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NCERT Class 12 Geography Chapter 8 Transport and Communication
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Transport and Communication
Chapter: 8
PART – I FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
Very Short Type Questions Answer
1. Which is the most suitable means of transport for short distances?
Ans: Road transport provides a faster and less costly means of transporting goods over short distances. Other modes of transport like water, air or rail may incur delays in transit of goods with loading and reloading required in multiple locations.
2. Which highway links St. John City with Vancouver?
Ans: Trans Canada Highway links Vancouver in British Columbia and St. John’s city in New Foundland. It is the third longest highway with a total length of 8030 kms.
3. Which is the longest National Highway of India?
Ans: NH 44 covers the North-South Corridor of NHDP and it is officially listed as running over 4,112 km (2,555 mi) from Srinagar to Kanyakumari. It is the longest national highway in India. The route runs parallel to Chakki River.
4. Name the longest railway of Canada. What is its length?
Ans: CN Is Canada’s largest railway, in terms of both revenue and the physical size of its rail network, spanning Canada from the Atlantic coast in Nova Scotia to the Pacific coast in British Columbia across approximately 20,400 route miles (32,831 km) of track.
5. Which is the longest railway in Russia? What is its length?
Ans: Trans-Siberian Railroad, the longest single rail system in the world, stretching 5,771 miles (9,288 km) across Russia between Moscow and Vladivostok.
6. Name the canal which connects River Volga with the Black Sea.
Ans: One of the two canals connecting the Caspian Sea to the outside world is the Volga-Don Canal, which links it to the Black Sea via the Sea of Azov. This canal is 63 miles long and, as the name suggests, connects the Don and Volga Rivers. Its primary purpose is commercial transport.
7. Name the two ports located on two ends of the Suez Canal.
Ans: The northern terminus is Port Said, where there are two outlets to the sea; the southern terminus is Port Tewfik at the city of Suez, where there is one outlet to the sea.
8. Name the two ports located on two ends of the Panama Canal.
Ans: Panama Canal is an 82 km long canal which connects the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. USA Govt. started this project in 1904 and the canal was opened on August 15, 1914. Colon is the northernmost port on the Canal.
Short Type Questions Answer
1. State the relative advantages and disadvantages of air transport.
Ans: (i) Advantages of Air Transport: Global Reach. Reliable Timelines. Reduced Inventory Holding Costs. Enhanced Security.
(ii) Disadvantages of Air Transport: Higher Cost. Limited Capacity. Restrictions on Hazardous Goods.
2. What factors are responsible for the development of railways? Discuss.
Ans: Geographical, economic, and political interests are responsible for developing railways in India. Consequently, they have shaped the layout of India’s railway system.
3. Write short notes on:
(i) Trans-Siberian Railway.
Ans: The original Tran-Siberian trip will take 7 days, the Trans-Manchurian trip – 6 days, and a train ride to Ulan-Bator – about 5 days.
(ii) Canadian Pacific Railway.
Ans: In 2001, Canadian Pacific separated into five separate and independent companies, with Canadian Pacific Railway returning to its origins as a railway company.
(iii) North Atlantic Sea Route.
Ans: The Northern Atlantic Sea Route: This links North-eastern U.S.A. and North-western Europe, the two industrially developed regions of the world. The foreign trade over this route is greater than that of the rest of the world combined.
(iv) South Pacific Sea Route.
Ans: The South Pacific Sea Route This sea route connects Western Europe and North America with Australia, New Zealand and the scattered Pacific islands via the Panama Canal.
4. What are the factors responsible for the development of inland waterways?
Ans: The development of inland waterways is dependent on the navigability width and depth of the channel, continuity in the water flow, and transport technology in use.
5. Distinguish between means of transport and means of communication.
Ans:
| Basis | Means of transport | Means of communication |
| Meaning | Means of transport refers to the modes of transport. It is the way a person/object is moved from one place to another. Modes of transport include water, air, land (rail and road), cable, pipeline and space. | Communication concerns the exchange or broadcast of information. Geographers have long been interested in how people communicate, especially over distance, as a means of maintaining connections, exerting political influence, and shaping trade and enterprise. |
| Objective | Easy means of transport facilitates large-scale production at low costs. It gives consumers the choice to make use of different quantities of goods at different prices. So it raises the standard of living of the people. | Communication is a process that involves sending and receiving messages through the verbal and non-verbal methods. Communication is a two-way means of communicating information in the form of thoughts, opinions, and ideas between two or more individuals with the purpose of building an understanding. |
| Uses/Aim | The four important means of transport are road transport, rail transport, water transport, and air transport. Road transport is the most commonly used means of transport in most parts of the world. | Communication is a two-way means of communicating information in the form of thoughts, opinions, and ideas between two or more individuals with the purpose of building an understanding. |
| Problems | The different modes of transport include air, water, and land transport, which includes rails or railways, road and off-road transport. Other modes of transport also exist, including pipelines, cable transport, and space transport. | Communication is a process that involves sending and receiving messages through the verbal and non-verbal methods. Communication is a two-way means of communicating information in the form of thoughts, opinions, and ideas between two or more individuals with the purpose. |
6. Distinguish between land transport and pipeline transport.
Ans:
| Basis | Land transport | Pipeline transport |
| Meaning | Land transport is the transport or movement of people, animals or goods from one location to another location on land. This is in contrast with other main types of transport such as maritime transport and aviation. | Pipelines are a mode of transportation used to transport massive quantities of goods like oil and natural gas, among others, across large distances using pipes. |
| Objective | Land transportation facilitates the movement of humans, animals and goods and services. There are several modes of land transportation, and it has changed the meaning of movement worldwide. | Pipelines are widely used to transport liquids and gases such as water, petroleum, and natural gas in a continuous flow. Everyone is familiar with pipeline-supplied water. |
| Benefits | Land transport consists of Rail, Buses, Auto rickshaw, two-wheeler, Cycles, etc. | Pipelines are a safe, reliable and environmentally friendly way of transporting oil and gas. |
| Problem | A major problem with transportation is congestion on the road and pollution due to use of fossil fuel. The solution is to develop mass transit systems and encourage their use. | Pipelines can be damaged by natural disasters such as earthquakes, hurricanes, and floods, leading to spills and other environmental disasters. |
Long Type Questions Answer
1. Transport and communication are the necessary infrastructure of the Economic advancement of a country. Discuss.
Ans: Transportation and communication are indeed fundamental pillars of economic advancement for any country. They serve as the arteries and nerves of the economy, facilitating the movement of goods, services, people, and information.
Here’s how they contribute to economic development:
(i) Trade Facilitation: Trade facilitation refers to simplifying and streamlining the processes involved in international trade. It involves making it easier for businesses to import and export goods across borders by reducing red tape, paperwork, and delays.
(ii) Access to Markets: Market access refers to the ability of a company or country to sell goods and services across borders. Tariffs, duties, and quotas may all be a component of market access, which should not be confused with the term free trade.
(iii) Regional Development: Regional development is often translated into the term of spatial development or spatial change of society, and as such connected with terms such as ‘social inclusion’ that indicate the intrinsic role of regional (and urban) development in social reproduction.
(iv) Tourism and Hospitality: Tourism geography covers a wide range of interests including the environmental impact of tourism, the geographies of tourism and leisure economies, answering tourism industry and management concerns and the sociology of tourism and locations of tourism.
(v) Employment Generation: Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP), which is a major credit-linked subsidy programme aimed at generating self-employment opportunities through establishment of micro-enterprises in the non-farm sector by helping traditional artisans and unemployed youth.
(vi) Innovation and Technological Advancement: Technological advancements in transportation and communication have accelerated the flow of people, capital, and ideas, leading to increased cultural exchange and the diffusion of knowledge across the globe. These changes have reshaped the spatial organisation of economic activities, resulting in the concentration of specialised functions in certain regions while challenging the traditional notions of distance and territorial boundaries.
(vii) Productivity and Efficiency: Productivity refers to the amount of work you can get done in a certain amount of time, while efficiency measures how well you use your resources (such as time) to get a task done. To track productivity, you hold time constant and look at the total level of output.
(viii) Social Integration and Quality of Life: It often focuses on income and purchasing power. In contrast, quality of life is a broader concept that encompasses not only wealth and employment but also aspects like the built environment, physical and mental health, education, recreation, leisure time, and social belonging.
2. Draw sketch of Panama and Suez Canal and give description.
Ans:
3. Which are the different modes of transport? Explain.
Ans: Here are the main modes of transport:
(i) Road Transport:
(a) Advantages: The advantages of road transport include flexibility, accessibility to remote areas, cost-effectiveness for shorter distances, faster and efficient transportation, the ability to bypass traffic congestion, door-to-door delivery, and the generation of employment opportunities.
(b) Limitations: Road transport infrastructure and travel is vulnerable to weather changes and seasons. For instance, during rains or floods, roads become unfit and unsafe for use. Road transport is not very suitable for transporting low priced and heavy cargo over long distances as it proves to be expensive.
(ii) Rail Transport:
(a) Advantages: It facilitates long distance travel and transport of bulky goods which are not easily transported through motor vehicles. It is a quick and more regular form of transport because it helps in the transportation of goods with speed and certainty.
(b) Limitations: Routes and timetables available can be inflexible, especially in remote regions. Rail transport can be more expensive than road transport. mechanical failure or industrial action can disrupt services.
(iii) Maritime Transport:
(a) Advantages: More economical than other transport methods. Enables dangerous goods to be transported. Less polluting than other modes of transport and promotes green logistics. If a shipment is made up of a small quantity of goods, they can be placed in a container with other goods and share the costs.
(b) Limitations: Shipping by sea can be slower than other transport modes and bad weather can add further delays. Routes and timetables are usually inflexible. Tracking your goods’ progress is difficult.
(iv) Air Transport:
(a) Advantages: Aircraft can travel at significantly higher speeds compared to other modes of transportation, allowing people and goods to reach their destinations quickly.
(b) Accessibility: Air transport has the unique advantage of reaching remote and inaccessible areas, such as islands, mountainous regions, and disaster-stricken zones.
(v) Pipeline Transport:
(a) Advantages: The four advantages of pipeline transportation are:
(i) Both solid when converted into a slurry liquid and gases can be transported through pipelines.
(ii) Initial cost of laying pipelines is high but subsequent running costs are minimal.
(iii) Trans-shipment of losses and delays are minimised.
(vi) Inland Waterway Transport:
(a) Advantages: Inland waterways transport is a highly environmentally friendly mode of transportation. It causes no air pollution and less noise pollution. The CO2 emission of this mode of transportation is also very low. The inland waterways are very space-efficient compared to other modes of land transport.
(b) Limitations: Inadequate Infrastructure India’s inland water transport faces challenges due to a lack of well-developed and maintained waterways, ports, and terminals. According to the Ministry of Shipping, as of 2021, only about 5,000 kilometres of the country’s vast network of rivers and canals are commercially navigable.
4. Describe the development of railways in Africa.
Ans: Here’s an overview of the key stages and factors involved:
(i) Colonial Era: Colonial railroads in Africa this railroad was built between 1896 and 1901 to connect landlocked Uganda to the coast (i.e., Mombasa) at the lowest possible cost. Kenya was merely a transit territory; the railroad bypassed highly populated areas en route to Lake Victoria.
(ii) Early Railway Construction: The first railways in Africa were built during the late 19th century, primarily by European colonial powers. These railways were constructed to facilitate the extraction of Africa’s natural resources, such as minerals and agricultural products.
(iii) Strategic and Economic Importance: By leveraging rail infrastructure and connectivity, African countries can boost economic development, promote regional integration, and reduce carbon emissions. Expanding rail networks will facilitate the movement of goods, support key industries, and create employment opportunities.
(iv) Legacy of Colonialism: Colonial control facilitated the construction of railways, induced large inflows of European investment, and forced profound changes in the operation of labour and land markets (Frankema and van Waijenburg 2012). That is, colonial regimes abolished slavery, but they replaced it with other forced labour schemes.
(v) Post-Independence Development: Railroad systems collapsed after independence due to mismanagement, lack of maintenance and the adoption of new transportation technology – motor roads. Roads levelled the pure advantage of lower transportation costs and could have potentially re-configured the spatial equilibrium.
(vi) Regional Integration Efforts: Regional Integration Removes Barriers to Development in Africa. Africa’s potential remains remarkable, with a young and growing population, vast renewable energy potential, and a robust record of regional cooperation through bodies like the African Union (AU).
5. What is satellite communication? Write its importance.
Ans: Here are some key aspects of satellite communication and its importance:
(i) Global Coverage: Global coverage refers to payment providers’ ability to process payments in different currencies, integrate with different payment systems, and comply with regulations in different countries.
(ii) Reliability and Resilience: Reliability focuses on the prevention of the event happening in the first place. The focus is on maintaining smooth operation and minimising the chances of failure. Resilience focuses on minimising the consequences of any event and most importantly, enabling the system to bounce back if an event does happen.
(iii) Scalability: The ability to maintain effectiveness during expansion from a local area to a larger region.
(iv) Broadcasting and Telecommunications: broadcasting, electronic transmission of radio and television signals that are intended for general public reception, as distinguished from private signals that are directed to specific receivers.
(v) Navigation and Positioning: A handheld or vehicle mounted system that uses satellite communications to determine the geographical position and other navigational information. A satellite based navigation system allows the determination of any point on the earth’s surface with a high degree of accuracy given a suitable GPS receiver.
(vi) Remote Sensing and Earth Observation: Remote sensing is the technique of observing and analysing objects from a distance without being in direct contact with them. When studying the Earth we often use the term Earth observation, which primarily means information collected from Earth observing satellites.
(vii) Internet Connectivity: The term “Internet connectivity” refers to the way people are hooked up to the Internet, and may include dial-up telephone lines, always-on broadband connections, and wireless devices.
Other Textual Questions & Answers
1. Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below:
(i) The Trans-Continental short Highway runs between:
(a) Darwin and Melbourne.
(b) Edmontan and Anchorage.
(c) Vancouver and St. John’s City.
(d) Chengdu and Lhasa.
Ans: (a) Darwin and Melbourne.
(ii) Which country has the highest density of railway network?
(a) Brazil.
(b) U.S.A.
(c) Canada.
(d) Russia.
Ans: (b) U.S.A.
(iii) The Big Trunk Route runs through:
(a) The Mediterranean – Indian Ocean.
(b) The North Atlantic Ocean.
(c) The South Atlantic Ocean.
(d) The North Pacific Ocean.
Ans: (a) The Mediterranean – Indian Ocean.
(iv) The Big Inch pipeline transports:
(a) Milk.
(b) Liquid Petroleum Gas.
(c) Water.
(d) Petroleum.
Ans: (d) Petroleum.
(v) Which one pair of the following places is linked by Channel Tunnel?
(a) London-Berlin.
(b) Paris-London.
(c) Berlin-Paris.
(d) Barcelona-Berlin.
Ans: (b) Paris-London.
(vi) Which mode is suited for carrying a large volume of bulky materials?
(a) Roads.
(b) Railways.
(c) Airways.
(d) Pipeline.
Ans: (b) Railways.
(vii) Which is a great freight carrier?
(a) Boat.
(b) Wagon.
(c) Cargo.
(d) Barge.
Ans: (d) Barge.
(viii) Bigh Inch is a:
(a) Pipeline.
(b) Port.
(c) Railway Line.
(d) Terminal Station.
Ans: (a) Pipeline.
(ix) When was Canadian Pacific Railways constructed?
(a) in 1876
(b) in 1886
(c) in 1896
(d) in 1898
Ans: (b) in 1886.
(x) What is the width of highways?
(a) 50 m.
(b) 60 m.
(c) 70 m.
(d) 80 m.
Ans: (b) 60 m.
(xi) Which is the eastern terminal of the Trans Siberian Railway?
(a) Hanoi.
(b) Shanghai.
(c) Tokyo.
(d) Vladivostok.
Ans: (d) Vladivostok.
(xii) Which is the western terminal of Trans Canadian Railway?
(a) Montreal.
(b) San Francisco.
(c) Vancouver.
(d) St. Johns.
Ans: (c) Vancouver.
(xiii) When was the first public railway line opened?
(a) 1815
(b) 1825
(c) 1830
(d) 1885
Ans: (b) 1825.
(xiv) Which is not carried by pipelines?
(a) Mineral oil.
(b) Gas.
(c) Water.
(d) Coal.
Ans: (d) Coal.
(xv) Which is the longest National Highway of India?
(a) NH-5
(b) NH-6
(c) NH-7
(d) NH-8
Ans: (c) NH-7.
(xvi) Transportation does not help in:
(a) Cooperation.
(b) Unity.
(c) Defence.
(d) Hunting.
Ans: (d) Hunting.
