosperity in our communities. High-technology businesses are those engaged in securing growth and revenue from industry sectors characterised by new and rapidly changing technology.
3. Why are petro-chemical complexes in the U.S.A. located mostly on the coasts? Give reasons.
Ans: The petrochemical industrial centres including refineries are located near the ports in order to save the cost in transporting crude petroleum to the refineries (from oil tankers that bring petroleum to our country from foreign lands) and sending the finished products to the port for exporting.
4. What do you mean by secondary activities? Make a list of such activities.
Ans: Secondary Activities: Definition it encompasses all industries that manufacture final goods from natural resources extracted in the primary sector. This sector includes industrial output, cotton fabric production, and sugar production. Thus, this sector i.e secondary activities produces goods rather than raw materials.
Long Type Questions Answer
1. What factors control the localisation of industries?
Ans: Availability of raw materials: In determining the location of an industry, nearness to sources of raw material is of vital importance. Nearness to the sources of raw materials would reduce the cost of production of the industry. For most of the major industries, the cost of raw materials forms the bulk of the total cost. Therefore, most of the agro-based and forest-based industries are located in the vicinity of the sources of raw material supply.
Availability of Labour: Adequate supply of cheap and skilled labour is necessary for the industry. The attraction of industry towards labour centres depends on the ratio of labour cost to the total cost of production which Weber calls Labour cost of Index. The availability of skilled workers in the interior parts of the bombay region was one of the factors responsible for the initial concentration of the cotton textile industry in the region.
Proximity to Markets: Access to markets is one of the important factors affecting location of industries that the entrepreneur must take into consideration. Industries producing perishable or bulky commodities which cannot be transported over long distances are generally located in close proximity to markets.
Transport Facilities: Transport facilities, generally, influence the location of industry. Transportation with its three modes, i.e., water, road, and rail collectively play an important role. So the junction points of waterways, roadways, and railways become humming centres of industrial activity.
Power: Another factor influencing the location of an industry is the availability of cheap power. Water, wind, coal, gas, oil, and electricity are the chief sources of power. Both water and wind power were widely sought as sources of power supply before the invention of the steam engine.
Site and Services: The existence of public utility services, the cheapness of the value of the site, amenities attached to a particular site like the level of the ground, the nature of vegetation, and the location of allied activities influence the location of an industry to a certain extent.
Finance: Finance is required for the setting up of industry, for its running, and also at the time of its expansion. The availability of capital at cheap rates of interest and inadequate amounts is a dominating factor influencing ind location.
2. Give a geographical account of petro-chemical industries in the world.
Ans: Here’s a general overview of the geographical distribution of petrochemical industries around the world:
(i) Middle East: The middle eastern oil reserves are 48 percent of the proven world reserves. The total daily production of middle eastern oil companies is 27 percent of total world oil production.
(ii) North America: The largest petrochemical industries are located in the United States and Western Europe; however, major growth in new production capacity is in the Middle East and Asia. There is substantial inter-regional petrochemical trade.
(iii) Europe: Petrochemicals Europe is an industry sector of Cefic, the European Chemical Industry council, Cefic, the European Chemical Industry Council, founded in 1972, the voice of large, medium and small chemical companies across Europe, which provide 1.2 million jobs and account for about 17% of world chemicals production.
(iv) Asia-Pacific: The Asia-Pacific region has been a significant growth driver in the petrochemical market. Countries like China, India, and Southeast Asian nations have experienced rapid industrialization, urbanisation, and increasing consumer demand.
(v) Latin America: In the 2022 fiscal year, the leading chemical company in Latin America based on revenue was Braskem SA. The Brazil-based chemical company generated a revenue of approximately 16.59 billion U.S. dollars.
(vi) Africa: The petrochemical industry in Africa is an important sector that has been growing steadily over the past few decades. The industry is made up of companies that produce a range of chemicals and products from petroleum and natural gas, including plastics, fertilisers, paints, and other industrial chemicals.
(vii) Other Regions: Mumbai is famous for its petrochemical industry in India. The petrochemical units are also located in Auraiya in Uttar Pradesh, Jamnagar, Gandhinagar and Hazira in Gujarat, Nagothane, Ratnagiri in Maharashtra, Haldia in West Bengal and Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh.
3. Describe what you know about Silicon Valley.
Ans: Here are some key aspects of Silicon Valley:
(i) History: The history and success of Silicon Valley is due to three important factors: the influence of a strong university research community, funding from the department of defence, and a few pioneering venture capitalists willing to fund risky ideas in the name of innovation, helping Silicon Valley develop into the hub of.
(ii) Technology Hub: Silicon Valley was born through the intersection of several contributing factors, including a skilled science research base housed in area universities, plentiful venture capital, permissive government regulation, and steady U.S. Department of Defense spending.
(iii) Innovation Ecosystem: Since then, as Silicon Valley developed as a distinct economic ecosystem, it extended throughout the whole Bay Area. Downtown San Francisco became home to numerous high-growth startups that evolved into global players such as Salesforce and more recently LinkedIn, Uber, Twitter, and many others.
(iv) Venture Capital: Silicon Valley is a region that sits at the southern part of the San Francisco Bay Area in Northern California, stretching roughly from the city of Belmont down to San Jose. It is bound by the Santa Cruz Mountains on the west and the Diablo Range on the East, which makes its geographical location a valley.
(v) Diversity and Culture: These big-name, supposedly cutting edge companies remain surprisingly unprogressive when it comes to diversity, however. According to a 2015 survey by the Verge of the largest American tech companies, 71% of tech employees were male, and only 7% and 8% were black or Hispanic, respectively.
(vi) Challenges: It is bound by the Santa Cruz Mountains on the west and the Diablo Range on the East, which makes its geographical location a valley. The climate in this area is generally mild because it is in between the desert and the Pacific Ocean. The Silicon Valley region is in the southern part of the San Francisco Bay Area.
4. Write a short note on textile industries.
Ans: Textile industries play a crucial role in the global economy, encompassing the production of fibres, fabrics, apparel, and other textile products.
Here’s a brief overview:
(i) Importance: It is a vast industry that includes fibre production, spinning, weaving, finishing, dyeing, printing, and clothing manufacturing. The textile industry plays an important role in the economy of many countries, providing employment and generating income through the export of textile products.
(ii) Value Chain: The textile value chain is a global industry that involves many different players, from farmers and factory workers to retailers. The textile value chain refers to the various stages involved in the production and distribution of textiles, from the sourcing of raw materials to the final sale of finished products.
(iii) Globalization: The overall growth of the Indian textile industry can be attributed to globalization. Today, the Indian textile industry employs around 38 million personnel directly and it accounts for 21% of the total employment generated in the economy.
(iv) Technological Advancements: Technological advancements in the textile industry include the use of new machines.
For example: Knitting machines-Machines create knitted fabrics in large swaths of material, instead of long strips, that are then looped and sewn together.
(v) Challenges: The textile industry in India faces a number of challenges, including low productivity, high energy costs, and competition from cheaper imports. The government has also been slow to provide adequate support to the sector.
(vi) Future Outlook: The future prospects of the textile industry in India are positive. The sector is expected to grow at a rate of around seven per cent per year over the next few years. The government has also announced a number of initiatives to support the sector.
5. Write a short note distribution of iron and steel industries in the world.
Ans: Here’s a brief overview:
(i) Raw Material Availability: Now main producers of iron and steel in the world are China, Japan, USA, Russia, Germany, South Korea, Brazil, Ukraine, India, France, Italy and Great Britain. The other steel-producing countries are South Africa, Australia, Austria, Netherlands, Czech Republic, Romania, Spain, Belgium, Sweden, etc.
(ii) Proximity to Markets: The global iron and steel market size reached $1,677 million in 2022 and is projected to reach $2,250 million by the end of 2030, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of approximately 3.7% from 2023 to 2030.
(iii) Industrial History and Expertise: A global industry begins As early as the third century BCE, they were using crucibles to smelt wrought iron with charcoal to produce ‘wootz’ steel-a material that is still admired today for its quality. Chinese craftsmen were also manufacturing high-quality steel.
(iv) Government Policies and Incentives: Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme: Government has approved inclusion of ‘Specialty Steel’ under the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme with a 5-year financial outlay of ₹ 6322 Crore to promote the manufacturing of ‘ Specialty Steel’ within the country by attracting capital investment, generate employment.
(v) Globalization and Trade: The globalisation of the steel producers is realised by way of the following processes: the progression of steel industry ownership from the state to the private sector, intra-regional alliances and consolidation, joint ventures with foreign partners, and finally full globalisation.
Other Textual Questions & Answers
1. Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below:
(i) Which one of the following statements is wrong?
(a) Cheap water transport has facilitated the jute mill industry along the Hooghly.
(b) Sugar, cotton textiles and vegetable oils are footloose industries.
(c) The development of hydro-electricity and petroleum reduced to a great extent the importance of coal energy as a local factor for industry.
(d) Port towns in India have attached industries.
Ans: (b) Sugar, cotton, textiles and vegetable oils are footloose industries.
(ii) In which one of the following type of economy are the factors of production owned individually.
(a) Capitalist.
(b) Mixed.
(c) Socialist.
(d) None.
Ans: (a) Capitalist.
(iii) Which one of the following types of industries produces raw materials for other industries?
(a) Cottage industries.
(b) Small-scale industries.
(c) Basic industries.
(d) Footloose industries.
Ans: (c) Basic industries.
(iv) Modern industry or organisation is not characterised by:
(a) Large quantity of labourers.
(b) Mass production.
(c) Use of machinery.
(d) Mini complexes.
Ans: (a) Large quantity of labourers.
(v) According to geographers, this industry is concerned with processing, fabricating and manufacturing of primary products:
(a) Film industry.
(b) Steel industry.
(c) Fishing industry.
(d) Tourism industry.
Ans: (b) Steel industry.
(vi) This form of energy is not utilised by manufacturing industries:
(a) Natural gas.
(b) Coal.
(c) Water.
(d) Petroleum.
Ans: (a) Natural gas.
(vii) This type of worker is not the part of cottage industry:
(a) Carpenter.
(b) Weaver.
(c) Shopkeeper.
(d) Sheepkeeper.
Ans: (c) Shopkeeper.
(viii) This is a non-ferrous metal:
(a) Aluminium.
(b) Copper.
(c) Zinc.
(d) Iron.
Ans: (a) Aluminium.
(ix) This is not a multinational corporation:
(a) Maruti Udyog.
(b) Pepsi.
(c) Hindustan Liver.
(d) General Electric.
Ans: (a) Maruti Udyog.
(x) Synthetic fibre is an industry of:
(a) Animal based.
(b) Chemical based.
(c) Mineral based.
(d) Agro based.
Ans: (b) Chemical based.
(xi) Aluminium industry is located near the source of:
(a) Market.
(b) Raw material.
(c) Skilled labour.
(d) Energy.
Ans: (d) Energy.
(xii) Which centre is known as the Dust Bowl of the USA?
(a) Pittsburg.
(b) Chicago.
(c) Great Lake.
(d) Belfast.
Ans: (a) Pittsburg.
(xiii) Where is Silicon Valley located?
(a) Near New York.
(b) Near Montreal.
(c) Near San Francisco.
(d) Near Boston.
Ans: (c) Near San Francisco.
(xiv) Ruhr is an industrial region of:
(a) England.
(b) Germany.
(c) France.
(d) USA.
Ans: (b) Germany.
(xv) Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched.
| (a) Automobile industry | …Los Angeles. |
| (b) Shipbuilding industry | …Lusaka. |
| (c) Aircraft industry | …Florence. |
| (d) Iron and steel industry | …Pittsburgh. |
Ans:
| (d) Iron and steel industry | … Pittsburgh. |
2. Write a short note on the following in about 30 words.
(i) High-tech industry.
Ans: High-tech industries which are regionally concentrated, self-sustained and highly specialised are called technopolis. The latest generation of manufacturing activities. These industries make use of the application of research and development (R&D) efforts leading to the manufacture of products of an advanced scientific and engineering nature. Robotics on the assembly line, computer-aided design (CAD) and manufacturing, electronic controls of smelting and refining processes, and the constant development of new chemical and pharmaceutical products are notable examples of a high-tech industry.
(ii) Manufacturing.
Ans: Studies the differences in manufacturing from time to time, just so, there is a need to examine the geography of manufacturing in which. one studies its differences from place to place. Therefore, “Geog-raphy of Manufacturing” is a legitimate segment of a geography. A process which involves transforming raw materials into finished goods of higher value for sale in local or distant markets. The manufacturing industry as the name suggests deals with the manufacturing of finished new products from raw materials or essential parts.
(iii) Footloose industries.
Ans: An industry that can be located at any place without effect from factors of production such as resources, land, labour, and capital. These industries do not have strong preferences for location as the necessary resources can be found in multiple locations, making them prone to relocation. Although locational factors are not much important for footloose industries, those areas are preferred where input costs can be minimised and output realisation can be maximised.
Some prominent examples of the footloose industry are watch-making, diamond cutting, precision electronics etc.
Objective Types Questions
1. In which town of India is diamond cutting done?
Ans: Surat.
2. Name the largest iron and steel region of the USA.
Ans: Great Lake region.
3. Which method is used to produce goods made to order?
Ans: Craft.
4. Which is the advantage of mechanisation?
Ans: Automation.
5. How much land area is covered by manufacturing?
Ans: 10%.
6. Where should be industries located?
Ans: At points where production costs are minimum.
7. Which is the more industrial region of Germany?
Ans: Ruhr.
8. How is balanced development achieved?
Ans: By adopting regional policies.
9. Why are economic activities necessary?
Ans: For utilising natural resources.
10. Which is the smallest unit of manufacturing?
Ans: Cottage industries.
11. Name an example of manufacturing industries.
Ans: Cotton textile.
12. Which industry is called basic industry?
Ans: Iron and steel industry.
