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NCERT Class 12 Geography Chapter 21 International Trade
Also, you can read the NCERT book online in these sections Solutions by Expert Teachers as per Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) Book guidelines. CBSE Class 12 Geography Solutions are part of All Subject Solutions. Here we have given NCERT Class 12 Geography: Fundamentals of Human Geography, Geography: India People and Economy, Geography: Practical Work in Geography. NCERT Class 12 Geography Chapter 21 International Trade Notes, NCERT Class 12 Geography Textbook Solutions for All Chapters, You can practice these here.
International Trade
Chapter: 21
PART – II INDIA: PEOPLE AND ECONOMY
Very Short Type Questions Answer
1. What is the balance of trade?
Ans: Balance of trade (BOT) is the difference between the value of a country’s exports and the value of a country’s imports for a given period.
2. Which country is the largest buyer of India’s tea?
Ans: Iraq.
3. Name the international airport of Delhi.
Ans: Indira Gandhi International Airport.
4. In which state the Jawaharlal Nehru Port has been developed?
Ans: Maharashtra.
5. Which country is the largest buyer of India’s iron ore?
Ans: China.
Short Answer Type Questions
1. Write short notes on:
(i) Export of tea.
Ans: India exports tea to more than 25 countries throughout the world. Russia, Iran, UAE, USA, the UK, Germany, and China are some of the major importers of tea from India. During 2021-22 Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan imported 32.5 million kg, 1.68 million kg and 6.48 million kg of tea from India.
(ii) Import of petroleum.
Ans: India imports 80% of its oil demand. Presently Iraq is the largest supplier of oil to India. Iraq is followed by Saudi Arabia, Iran, Nigeria and Venezuela. Iran was India’s second biggest supplier of crude oil after Saudi Arabia till 2010-11. After the Western countries sanctions imposed on Iran, India brought down the purchases in 2012-13 and had limited them in the years thereafter.
2. Explain the items of India’s export.
Ans: India is a major exporter of plastics, including plastic products and raw materials. The country’s skilled labour force and low-cost production make it a hub for the production of plastics. India exports a range of plastic products, including packaging materials, plastic bags, pipes, etc.
3. What is the reason for India’s unfavourable trade?
Ans: The trade balance is said to be unfavourable if imports exceed exports. It is the case in India, where the country imports more than it exports. The balance in the nation’s trade indicates a country’s position amongst the world countries and the commercial relationship of countries.
4. The importance of raw materials is decreasing in India’s exports. Why?
Ans: A lack of infrastructure can decrease the cost of getting goods to market. This increases the price for those products and reduces a nation’s global competitiveness, which in turn reduces exports.
5. What are the various steps taken by the Indian government to promote international trade?
Ans: (i) Export Promotion Schemes.
(ii) Duty Exemption & Remission Schemes.
(iii) Epcg Scheme.
(iv) EOU/EHTP/STP & BTP Schemes
(v) Other Schemes.
Long Type Questions Answer
1. Write a brief account of the major sea ports on the west coast of India.
Ans: The western coast of India is a vast and beautiful region that is home to some of the country’s most important ports. These ports are a vital part of the Indian economy, and they play a major role in international trade. In this article, we will take a look at some of the major ports on the west coast of India. We will discuss their history, their importance to the region, and what makes them unique.The ports are the places where the ships coming from other countries dock and unload their cargo. India has a long coastline, and there are many ports on the western coast of India. The western coast of India is very important for the trade and economy of the country.
The western coast of India has always been one of the busiest coasts in the world. The western coast ports have a long and rich history. The western coast ports were used by the British and the Portuguese for trade. The western coast ports were also used by the Dutch and the French for their trade. The western coast ports were also used by the Arabs for their trade.The western coast ports have always been a major hub for trade and commerce. The western coast ports are used by the major industries for their trade. The western coast ports are also used by the shipping companies for their trade. The western coast ports are also used by the military for their trade. The western coast ports are also used by tourists for their travel.The western coast of India has many big and small ports. The major port of India on the west coast side is the Mumbai Port. Other important ports on the west coast of India are the Jawaharlal Nehru Port, Kandla Port, Cochin Port, Chennai Port, and Ennore Port. These ports are very important for the trade and economy of India so let’s discuss them in detail one by one.
(i) Mumbai Port: Mumbai Port is the largest and busiest port on the western coast of India. It contributes to trade to a larger extent with the Middle East and Europe.
(ii) Jawaharlal Nehru Port: Jawaharlal Nehru Port is situated in the famous state of Maharashtra, close to the city of Mumbai. It is one of the busiest and most modern ports in India.
India has 13 major and 200 minor ports along with the 7517 kms long coastline. The port of India is controlled by the Central Government under the ambit of Port Trust Act, 1963. Here, we are giving the list of major ports on the West Coast of India along with their characteristics which can be used as quick revision GK study material in the preparation of different competitive examinations.
2. Discuss the overseas trade of India and describe the salient features.
Ans: India’s overseas trade plays a crucial role in its economy, serving as a major driver of growth and development.
Here are some salient features of India’s overseas trade:
(i) Diverse Trade Partners: Trade diversification is about securing more opportunities for Canadian exporters and investors to compete and succeed in thriving and fast growing global markets and sectors.
(ii) Export-Oriented Economy: A trading nation is a country where international trade makes up a large percentage of its economy. Smaller nations tend to be more trade-dependent than larger ones.
(iii) Import Dependence: The economic characteristic of a country that cannot produce enough goods and services to sustain its citizens and must depend on importing the majority of its forms of sustenance.
(iv) Trade Balance: Balance of trade (BOT) is the difference between the value of a country’s exports and the value of a country’s imports for a given period. Balance of trade is the largest component of a country’s balance of payments (BOP).
(v) Services Trade: Trade in services records the value of services exchanged between residents and non-residents of an economy, including services provided through foreign affiliates established abroad.
(vi) Trade Agreements: Trade agreements do not normally take account of the biogeographical regions among trading partners, so introductions of unwanted species are almost inevitable. Often, a population of a harmful species is further spread by trading and thereby has the ability to compromise the production of useful species.
(vii) Challenges: Physical geography challenges relate to natural features of an area that pose difficulties for human settlement or development. These challenges can include rugged terrain, harsh climates, limited access to resources or waterways, and vulnerable ecosystems.
3. Discuss the role of India in international trade.
Ans: Here are some key aspects of India’s role in international trade:
(i) Major Exporter:
(a) Oil.
(b) Civilian Aircraft Parts.
(c) Gasoline and Other Fuels.
(d) Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) and Other Petroleum Gases.
(e) Passenger Vehicles.
(ii) Services Trade Hub: Trade in services records the value of services exchanged between residents and non-residents of an economy, including services provided through foreign affiliates established abroad. This indicator is measured in million USD and percentage of GDP for exports, imports and net trade.
(iii) Manufacturing Hub: A global manufacturing hub is a geographic region that serves as a central location for the production and export of goods on a large scale. It is characterised by the concentration of manufacturing facilities, industrial infrastructure, and a skilled workforce.
(iv) Bilateral and Multilateral Trade Agreements: Bilateral trade refers to the exchange of goods between two nations, with the primary objective of promoting trade and investment activities. Multilateral trade agreements are made between two or more countries to strengthen the economies of member countries by exchanging goods and services among them.The exchange of products and services between two nations is referred to as bilateral trade.
(v) Import Dependence: The ‘material import dependency’ is the extent to which an economy relies upon imports in order to meet its material needs. It is very important to control and decrease import dependency, especially fossil energy materials.
(vi) Strategic Trade Partner: The United States is India’s largest trading partner, with a total trade volume of over $71.39 billion in 2023. The US is a major source of imports for India, including crude oil, machinery, and chemicals. India’s main exports to the US include pharmaceuticals, textiles, gems, and jewellery.
(vii) Challenges and Opportunities: The challenges of physical geography mainly include studying mountainous areas and steep hillsides, deltas and river basins, volcanic and tectonic zones, deserts and islands, etc. Moreover, the study of geography also includes the study of culture. The geographical study also affects the cultural habitat.
Other Textual Questions & Answers
1. Choose the right answers of the followings from the given options:
(i) Trade between two countries is termed as.
(a) Internal trade.
(b) External trade.
(c) International trade.
(d) Local trade.
Ans: (c) International trade.
(ii) Which one of the following is a land locked harbour?
(a) Vishakhapatnam.
(b) Mumbai.
(c) Ennore.
(d) Haldia.
Ans: (d) Haldia.
(iii) Most of India’s foreign trade is carried through.
(a) Land and sea.
(b) Land and air.
(c) Sea and air.
(d) Sea.
Ans: (d) Sea.
(iv) Which one of the following is India’s largest trading partner in 2003-04?
(a) U.K.
(b) China.
(c) Germany.
(d) U.S.A.
Ans: (d) U.S.A.
(v) The value of foreign trade of India in 2004-05 was:
(a) Rs. 8371 billion.
(b) Rs. 8700 billion.
(c) Rs. 80000 billion.
(d) Rs. 10 billion.
Ans: (a) Rs. 8371 billion.
(vi) The first major sea port in India developed after freedom is:
(a) Mumbai.
(b) Kandla.
(c) Kochi.
(d) Mangalore.
Ans: (b) Kandla.
(iii) Which is a newly developed port of India?
(a) Tuticorin.
(b) Chennai.
(c) Kochi.
(d) Visakhapatnam.
Ans: (a) Tuticorin.
(iv) How many domestic airports are there in India?
(a) 110
(b) 112
(c) 100
(d) 95
Ans: (b) 112.
(v) Which port has been developed to relieve the pressure of Chennai port?
(a) Ennore.
(b) Tuticorin.
(c) Kochi.
(d) Visakhapatnam.
Ans: (a) Ennore.
(vi) The share of petroleum products in India’s imports is:
(a) 26%
(b) 20%
(c) 30%
(d) 25%
Ans: (a) 26%.
2. Give one word answer:
(i) The largest trading partner of India.
Ans: USA.
(ii) A partially enclosed area in the sea providing shelter to the sailing ships.
Ans: Harbour.
(iii) The biggest port of the country.
Ans: Mumbai.
(iv) A new mechanised port developed off the Mumbai port.
Ans: Nhava Sheva.
(v) The body managing Indian airports.
Ans: Airport Authority of India.
(vi) The international airport located at Delhi.
Ans: Indira Gandhi International Airport.
(vii) The international airport located at Chennai.
Ans: Meenambakkam.
(viii) The city where the Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport is located.
Ans: Kolkata.
(ix) The city where the international airports of Santacruz and Sahar are located.
Ans: Mumbai.
(x) The riverine port located on Hooghly river.
Ans: Kolkata.
(xi) The Chennai port was built in:
Ans: 1869.
(xii) The share of India in international trade is:
Ans: 1.1%.
(xiii) The ports of India located on the east coast are:
Ans: 1. Kolkata.
2. Haldia.
3. Visakhapatnam.
4. Paradip.
5. Chennai.
6. Tuticorin.
(xiv) The new ports (two) of India are:
Ans: 1. Nhava Sheva.
2. Paradip.
(xv) The cargo handling capacity of Indian ports is:
Ans: 500 million tonnes.
(xvi) The largest trading partner of India is the:
Ans: USA.
(xvii) Name the item of import of India having the highest value.
Ans: Petroleum.
(xviii) Write the names of countries of Africa with which India has trade relations.
Ans: (a) South Africa and Tanzania.
(b) Nigeria.
(c) Kenya.
(d) Ivory Coast.
