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NCERT Class 12 Geography Chapter 7 Tertiary and Quaternary Activities
Also, you can read the NCERT book online in these sections Solutions by Expert Teachers as per Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) Book guidelines. CBSE Class 12 Geography Solutions are part of All Subject Solutions. Here we have given NCERT Class 12 Geography: Fundamentals of Human Geography, Geography: India People and Economy, Geography: Practical Work in Geography. NCERT Class 12 Geography Chapter 7 Tertiary and Quaternary Activities Notes, NCERT Class 12 Geography Textbook Solutions for All Chapters, You can practice these here.
Tertiary and Quaternary Activities
Chapter: 7
PART – I FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
Very Short Type Questions Answer
1. What are tertiary activities?
Ans: Tertiary sector is also known as the service sector. It provides services to the other sectors of the economy. It includes banking, transport etc.
2. What are business services?
Ans: A service or a set of services used by companies who run businesses to conduct their activities or to run the enterprise are called business services.
3. What are global cities?
Ans: World cities or global cities are most commonly defined as the command and control centres of the global economy.
4. What is the effect of rising per capita income on the service sector?
Ans: Demand changed from necessary to discretionary consumption and propelled the growth of services.
5. What are quaternary activities?
Ans: The ones that involve the collection, production, and dissemination of information or even the production of information.
6. What do you mean by information technology?
Ans: Geographic information technology uses computer-based tools to analyse spatial information into a geographic information system (GIS).
7. What is BPO?
Ans: It is known as Business Processing Outsourcing. BPO provides services like customer care, technical support through voice processes, tele-marketing, sales, etc.
8. What is KPO?
Ans: It is known as Knowledge Processing Outsourcing. KPO provides in-depth knowledge, expertise and analysis on complex areas like Legal Services, Business and Market Research, etc.
9. What are quinary activities?
Ans: The activities which are knowledge-oriented are called quaternary activities. These mainly include the collection, production, and circulation of information. The quaternary activities may be seen as advanced services involving specialised technical skills and knowledge.
10. What is medical tourism?
Ans: Medical tourism refers to people travelling abroad to obtain medical treatment. In the past, this usually referred to those who travelled from less-developed countries to major medical centres in highly developed countries for treatment unavailable at home.
Short Type Questions Answer
1. Distinguish between manufacturing and service sector.
Ans:
| Subject | Manufacturing | Service sector |
| Meaning | Manufacturing, any industry that makes products from raw materials by the use of manual labour or machinery and that is usually carried out systematically with a division of labour. | The Service Sector, also called the tertiary sector, is one of the three traditional economic sectors., education, health, social work, computer services, recreation, media, communications, electricity, gas, and water supply. |
| Objective | Manufacturing industries also reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income. This becomes possible because of the creation of new jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors. | The function and purpose of service industries in most nations are to provide professional training, consultancy, maintenance, and repairs to common individuals who do not possess such specialised skills. |
| Benefits | Manufacturing helps transform the raw materials into finished goods on a large scale and thus helps earn profit as finished goods are costlier than raw materials. | The service sector is a highly organised sector requiring a high level of education and skills. It helps in the development of the primary and secondary sectors as well. |
| Aim | The aim of manufacturing products is to bring protection from design stage to market. To monetize it as a product rather than an idea. | The nations are to provide professional training, consultancy, maintenance, and repairs to common individuals who do not possess such specialised skills. |
| Causes | Manufacturing a large scale and thus helps earn profit as finished goods are costlier than raw materials. For instance paper is manufactured from wood sugar from sugarcane iron and steel from iron ore clothes from yarn and aluminium from bauxite. | Service sector include high-income elasticity of demand, structural and technological changes in the Indian economy, the revolution of information technology, and growth in demand for manufacturing industries after the economic start. |
2. Why have services been given an independent status as a production sector in the economy? Give reasons.
Ans: Services have been given an independent status as a production sector in the economy for several reasons:
(i) Economic Significance: The main objective of economic geography is to identify economic patterns across space and time in order to provide insight into how and why economic systems and practices develop. Economic geography is the study of the spatial distribution of economic activity and economic development.
(ii) Distinct Characteristics: The geographical characteristics of places include people, climate, production, landforms, built elements of the environment, soils, vegetation, communities, water resources, cultures, mineral resources and landscape. Some characteristics are tangible, for example, rivers and buildings.
(iii) Consumer Preferences: Consumer preferences are the judgements and evaluations consumers make about the products and services available to them, based on factors such as quality, price, convenience, and personal tastes. They shape what’s in demand and what suppliers produce and offer on the market.
3. Give Three points of difference between tertiary and Quaternary Activities.
Ans:
| Subject | Tertiary | Quaternary Activities |
| Meaning | Tertiary sector is also known as the service sector. It provides services to the other sectors of the economy. It includes banking, transport, communication, other life services, etc. | Quaternary activities. These mainly include the collection, production, and circulation of information. The quaternary activities may be seen as advanced services involving specialised technical skills and knowledge. |
| Objective | The tertiary sector involves the provision of services to other businesses as well as to final consumers. Services may involve the transport, distribution and sale of goods from a producer to a consumer, as may happen in wholesaling and retailing, pest control or financial services. | Quaternary activities centre around research, development and may be seen as an advanced form of services involving specialised knowledge and technical skills. |
| Causes | Tertiary activities with social advancements such as the rise in literacy and technological progress, more and more people are now shifting towards the tertiary sector in search of employment. | Quaternary activities involve some of the following: the collection, production and dissemination of information or even the production of information. |
4. Explain the term marketing.
Ans: Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large.
5. Write a short note on tourism.
Ans: Tourism is the largest and fastest-growing industry across the world. It is a source of revenue and employment. It also gives the opportunity for people to understand the culture, civilization, and religious aspects of a country. There are many countries whose main source of revenue is Tourism.
6. What is outsourcing?
Ans: Outsourcing is when a company hires a third party to perform their task; in other words, when a company employs another company to fulfil its tasks, it is termed outsourcing.
7. Explain Three characteristics of tertiary activities.
Ans: The three characteristics of tertiary activities are:
(i) It is concerned with intangible output and includes a large diversity of services.
(ii) It does not involve material production and stands in contrast to manufacturing industries which produce goods of different varieties.
(iii) It provides services to the other sectors of the economy.
8. Write a short note on quinary activities.
Ans: Quinary activities are a type of service that focuses on the generation, reorganisation, and interpretation of new and existing Whateas, as well as the interpretation of data and the use and evaluation of new technology.
9. What Are two factors affecting tourism in the world? Explain.
Ans: (i) Demand: It is the prime factor for tourism. For the last few centuries, the demand for recreational and entertainment related activities have increased significantly. The living of the people is being standardised and the nature of work is creating demand for tourism.
(ii) Culture and Economy: Places having local and ethnic customs attract tourists. If a region provides handicraft and goods at low prices, it becomes popular among tourists.
10. Describe two factors affecting transport services.
Ans: (i) Availability affects the choice, as, at times, there is only one type of transport available to reach a specific area.
(ii) Route: It essentially means the way through which anything is to be transported.
Long Type Questions Answer
1. What do you mean by service activities in the present age of economic advancement? Give a broad division of major components of services.
Ans: Broadly, service activities can be divided into the following major components:
(i) Professional Services: Professional services are primarily health care, engineering, law and management. The location of recreational and entertainment services depends on the market.
(ii) Financial Services: A financial service is not the financial good itself-say a mortgage loan to buy a house or a car insurance policy-but something that is best described as the process of acquiring the financial good. In other words, it involves the transaction required to obtain the financial good.
(iii) Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Services: The use of ICT in geography helps pupils learn by providing access to large quantities of information on people, places and environments. It also provides the framework for analysing data to investigate patterns and relationships in a geographical context.
(iv) Healthcare and Wellness Services: Health geography is the application of geographical information, perspectives, and methods to the study of health, disease, and health care.
(v) Education and Training Services: An education or training activity is a form of learning activity that is both institutionalised and organised.
(vi) Hospitality and Tourism Services: Hospitality includes a range of businesses, such as hotels, restaurants, bars, resorts, cruise ships, theme parks, and other service-oriented businesses that provide accommodations, food, and beverages. Hospitality is all about creating a welcoming and comfortable environment for guests and meeting their needs.
(vii) Retail and Consumer Services: Retail geography has been conventionally defined during the period spanning the 1960s-1980s as the study of interrelations between the spatial patterns of retail location and organisation on the one hand and the geography of consumer behaviour on the other.
(viii) Transportation and Logistics Services: The key difference between transportation and logistics is that while transportation deals with the mobility of passengers and freight, logistics focuses on organising the different components of this mobility, such as the booking of transportation services, and the packaging and storage of goods.
(ix) Entertainment and Recreation Services: The English word “entertainment” comes from the Latin inter (among or across) and tenere (hold or keep). Entertainment is that which holds the interest and attention. The English word “recreation” is also from the Latin: re (again) and creare (make or beget). Recreation is that which renews and revitalises us.
(x) Public Sector and Social Services: The Public Sector consists of businesses that are owned and controlled by the government of a country. The ownership and control of the central or state governments in these organisations are either complete or partial. But it still holds a majority stake and makes every single decision regarding running the entity.
2. Despite globalisation, liberalisation and privatisation the size and role of the public sector has been increasing. Explain.
Ans: Despite globalisation, liberalisation, and privatisation initiatives that have aimed to reduce the size and role of the public sector, there are several reasons why the public sector’s size and role have continued to increase in many countries:
(i) Market Failures: Market failure is an economic term that describes a condition of insufficient circulation of services and goods within the free market. This occurs when individuals make rational self-interest decisions that are not beneficial for the free market system as a collective.
(ii) Social Welfare and Equity: Welfare geography comprises an approach to the study of human geography that centralizes the welfare of human beings, taking seriously spatial inequality in well-being and life chances occasioned by the simple fact of where people live and work relative to one another.
(iii) Infrastructure Investment: Infrastructure investing provides financing to build, purchase or upgrade tangible assets that provide essential services in two key categories:
(a) Economic assets such as airports, power plants and cell towers. and
(b) Social assets such as hospitals, schools and parks.
(iv) Regulatory Functions: The power of regulators to grant significant benefits to, or impose restrictions or penalties on, members of the public-and the extra profits to be gained from avoiding regulations-increases the risks of corruption. Regulators also have a role in collecting and protecting government revenue.
(v) Strategic Industries and National Security: The defence industry is a prime example of a strategic industry due to its significance in safeguarding national security. It is prepared by the Executive Branch of the US Government for Congress and outlines the major national security concerns of the US and how the administration plans to address them using all instruments of national power.
(vi) Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): A Public-Private Partnership (PPP) is a partnership between the public sector and the private sector for the purpose of delivering a project or a service traditionally provided by the public sector.
(vii) Cyclical Economic Factors: An economic cycle is the overall state of the economy as it goes through four stages in a cyclical pattern: expansion, peak, contraction, and trough. Factors such as GDP, interest rates, total employment, and consumer spending can help determine the current stage of the economic cycle.
(viii) Political Considerations: Political geographers are concerned with the geographical consequences of political decisions and actions, the geographical factors, which were considered during the making of any decisions, and role of any decisions, and role of any geographical factors, which influenced the outcome of political actions.
3. Explain in detail the significance of transport and communication services.
Ans: Their significance can be understood across various dimensions:
(i) Economic Significance:
(a) Trade Facilitation: Trade facilitation refers to simplifying and streamlining the processes involved in international trade. It involves making it easier for businesses to import and export goods across borders by reducing red tape, paperwork, and delays.
(b) Market Integration: Market integration is the interconnectivity of prices among different locations or related goods. Reduced transportation costs, the minimisation of trade barriers, and advancements in communication technology have all contributed to increased market integration.
(c) Tourism and Hospitality: Tourism geography covers a wide range of interests including the environmental impact of tourism, the geographies of tourism and leisure economies, answering tourism industry and management concerns and the sociology of tourism and locations of tourism.
(d) Urbanization and Development: Urbanisation refers to the proportion of the total national population living in areas classified as urban, whereas urban growth strictly refers to the absolute number of people living in those areas. It is predicted that by 2050 about 64% of the developing world and 86% of the developed world will be urbanised.
(ii) Social Significance:
(a) Mobility and Accessibility: Accessibility in regards to geography is an important element in mobility for people, freight, or information. Mobility is determined by people and affects infrastructure, transport policies, and regional development.
(b) Migration and Cultural Exchange: If migrants reflect their home culture faithfully, their departure does not change the cultural composition at home. However, their arrival pulls on the native culture at the destination, leading to cultural convergence between the two countries.
(c) Emergency Response and Disaster Relief: The response and relief phase of disaster risk management is concerned with the implementation of the preparedness plan effectively. The chief aim of disaster response is to immediately press in the emergency services to maintain or improve the life, health, and property of the community.
(iii) Technological Significance:
(a) Communication Networks: A communication network refers to the way communication flows between workers or members within an organisation. It is the method in which an organisation facilitates information throughout a group or team. Communication in an organisation can flow downward, upward, horizontal, or diagonal.
(b) Digital Transformation: Digital transformation (DT) is the process of adoption and implementation of digital technology by an organisation in order to create new or modify existing products, services and operations by the means of translating business processes into a digital format.
(c) E-Government and Smart Cities: Smart city governance is a concept that has emerged from the broader field of e-governance. Its primary objective is to enhance the performance of public administration, promote community-centric approaches, and facilitate effective networking between public agencies and other stakeholders.
(iv) Environmental Significance:
(a) Sustainable Transport Solutions: Green public transport vehicles including electric trains, trams and electric buses combine the advantages of green vehicles with those of sustainable transport choices.
(b) Remote Work and Telecommuting: Telecommuting and working remotely are almost synonymous. However, the distinction lies in distance. Remote work implies that the employee lives outside the geographic area of the organisation’s location.
Other Textual Questions & Answers
1. Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below:
(i) Which one of the following is a tertiary activity?
(a) Farming.
(b) Trading.
(c) Weaving.
(d) Hunting.
Ans: (b) Trading.
(ii) Which one of the following activities is not a secondary sector activity?
(a) Iron Smelting.
(b) Making garments.
(c) Catching fish.
(d) Basket weaving.
Ans: (b) Catching fish.
(iii) Which one of the following sectors provides most of the employment in Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata?
(a) Primary.
(b) Quaternary.
(c) Secondary.
(d) Service.
Ans: (d) Service.
(iv) Jobs that involve high degrees and level of innovations are known as:
(a) Secondary activities.
(b) Quaternary activities.
(c) Quinary activities.
(d) Primary activities.
Ans: (a) Secondary activities.
(v) Which one of the following activities is related to the quaternary sector?
(a) Manufacturing computers.
(b) Paper and raw pulp production.
(c) University teaching.
(d) Printing books.
Ans: (b) University teaching.
(vi) Which one out of the following statements is not true:
(a) Outsourcing reduces costs and increases efficiency.
(b) At times engineering and manufacturing jobs can also be outsourced.
(c) BPOs have better business opportunities as compared to KPOs.
(d) There may be dissatisfaction among job seekers in the countries that outsource the job.
Ans: (d) There may be dissatisfaction among job seekers in the countries that outsource the job.
2. Complete the statement:
(i) Business services include advertising, ___________ and consultancy.
Ans: legal service, public relations.
(ii) Transport and communication include ___________.
Ans: Railway, roadways, shipping and airline services and post and telegraph services.
(iii) Business services refer to ___________.
Ans: Those services that enhance the productivity or the efficiency of other firm’s activities.
(iv) Three global cities are ___________.
Ans: New York, London and Tokyo.
(v) Other cities important in the global economy are ___________.
Ans: Paris, Toronto, Los Angeles, Osaka, Hong Kong and Singapore.
(vi) Global cities act as ___________.
Ans: Command and control centres of the world.
(vii) BPO Stands for ___________.
Ans: Business Process Outsourcing.
(viii) Manufactured goods are provided by ___________.
Ans: Urban centres.
(ix) ___________ operates on wholesaler’s capital.
Ans: Retailer.
(x) Isochrome lines join places of equal ___________.
Ans: Time distances.
(xi) A road joining two roads is called ___________ road.
Ans: link.
(xii) ___________ is the fastest means of communication.
Ans: Mobile telephones.
Objective Types Questions and Answers
1. What are Mandis?
Ans: Wholesale markets are known as Mandis.
2. Expand I.C.T.
Ans: Information Communication Technologies.
3. What are isochrome lines?
Ans: Isochrome lines are drawn on a map to join places equal in terms of the time taken to reach them.
4. To which sector do tertiary activities are related?
Ans: Service sector.
5. Which elements are included in exchange?
Ans: Trade, Transport and Communication.
6. What is the total registered employment in tourism?
Ans: 250 million.
7. What is the total revenue earned by tourism?
Ans: 40% of GDP.
8. Which industries are fostered by tourism?
Ans: Infrastructure industries, retail trading, craft industries.
9. On which factor does seasonal tourism depend?
Ans: Vacation period.
10. Name two tourist regions of the world.
Ans: Mediterranean coast and Goa coast.
11. Which places concerning history and art attract tourists?
Ans: Ancient towns, archaeological sites, castles, palaces, churches.
12. What are entrepreneurs?
Ans: These are empowered workers which believe in self actualisation and not wealth. They believe in the value system, quality of life and creativity.
