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NCERT Class 12 Geography Chapter 4 Human Development
Also, you can read the NCERT book online in these sections Solutions by Expert Teachers as per Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) Book guidelines. CBSE Class 12 Geography Solutions are part of All Subject Solutions. Here we have given NCERT Class 12 Geography: Fundamentals of Human Geography, Geography: India People and Economy, Geography: Practical Work in Geography. NCERT Class 12 Geography Chapter 4 Human Development Notes, NCERT Class 12 Geography Textbook Solutions for All Chapters, You can practice these here.
Human Development
Chapter: 4
PART – I FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
Very Short Type Questions Answer
1. Explain the concept of development.
Ans: A process that creates growth, progress, positive change in economic, environmental, social and demographic components without damaging the resources of the environment.
2. What do you mean by human development?
Ans: Human development is about the real freedom ordinary people have to decide who to be, what to do, and how to live.
3. What are the three basic areas of human development?
Ans: Access to health: Leading a long and healthy life.
4. Name the four main components of human development
Ans: Equality, sustainability, productivity and empowerment.
5. What is the human development index?
Ans: The Human Development Index is a statistical composite index of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which is used to rank countries into four tiers of human development.
6. Define development.
Ans: A process that creates growth, progress, positive change or the addition of physical, economic, environmental, social and demographic components.
7. Who introduced the concept of human development?
Ans: The human development concept was developed by economist Mahbub ul Haq. At the World Bank in the 1970s, and later as minister of finance in his own country, Pakistan, Dr. Haq argued that existing measures of human progress failed to account for the true purpose of development—to improve people’s lives.
Short Type Questions Answer
1. How are the countries classified on the basis of human development index?
Ans: The United Nations Development Programme, which releases the HDI statistics, classifies each country into one of three categories: low human development’ for HDI scores between 0.0 and 0.5, medium human development’ for scores between 0.5 and 0.8 and high human development’ for scores between 0.8 and 1.0.
2. What do equity and Sustainability refer to within the concept of human development?
Ans: Equity refers to making equal access to opportunities available to everybody. The opportunities available to people must be equal irrespective of their gender, race, income and in the Indian case, caste. Sustainability means continuity in the availability of opportunities.
3. What is the human development index? Explain with reference to three indicators of HDI.
Ans: The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistical measure (composite index) developed by the United Nations to assess the social and economic development of countries around the world. The HDI considers three indicators of human development, namely, life expectancy, education, and per capita income.
4. Distinguish between growth and development.
Ans:
| Growth | Development |
| Growth is quantitative, while development is both quantitative and qualitative. Growth depends on age, while development occurs throughout the lifespan. Growth generally refers to structural changes and development refers to functional changes. | Development is any improvement in the standard of living of people in a specific country. Social and economic indicators are used to measure a country’s level of development. Part of Geography Global issues. |
5. Distinguish attainments and shortfalls.
Ans:
| Attainments | Shortfalls |
| Attainment in geography and develops descriptions which could contribute to further development of descriptions appropriate to formative and summative assessment. | A shortfall of Skittles has you running to the store to buy more. When an available quantity doesn’t meet your needs, or there’s a deficiency of something you want, you’ve got a shortfall. |
Long Answer Type Questions
1. Discuss the concept of human development as defined by the United Nations development programme and the justification for developing the Human development index.
Ans: Human development involves studies of the human condition with its core being the capability approach. The inequality adjusted Human Development Index is used as a way of measuring actual progress in human development by the United Nations. Human development grew out of global discussions on the links between economic growth and development during the second half of the 20th Century. By the early 1960s there were increasingly loud calls to “dethrone” GDP: economic growth had emerged as both a leading objective, and indicator, of national progress in many countries i, even though GDP was never intended to be used as a measure of wellbeing ii. In the 1970s and 80s development debate considered using alternative focuses to go beyond GDP, including putting greater emphasis on employment, followed by redistribution with growth, and then whether people had their basic needs met.
The HDI serves several important purposes:
Comprehensive Measurement: Comprehensive measures are particularly suitable for assessment procedures in which vocabulary is embedded as one component of the measurement of a larger construct, such as communicative competence in speaking, academic writing ability or listening comprehension.These measures are used to accurately map and analyse various aspects of the physical and human environment.
Policy Guidance: A policy is a government regulation that is similar to a law for the public.The Interview Guidance Programme (IGP) is a comprehensive Personality Test Training Program for Civil Services Examination.
Advocacy and Accountability: Awareness raising is to spread knowledge of a particular problem or cause. Advocacy is an action directed at changing the policies, positions or programs. Accountability is when a decision maker is obligated to explain, justify, and take responsibility for one’s actions, and to answer to someone.
2. Describe four pillars of Human Development.
Ans: These pillars provide a framework for understanding and assessing human development beyond traditional economic measures.
The four pillars are:
(i) Equity and Social Inclusion: Inclusion-The act of supporting all groups of people within a society, recognizing their value and importance, and helping them achieve their full potential. Social Equity-The fair, just, and equitable management of all institutions serving the public.
(ii) Sustainability: Sustainability is the practice of using natural resources responsibly, so they can support both present and future generations. Forests are one natural resource that sustainability groups are focused on conserving.
(iii) Productivity and Decent Work: Productive employment and decent work are key elements to achieving a fair globalisation and poverty reduction. The ILO has developed an agenda for the community of work looking at job creation, rights at work, social protection and social dialogue, with gender equality as a crosscutting objective.
(iv) Empowerment and Agency: Empowerment involves giving individuals or groups the ability to make choices and take action to improve their own lives and circumstances. Agency, on the other hand, refers to the capacity of individuals or groups to act and make decisions autonomously.
3. What is the basic goal of human development? Explain with examples.
Ans: Here are some key aspects of the basic goal of human development:
(i) Enhancing Human Capabilities: Enhancing Human Capacities is the first to review the very latest scientific developments in human enhancement. It is unique in its examination of the ethical and policy implications of these technologies from a broad range of perspectives.
(ii) Reducing Poverty and Inequality: Reducing inequality requires transformative change. Greater efforts are needed to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, and invest more in health, education, social protection and decent jobs especially for young people, migrants and refugees and other vulnerable communities.
(iii) Promoting Gender Equality and Social Justice: Governments must play a central role in creating the conditions for negative social and cultural norms to be eradicated to allow women to enjoy their rights while respecting and protecting cultures. They can also address patriarchal structures which maintain women’s inequality.
(iv) Fostering Sustainable Development: Fostering sustainable development aid makes sure economic growth is inclusive and benefits all members of society. By integrating social and environmental considerations, it helps to reduce inequalities, improve living conditions, and promote social well-being alongside economic progress.
(v) Ensuring Human Rights and Dignity: The right to development is an inalienable human right by virtue of which every human person and all peoples are entitled to participate in, contribute to, and enjoy economic, social, cultural and political development, in which all human rights and fundamental freedoms can be fully realised.
Other Textual Questions & Answers
1. Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below:
(i) Which one of the following best describes development?
(a) An increase in size.
(b) A constant in size.
(c) A positive change in quality.
(d) A simple change in the quality.
Ans: (c) A positive change in quality.
(ii) Which one of the following scholars introduced the concept of Human Development?
(a) Prof. Amartya Sen.
(b) Ellen C. Semple.
(c) Dr. Mahbub-ul Haq.
(d) Ratzel.
Ans: (c) Dr. Mahbub-ul Haq.
(iii) Which one of the following is not a country with high human development?
(a) Norway.
(b) Japan.
(c) Argentina.
(d) Egypt.
Ans: (d) Egypt.
(iv) India’s neighbour which have higher rank in HDI than India:
(a) Myanmar.
(b) Sri Lanka.
(c) Pakistan.
(d) None.
Ans: (b) Sri Lanka.
(v) The pillar of Human Development that stress on opportunities for further generations is:
(a) Productivity.
(b) Equity.
(c) Empowerment.
(d) Sustainability.
Ans: (d) sustainability.
(vi) What is the score of a high development index?
(a) Above 0.6
(b) Above 0.7
(c) Above 0.8
(d) Above 0.9
Ans: (c) Above 0.8.
(vii) Where does India rank in the world in the Human Development Index?
(a) 107
(b) 117
(c) 126
(d) 137
Ans: (c) 126.
(viii) Which country ranks first in the world in the Human Development Index?
(a) Canada.
(b) Norway.
(c) Ireland.
(d) Australia.
Ans: (b) Norway.
(ix) When was the human development index created?
(a) 1980
(b) 1985
(c) 1990
(d) 1955
Ans: (c) 1990.
(x) Which is not a key area of human development?
(a) Access to resources.
(b) Good health.
(c) Education.
(d) Industrial development.
Ans: (d) Industrial development.
2. Answer the following questions:
(i) How many countries of Europe belong to each category?
Ans:
| Category | No. of Countries of Europe |
| (a) High Human Development. | 27 |
| (b) Medium Human Development. | 10 |
| (c) Low Human Development. | Nil |
(ii) Which countries of Asia belong to high Human Development category?
Ans: (a) Japan.
(b) Israel.
(c) Singapore.
(d) Hong Kong, China.
(e) Rep. of Korea.
(f) Kuwait.
(g) Bahrain.
(h) Qatar.
(i) United Arab Emirates.
(iii) How many countries of Africa are in the category of low Human Development?
Ans: 29.
(iv) What are the three basic areas of human development?
Ans: The three basic areas of human development are as under:
(a) Access to resources.
(b) Health.
(c) Education.
(v) Name the four main components of human development.
Ans: The four main components of human development are as under:
(a) Equity.
(b) Sustainability.
(c) Productivity.
(d) Empowerment.
(vi) How are the countries classified on the basis of human development index?
Ans: Countries can be classified into three groups on the basis of the human development scores earned by them.
These are:
(a) High Human Development Countries: Countries who have a score of over 0.8 are under this group. According to the Human Development Report of 2005, this group includes 57 countries.
(b) Medium Human Development Countries: Those countries who have the score between 0.5 upto 0.799 are under this group. There are 88 countries in this group.
(c) Low Human Development Countries: The countries having the score below 0.5 are under this group. These are 32 countries.
