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NCERT Class 12 Geography Chapter 18 Manufacturing industries
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Manufacturing industries
Chapter: 18
PART – II INDIA: PEOPLE AND ECONOMY
Very Short Type Questions Answer
1. Which state is leading in sugar production?
Ans: Uttar Pradesh is not only the largest producer of sugarcane in India but also the largest producer of food grains in India.
2. Name two centres of cotton textile.
Ans: Goalpara, Kamrup.
3. Which state is highly industrialised?
Ans: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Uttar Prad esh.
4. Why is Ranchi famous for?
Ans: Popularly known as the City of Waterfalls, Ranchi is famous for the many picturesque falls, making it a popular tourist attraction.
5. Name the centres which are famous for petro-chemicals.
Ans: Auraiya in Uttar Pradesh, Jamnagar, Gandhinagar and Hazira in Gujarat, Nagothane, Ratnagiri in Maharashtra, Haldia in West Bengal and Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh.
6. What do you mean by manufacturing?
Ans: Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing.
Short Type Questions Answer
1. Explain how the availability of raw material influences the industrial location.
Ans: Nearness to the sources of raw materials would reduce the cost of production of the industry. For most of the major industries, the cost of raw materials form the bulk of the total cost. Therefore, most of the agro-based and forest-based industries are located in the vicinity of the sources of raw material supply.
2. Why are non-geographical factors more important now-a-days in the location of industries?
Ans: The availability of electric power over wider areas and increased labour mobility further diminishes the impact of geography on industrial location. Instead, non-geographical factors, including economic, political, historical, and social considerations, play a significant role in shaping the location of industries.
3. Explain why the iron and steel industry is located in the Chotanagpur region.
Ans: Low cost iron ore, high grade raw materials, and cheap labour favour the presence of steel industries in this region.
4. Sugar industry is set-up in areas of sugarcane cultivation. Why?
Ans: Because sugarcane contains sucrose and once you cut the sugarcane, the sucrose content starts to decline. Hence raw material must be quickly transported.
5. Mention three causes of southward migration of the sugar industry.
Ans: The climate of South India is more suitable for the production of sugarcane. The per capita consumption of sugar in the South is more than the North.
6. What caused setbacks to the pace of industrial development in India during the third five year plan?
Ans: The failure was caused by Chinese aggression toward India as well as a dispute with Pakistan. Moreover, weak monsoon rains during 1964-65 as well as 1965-66, and poor coordination between federal and state administrations also contributed to the failure of the 3rd five-year plan.
Long Type Questions Answer
1. Explain major geographical factors influencing the location of industries.
Ans: Certainly The location of industries is influenced by a variety of geographical factors.
Here are some major ones:
(i) Proximity to Raw Materials: Proximity to materials for some products, being close to the raw materials is extremely important for saving money. For other products, it often makes more sense to be located close to the market and transport the raw materials further. For bulk-gaining products.
(ii) Transportation Accessibility: Accessibility is the measure of the capacity of a location to be reached from, or to be reached by, different locations. Accessible transportation is the passport to independent living for everyone.
(iii) Availability of Labor: Labour Availability Analysis can help businesses identify areas where there is a shortage of labour, allowing them to plan for future hiring needs. It can also help businesses identify areas where there is an abundance of labour, allowing them to adjust their recruitment strategies accordingly.
(iv) Energy Resources: Primary energy sources take many forms, including nuclear energy, fossil energy-like oil, coal and natural gas-and renewable sources like wind, solar, geothermal and hydropower.
(v) Market Access: Market access refers to the ability of a company or country to sell goods and services across borders. Market access can be used to refer to domestic trade as well as international trade, although the latter is the most common context.
(vi) Climate and Environmental Conditions: Climate change may aggravate erosion, decline in organic matter, salinisation, soil biodiversity loss, landslides, desertification and flooding. The effect of climate change on soil carbon storage can be related to changing atmospheric CO2 concentrations, increased temperatures and changing precipitation patterns.
(vii) Government Policies and Incentives: Governmental Incentives the benefits afforded or available through any economic incentive program sponsored, offered, or otherwise provided by a Governmental Authority in connection with the development, redevelopment or other improvement of a Park in the ordinary course of business.
(viii) Historical and Cultural Factors: These historical factors include all ecological and evolutionary events that previously influenced (either long ago or relatively recently) a present-day population or community, such as dispersal and past environmental conditions. The cultural values, practices, discursive and material expressions and artefacts of people, the cultural diversity and plurality of society, and how cultures are distributed over space, how places and identities are produced, how people make sense of places and build senses.
2. Give a brief classification of industries.
Ans: Here’s a brief classification based on these criteria:
(i) Primary Industries: The primary sector of the economy includes any industry involved in the extraction and production of raw materials, such as farming, logging, fishing, forestry and mining.
(ii) Secondary Industries: Secondary industries are the second link in the chain of industries. Industries in this sector turn raw materials from the primary sector into a manufactured product. Examples of a secondary industry include food processing, which transforms raw produce into the food products we buy in shops.
(iii) Tertiary Industries: Tertiary industry involves providing services to people, for example a cleaner or a doctor. The Quaternary industry is the newest sector and focuses on knowledge-based industries.
(iv) Quaternary Industries: Quaternary industry is the newest sector and focuses on knowledge-based industries. These usually rely on people rather than physical inputs such as raw materials. or high-tech industries such as ICT (information and communication technologies) and research and development.
(v) Quinary Industries: Quinary activities are a type of service that focuses on the generation, reorganisation, and interpretation of new and existing ideas, as well as the interpretation of data and the use and evaluation of new technology.
(vi) Heavy Industries: An industry that refers to large-scale production that uses massive capitalization, heavy machinery, and complicated processes is called a heavy industry. This industry includes aerospace, shipbuilding, infrastructure construction, mining, oil and gas exploration and refineries, steel production, chemical plants, etc.
(vii) Light Industries: Light industries are industries that usually are less capital-intensive than heavy industries and are more consumer-oriented than business-oriented, as they typically produce smaller consumer goods. Most light industry products are produced for end users rather than as intermediates for use by other industries.
(viii) High-Tech Industries: High-Tech industry is the latest generation of manufacturing activities. These industries make use of the application of research and development (R&D) efforts leading to the manufacture of products of an advanced scientific and engineering nature.
(ix) Traditional Industries: The term “traditional industry” usually refers to the handicraft production methods of the preindustrial period and the continuation of such forms of manufacturing even during the growth of factory-based industrialization.
3. What is meant by industrial cluster? Write an account of the Hooghly region.
Ans: Industrial clusters refer to the industry groups that share some common marketplaces, technology, and expertise prerequisites. They are the regional concentrations of related industries.
The industrial development in the Hooghly region has been propelled by various factors:
(i) Strategic Location: A strategic location refers to a specific geographical position that offers advantages for economic, political, or military purposes. It is a place that provides unique opportunities and benefits due to its proximity to important resources, transportation routes, or other significant factors.
(ii) Availability of Resources: Availability of resources refers to whether there is enough supply and access to essential materials, goods, and services needed for human survival and development. This includes natural resources such as water, food, energy sources, minerals, as well as infrastructure like hospitals and schools.
(iii) Skilled Labor Force: Skilled labour refers to highly trained, educated, or experienced segments of the workforce that can complete more complex mental or physical tasks on the job. Skilled labour is often specialised and may require a prolonged period of training and experience.
(iv) Supportive Government Policies: Government Policy refers to a set of principles, guidelines, or rules established by a government to guide decision-making and action on specific issues. Government policies can cover a wide range of issues, including social, economic, and environmental issues.
(v) Presence of Educational Institutions: An educational institution is a place where people of different ages gain an education, including preschools, childcare, primary-elementary schools, secondary-high schools, and universities. They provide a large variety of learning environments and learning spaces.
(vi) Historical Legacy: historical geography, geographic study of a place or region at a specific time or period in the past, or the study of geographic change in a place or region over a period of time.
4. What is the significance of the manufacturing industry in the Indian economy? Explain.
Ans: The manufacturing industry holds immense significance in the Indian economy for several reasons:
(i) Contribution to GDP: GDP growth may be broken down into the sum of contributions from its various components: household, general government and non-profit institutions serving households consumption expenditure, investments, changes in inventories and trade balance.
(ii) Employment Generation: Prime Minister’s Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP), which is a major credit-linked subsidy programme aimed at generating self-employment opportunities through establishment of micro-enterprises in the non-farm sector by helping traditional artisans and unemployed youth.
(iii) Industrial Development: Is the building and growing of industries within an economy by using new technologies which make jobs easier, faster, and better and lead to an increase in a business’ output and an increase in profits. Early Childhood Investment for Future Economic Growth and Industrial Development in Tanzania.
(iv) Export Growth: The export-led growth hypothesis (ELGH) postulates that export expansion is one of the main determinants of growth. It holds that the overall growth of countries can be generated not only by increasing the amounts of labour and capital within the economy, but also by expanding exports.
(v) Value Addition: Value-added is the difference between the price of a product or service and the cost of producing it. The price is determined by what customers are willing to pay based on their perceived value. Value is added or created in different ways.
(vi) Technology Transfer and Innovation: The three types of geospatial technology, remote sensing, GIS, and GPS, are used all around the world for different activities, and by all sorts of people (not just geographers!). Geospatial technology is vitally important and without it certain activities can’t take place. We’ll outline a few uses here. The geography of innovation refers to the tendency for innovative activity to cluster spatially and the advantages conferred by co-location with abundant resources, well-developed social networks and the chance for serendipitous encounters.
(vii) Infrastructure Development: The development of a country’s infrastructure is vital to the growth of its sectors and the overall economy. The infrastructure sector primarily comprises electricity, roads, telecommunications, railways, irrigation, water supply and sanitation, ports and airports, storing facilities, and oil and gas pipelines.
(viii) Rural-Urban Linkages: Thereby, the term, rural-urban linkages, denotes connections between the rural and urban societies or the acts of connecting them. Connections or linkages between the two societies are caused by various factors and in different dimensions of the two societies.
Other Textual Questions & Answers
1. Choose the right answers of the followings from the given options:
(i) Which is not a factor of industrial location?
(a) Market.
(b) Capital.
(c) Population Density.
(d) Power.
Ans: (c) Population density.
(ii) The earliest Iron and Steel Company to be established in India is:
(a) IISCO.
(b) TISCO.
(c) Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Works.
(d) Mysore Iron and Steel Works.
Ans: (b) TISCO.
(iii) The first modern cotton mill was established in Mumbai because:
(a) Mumbai is a port.
(b) It is located near cotton growing area.
(c) Mumbai was the financial centre.
(d) All of the above.
Ans: (d) All of the above.
(iv) The nucleus of the Hugli Industrial Region is.
(a) Kolkata-Haora.
(b) Kolkata-Rishra.
(c) Kolkata-Medinipur.
(d) Kolkata-Konnagar.
Ans: (b) Kolkata-Rishra.
(v) The second largest producer of sugar is:
(a) Maharashtra.
(b) Uttar Pradesh.
(c) Punjab.
(d) Tamil Nadu.
Ans: (b) Uttar Pradesh.
(vi) The per capita annual consumption of steel in India is:
(a) 32 kg.
(b) 30 kg.
(c) 33 kg.
(d) 31 kg.
Ans: (a) 32 kg.
(vii) Which is an agro based industry?
(a) Cotton textile.
(b) Aluminium.
(c) Cement.
(d) Iron and steel.
Ans: (a) Cotton textile.
(viii) Which town is known as the electronic capital of India?
(a) Bengaluru.
(b) Kolkata.
(c) Pune.
(d) Mumbai.
Ans: (a) Bengaluru.
(ix) Which one of the following industries uses limestone as a raw material?
(a) Jute.
(b) Cement.
(c) Sugar.
(d) Aluminium.
Ans: (b) Cement.
(x) The production of aluminium in India is:
(a) 800 million tonnes.
(b) 500 million tonnes.
(c) 700 million tonnes.
(d) 600 million tonnes.
Ans: (d) 600 million de tonnes.
2. Give one word answer:
(i) The year which marks the beginning of organised industry in India.
Ans: 1854.
(ii) The leading producers of sugar in the country.
Ans: Maharashtra.
(iii) The year of the opening of the Suez Canal.
Ans: 1869.
(iv) The place where TISCO is located.
Ans: Jamshedpur.
(v) The number of iron and steel plants in India.
Ans: Ten.
(vi) The Cottonopolis of India.
Ans: Mumbai.
(vii) A largest Iron and Steel plant in the private sector.
Ans: TISCO (Tata iron and Steel Co.).
(viii) The year of the beginning of the First Five Year Plan in the country.
Ans: 1951.
(ix) The basic industry of the modern world.
Ans: Iron and Steel Industry.
(x) Location of Vishveshwarya Iron and Steel Plant.
Ans: Bhadrawati.
(xi) The largest producer of sugarcane in the d world.
Ans: Uttar Pradesh.
2. Answer the following questions in not more than 30 words.
(i) Why do you think that the iron and steel industry is basic to the industrial development of any country?
Ans: The iron and steel industry is basic to the industrial development of any country because iron and steel forms the basis of infrastructure for industrial development. Steel is used as basic material in the manufacture of metal products, electrical machinery, transport equipment etc.
(ii) Name the two sectors of the cottage textile industries. How are they different?
Ans: Cotton textile industry in India can be divided into two sectors:
(i) The organised sector. and
(ii) The decentralised sector.
The decentralised sector includes cloth produced in handlooms (including khadi) and power looms.
The production of the organised sector has fallen from 81% to 6% in 2000.
(iii) Why is the sugar industry a seasonal industry?
Ans: Sugar industry is a seasonal industry because of the seasonality of raw material. Sugarcane is harvested in a particular season only. Sugar mills are operative for a part of the year only during the crushing season.
(iv) What is the raw material base for the petrochemical industry? Name some of the products of this industry.
Ans: The raw material base for petro the chemical industry is crude petroleum.
The industries are:
(i) Polymers.
(ii) Synthetic fibres.
(iii) Elastomers.
(iv) Surfactant intermediate. Mumbai is the hub of the petrochemical industries.
(v) What is the major impact of Information Technology (IT) revolution in India?
Ans: Information technology has had a profound influence on the country’s economy. The information technology (IT) revolution opened up new possibilities of economic and social transformation. The IT and IT enabled business process outsourcing service continue to be on a robust growth path.
