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NCERT Class 12 Geography Chapter 19 Planning and Sustainable Development in India Context
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Planning and Sustainable Development in India Context
Chapter: 19
PART – II INDIA: PEOPLE AND ECONOMY
Very Short Type Questions Answer
1. What is planning?
Ans: Planning, also called urban planning or city and regional planning, is a dynamic profession that works to improve the welfare of people and their communities by creating more convenient, equitable, healthful, efficient, and attractive places for present and future generations.
2. When was the first five year plan commenced?
Ans: Subsequently, the Planning Commission was set up on 15 March 1950 and the plan era started from 1 April 1951 with the launching of the First Five Year Plan (1951-56).
3. After which five year plan annual plans were introduced for the first time?
Ans: The First Five-year Plan was launched in 1951 which mainly focused on the development of the primary sector. The First Five-Year Plan was based on the Harrod–Domar model with few modifications.
Short Answer Type Questions
1. Describe the progress of industries during the second five year plan.
Ans: Second Five Year Plan (1956 – 1961) New technology and efficient investments were made to make sure that India’s annual national income grew to 4.5%. India began bringing in hydroelectric power projects and steel plants with help from the USSR, UK and West Germany to scale up production within India.
2. Describe the immediate objectives of the third five year plan.
Ans: The main motive of the Third Five-year Plan was to stress agriculture and improvement in the production of wheat. It was made for the duration of 1961 to 1966. The main target of this plan was to make the economy independent and to reach a self active position of take off.
3. Discuss the main areas of thrust in the ninth five year plan.
Ans: From the State’s point of view, provision of basic amenities to the population like drinking water, primary health and education, generating adequate employment, removal of regional / social disparities-especially welfare of disadvantaged sections, and strengthening of growth infrastructure would remain the prime.
4. Write a short note on the tenth five year plan.
Ans: The Tenth Five Year Plan was a period of great change and progress for India, with many positive outcomes achieved in the field of education and literacy. The objectives set out at the beginning of the Plan were largely met, and India is now a much more literate and educated nation as a result.
Long Type Questions Answer
1. Describe the main achievements of the Five Year Plans in India.
Ans: The Five-Year Plans were a series of comprehensive economic development initiatives adopted by the Government of India to chart the country’s path towards economic growth and social development. Here are some of the main achievements of the Five-Year Plans in India.
(i) Industrial Growth: A growth industry is that sector of an economy which experiences a higher-than-average growth rate as compared to other sectors. Growth industries are often new or pioneer industries that did not exist in the past. Their growth is a result of demand for new products or services offered by companies in the field.
(ii) Agricultural Development: The development of agriculture is tied to arable land, which is land that is capable of being used for crop growth or livestock pasture. Societies that had access to a greater quantity and quality of arable land could transition to agriculture more easily.
(iii) Infrastructure Development: Infrastructure usually refers to the built environment. This includes buildings and transport, as well as electricity, gas, water and sanitation connections. Infrastructure is a very wide ranging term.
(iv) Social Welfare Programs: Welfare geography comprises an approach to the study of human geography that centralises the welfare of human beings, taking seriously spatial inequality in well-being and life chances occasioned by the simple fact of where people live and work relative to one another.
(v) Regional Development: Regional development can be associated with earlier traditions of regional geography, where regions were seen as the founding objects of geography and the main effort was to describe (i.e., to construct) regions as entities, which included noneconomic factors.
(vi) Self-Reliance and Import Substitution: Import substitution industrialization (ISI) is a trade and economic policy that advocates replacing foreign imports with domestic production. It is based on the premise that a country should attempt to reduce its foreign dependency through the local production of industrialised products.
(vii) Scientific and Technological Advancement: Over the past few decades, technological advancements have significantly influenced human geography, reshaping various aspects of human interactions, spatial patterns, and societal development. Technology has revolutionised communication, altering the way individuals connect and share information across the globe.
(viii) Poverty Alleviation: Poverty Alleviation is the set of steps taken in an economic and humanitarian way to eradicate poverty in a country. According to the World Bank, if a person is living on $1.90 a day or less, then he/she is living in extreme poverty, and currently, 767 million people in the world fall under that category.
Overall, the Five-Year Plans played a significant role in shaping India’s economic and social landscape, laying the groundwork for the country’s transition to a modern, industrialised economy and fostering sustainable development across various sectors.
2. Write salient features of regional disparities in the development of India.
Ans: Regional disparities in the development of India are a complex and multi-dimensional issue, influenced by various socio-economic, geographical, historical, and political factors. Here are some salient features of regional disparities in India:
(i) Economic Disparities: Economic inequality refers to disparities among individuals’ incomes and wealth. And those differences can be great. Forbes counted a record 2,755 billionaires in the world as of 2021, when it finalised its most recent rankings.
(ii) Infrastructure Divide: Infrastructure is defined as the basic physical systems of a business, region, or nation and often involves the production of public goods or production processes. Examples of infrastructure include transportation systems, communication networks, sewage, water, and school systems.
(iii) Social Indicators: Social indicators are a set of indicators that measure progress towards the policy objectives designed for promoting employment, combating poverty, improving living and working conditions, combating exclusion, developing human resources, etc.
(iv) Employment Opportunities: Employment opportunity is the chance for individuals to find work or occupation that provides them with a regular income. It is an activity that allows individuals to earn money by utilising their skills and abilities.
(vi) Agricultural Dependence: Rural agriculture, especially large-scale commercial agriculture, makes urban life possible. In fact, urban life is dependent upon rural agriculture. Massive quantities of food can be grown and harvested in rural areas, where population density is low, and transported to cities, where population density is high.
(vii) Government Policies and Investments: An investment policy describes the parameters for investing government funds and identifies the investment objectives, preferences or tolerance for risk, constraints on the investment portfolio, and how the investment program will be managed and monitored.
(viii) Geographical Factors: Geographical factors do a lot to influence culture. Geographical factors can include topographical features, such as rivers and mountains, climate, and the natural resources of a region. Even the position of a place on the Earth and its light and darkness hours come into play.
Addressing regional disparities requires a multi-pronged approach involving targeted investments in infrastructure, education, healthcare, and agriculture, as well as policies aimed at promoting inclusive growth, equitable distribution of resources, and sustainable development across all regions of the country.
3. What brought the Green Revolution in India?
Ans: The Green Revolution in India was a series of agricultural initiatives and reforms implemented in the 1960s and 1970s aimed at increasing agricultural productivity and food production to alleviate poverty and hunger. Several factors contributed to the emergence of the Green Revolution in India:
(i) Introduction of High-Yielding Varieties:
(a) (HYVs) of Seeds: HYV full form is High Yielding Variety. HYV seeds are resistant and have a high yielding potential against insects and diseases. Such seeds are of higher quality and are a better choice for growing crops in abundance and in a safe way.
(b) Expansion of Irrigation Infrastructure: Irrigation works or irrigation and drainage infrastructure means physical infrastructure developed or installed in an irrigation system for the purpose of facilitating availability of irrigation water from a water source for crop production covering abstraction structures, conveyance structures, distribution structures.
(c) Use of Chemical Fertilisers and Pesticides: The application of chemical fertilisers and pesticides is an important measure to increase agricultural production and prevent pests, but their injudicious use can also cause soil pollution. Long-term large-scale use of nitrogen fertilisers may destroy the soil structure and cause soil compaction.
(d) Mechanization of Agriculture: Agriculture using modern powered equipment instead of animals or human labour is called mechanised farming. During the Green Revolution, mechanisation significantly increased, resulting in higher crop yields and productivity. Several innovations in mechanised farming include the tractor, combine harvester, and sprayer.
(e) Support and Policies: Environmental policy, any measure by a government or corporation or other public or private organisation regarding the effects of human activities on the environment, particularly those measures that are designed to prevent or reduce harmful effects of human activities on ecosystems. certified organic.
(f) Public-Private Partnerships: Public-private partnerships involve collaboration between a government agency and a private-sector company that can be used to finance, build, and operate projects, such as public transportation networks, parks, and convention centres.
(ii) Market Reforms and Price Support:
Overall, the convergence of technological advancements, infrastructure development, policy support, and institutional reforms catalysed the Green Revolution in India, transforming the country from a food-deficit nation to a self-sufficient and surplus food producer, significantly improving food security and agricultural livelihoods.
Other Textual Questions & Answers
1. Choose the right answers of the following from the given options:
(i) Regional planning relates to.
(a) Development of various sectors of economy.
(b) Area specific approach of development.
(c) Area differences in transportation network.
(d) Development of rural areas.
Ans: (a) development of various sectors of economy.
(ii) ITDP refers to which one of the following?
(a) Integrated Tourism Development Programme.
(b) Integrated Travel Development Programme.
(c) Integrated Tribal Development Programme.
(d) Integrated Transport Development Programme.
Ans: (c) Integrated Tribal Development Programme.
(iii) Which one of the following is the most crucial factor for sustainable development in Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area?
(a) Agricultural Development.
(b) Eco-development.
(c) Transport Development.
(d) Colonisation of Land.
Ans: (d) Colonisation of land.
(iv) The first five year plan was started:
(a) 1951
(b) 1952
(c) 1954
(d) 1948
Ans: (a) 1951.
(v) In which five year plan of India was the Hill Area Development Program initiated?
(a) 5th.
(b) 4th.
(c) 7th.
(d) 3rd.
Ans: (a) 5th.
(vi) How much land can be irrigated in drought prone areas?
(a) less than 60%
(b) less than 30%
(c) less than 10%
(d) less than 20%
Ans: (b) less than 30%.
(vii) When did the 10th five year plan end?
(a) 31-3-2007
(b) 31-4-2007
(c) 31-1-2007
(d) 2000
Ans: (a) 31-3-2007.
(viii) From which barrage Indira Gandhi Canal was taken out?
(a) Harike Pallon.
(b) Bhakra.
(c) Nangal.
(d) Haridwar.
Ans: (a) Harike pallon.
(ix) What was the female literacy rate in the Bharmour region?
(a) 32%
(b) 35%
(c) 42%
(d) 40%
Ans: (c) 42%.
(x) How many districts are identified under drought prone areas?
(a) 47
(b) 72
(c) 67
(d) 80
Ans: (b) 72.
2. Give one word answer:
(i) The Five Year Plan recorded the highest annual growth rate till date.
Ans: Eighth (1992–97).
(ii) The Five Year Plan during which the states took up the preparation of district plan and integrated plan for local areas.
Ans: Fourth (1969–74).
(iii) The body entrusted with the formulation of Five Year Plans.
Ans: Planning Commission.
(iv) The revolution which broke out after the effect of the package programme called ‘Intensive Agricultural District Programme’ in the country.
Ans: Green Revolution.
(v) The state with highest literacy in the country.
Ans: Kerala.
(vi) The administrative unit with highest per capita income in India.
Ans: Delhi.
(vii) The state with the lowest proportion of population below the poverty line.
Ans: Jammu & Kashmir.
(viii) The most urbanised state in the country.
Ans: Goa.
(ix) The year of announcement of New Industrial Policy in the country.
Ans: 1991.
(x) The Indian city for which the first master plan was prepared in the 1950s.
Ans: Delhi.
2. Answer the following questions in not more than 30 words.
(i) What are the social benefits of ITDP in the Bharmaur tribal region?
Ans: The social benefits of ITDP in the Bharmaur tribal region are as follows:
1. The Gaddis of Bharmaur were included in scheduled tribes.
2. The quality of life of Gaddis improved and the gap in the level of development between Bharmaur and other areas of Himachal Pradesh also decline.
3. This plan laid the highest priority on development of transport, communication, agriculture and allied activities.
(ii) Define the concept of sustainable development.
Ans: This is the new concept of development. The concept of development is dynamic and has evolved in meaning during the second half of twentieth century. The concept was synonymous to economic growth. By 1980s development emerged as a multidimensional concept in calculating widespread improvement in social as well as material well being of all in a society.
(iii) What are the positive impacts of irrigation on Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area?
Ans: The positive impacts of irrigation on Indira Gandhi canal Command Area was as under:
1. There was a perceptible transformation in the agricultural economy of the region.
2. Spread of canal irrigation had led to increase in cultivated area and intensity of cropping.
3. The traditional crops sown in the area gram, bajra and guar (fodder) have been replaced by wheat, cotton, groundnut and rice.
