NCERT Class 12 Geography Chapter 22 Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems Solutions to each chapter is provided in the list so that you can easily browse through different chapters NCERT Class 12 Geography Chapter 22 Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems and select need one. NCERT Class 12 Geography Chapter 22 Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems Question Answers Download PDF. NCERT Geography Class 12 Solutions.
NCERT Class 12 Geography Chapter 22 Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems
Also, you can read the NCERT book online in these sections Solutions by Expert Teachers as per Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) Book guidelines. CBSE Class 12 Geography Solutions are part of All Subject Solutions. Here we have given NCERT Class 12 Geography: Fundamentals of Human Geography, Geography: India People and Economy, Geography: Practical Work in Geography. NCERT Class 12 Geography Chapter 22 Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems Notes, NCERT Class 12 Geography Textbook Solutions for All Chapters, You can practice these here.
Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems
Chapter: 22
PART – II INDIA: PEOPLE AND ECONOMY
Very Short Type Questions Answer
1. What is the impact of increased carbon dioxide in the air?
Ans: Increased carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere has several significant impacts, primarily contributing to global warming and climate change.
2. Which metropolitan city produces the largest quantity of garbage?
Ans: Mumbai and Delhi.
3. How many towns in India have slums?
Ans: 1743 Towns.
Short Type Questions Answer
1. What is meant by environment?
Ans: Environment can be defined as a sum total of all the living and non-living elements and their effects that influence human life.
2. Distinguish between pollution and pollutant.
Ans:
| Basic | pollution | pollutant |
| Classification | Pollution is air pollution, water pollution, and land pollution. Sometimes, air pollution is visible. A person can see dark smoke pour from the exhaust pipes of large trucks or factories, for example. | Pollutants can be classified as degradable, slowly degradable and non-degradable.The Degradable or called as non-persistent pollutants can be rapidly broken down by natural process. |
| Objective | To increase air emissions, water pollution and land contamination are the main objectives of environmental pollution. Environmental pollution aims at changing climate and weather conditions. | Pollutant control is to prevent adverse responses by all receptor categories exposed to the atmosphere: human, animal, vegetable, and material. |
| Explanation | Pollution is the introduction of harmful materials into the environment. Landfills collect garbage and other land pollution in a central location. Many places are running out of space for landfills. | These harmful materials are called pollutants. Pollutants can be natural, such as volcanic ash. They can also be created by human activity, such as trash or runoff produced by factories. Pollutants damage the quality of air, water, and land. |
3. What is meant by noise pollution? Explain.
Ans: Noise pollution is caused by noisy machines, loudspeakers, vehicles, and other objects producing sound at high decibels. Even rock concerts are a cause of noise pollution. Like air and water pollution, noise pollution also adversely affects our health.
Long Answer Type Questions
1. How does air pollution affect our health? Suggest methods to control air pollution.
Ans: Exposure to air pollution can affect everyone’s health. When we breathe in air pollutants, they can enter our bloodstream and contribute to coughing or itchy eyes and cause or worsen many breathing and lung diseases, leading to hospitalizations, cancer, or even premature death. Minnesota’s air currently meets all federal air quality standards. However, even levels of air pollution below the standards can affect people’s health, including levels currently found in parts of Minnesota. No matter where you live, you can be exposed to air pollution from vehicle exhaust, smoke, road dust, industrial emissions, pollen, gas-fueled yard equipment, chemicals we use in our homes, and other sources.
(i) Use of Public Transport: The burning of fossil fuels is one of the most important causes of air pollution. If most people use public transport, then the number of vehicles on the road decreases and thereby decreases the burning of fossil fuels. The less burning of fuels leads to less amount of greenhouse gases being emitted which in turn reduces global warming.
(ii) Conserve energy: Switch off fans and lights when you are going out. A large number of fossil fuels are burnt to produce electricity. You can save the environment from degradation by reducing the number of fossil fuels to be burned.
(iii) Recycling and Reuse of Products: Some of the products which are thrown away after use can be recycled and reused for a cleaner environment. It takes less energy to recycle than manufacturing the same products and thereby reducing the chemical emissions.
(iv) Emphasis on clean energy resources: Clean energy technologies like solar, wind and geothermal are on high these days. Governments of various countries have been providing grants to consumers who are interested in installing solar panels for their home. This will go a long way to curb air pollution.
(v) Avoid Burning of Plastics: Plastic waste is a huge issue. More than 8 tonnes of plastic enters our ocean every year, plus the plastic is to outweigh the number of fish by 2050, these facts are shocking! Plastic waste also decays water supplies. This is why it is extremely important to reduce plastic waste and improve sustainability both locally and globally.
(vi) Avoid Air Conditioners and Use Fans: The heat released by the air conditioner into the atmosphere is greater than the heat it absorbs from the room. This greater heat released into the air causes global warming. The freon gas which is used as a refrigerant causes the depletion of ozone layers which prevents the harmful ultraviolet rays from reaching the surface of the earth.
2. What are the causes of water pollution? What are its ill effects?
Ans: Water pollution occurs when harmful substances-often chemicals or microorganisms-contaminate a stream, river, lake, ocean, aquifer, or other body of water, degrading water quality and rendering it toxic to humans or the environment. This widespread problem of water pollution is jeopardising our health. Water is uniquely vulnerable to pollution. Known as a “universal solvent,” water is able to dissolve more substances than any other liquid on earth. It’s the reason we have Kool- Aid and brilliant blue waterfalls. It’s also why water is so easily polluted. Toxic substances from farms, towns, and factories readily dissolve into and mix with it, causing water pollution.
(i) Effects of Water Pollution on Human Health: Drinking or consuming dirty water can cause stomach disorders, poisoning, and mortality, as well as persistent toxicity and neurological concerns from more significant chemical pollution. The most prevalent cause of sickness in people from dirty water is waterborne microorganisms. Giardia, typhoid, and cholera are among the diseases caused by polluted water. Even in prosperous countries, accidental and illegal sewage leaks and runoff from urban areas and agriculture farms occur, impacting everyone’s water quality. In fact, the United Nations says that 85,700 children die each year as a result of diarrhoea caused by unclean water.
(ii) Effects of Water Pollution on the Environment: Water pollution frequently has a negative impact on aquatic life. Animals and plants in polluted water sources “may perish or fail to reproduce normally.” Heavy metals and chemicals from municipal and industrial wastewater are instances of water pollution that impair the lifespans and reproduction ability of aquatic creatures. Mercury levels in tuna and other bigger fish are frequently high. Furthermore, algal blooms in lakes and marine settings, caused by excess nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates from agricultural runoff, have a significant impact on aquatic life. The Great Lakes are home to these algal blooms. Debris and litter, which may smother and harm many aquatic animals, are also a hazard to marine life. Plastics, for example, can withstand high temperatures.
3. Why is it difficult to define the poverty line?
Ans: Defining the poverty line is challenging due to several reasons:
(i) Subjectivity: Subjective poverty is an individual’s perception of his or her financial/material situation. Poverty is defined on the basis of individual feeling, i.e., those who say that they feel poor represent subjective poverty.
(ii) Regional Variations: Poverty profiles differ in rural and urban areas. They also differ widely across states and regions of India. This is primarily due to wide regional disparities. There is a wide interstate imbalance in the economic growth of rich and poor states of India.
(iii) Changing Standards of Living: Poverty is defined as the state or condition where people and communities cannot meet a minimum standard of living because they lack the proper resources. These include (but aren’t limited to) financial resources, basic healthcare and education, clean drinking water, and infrastructure.
(iv) Dynamic Nature of Poverty: Poverty is about not having enough money to meet basic needs including food, clothing and shelter. However, poverty is more, much more than just not having enough money. The World Bank Organization describes poverty in this way: “Poverty is hunger. Poverty is lack of shelter.
(v) Measurement Challenges: The measurement challenges extend well beyond the household survey data that underpin poverty and prosperity measures. In particular, GDP per capita estimates derived from national accounts data, often point to different trends in average income than do estimates from survey data.
(vi) Social and Political Factors: Poverty alleviation and politics are interrelated in complex ways. Poverty governance is essentially a multi-faceted process of using political power, exercising political authority, mobilising political resources, running political institutions, and gaining political legitimacy.
Other Textual Questions & Answers
1. Choose the right answers of the following from the given options:
(i) Which one of the following river is highly polluted?
(a) Brahmputra.
(b) Satluj.
(c) Yamuna.
(d) Godavari.
Ans: (c) Yamuna.
(ii) Which one of the following diseases is caused by water pollution?
(a) Conjunctivitis.
(b) Diarrhoea.
(c) Respiratory infections.
(d) Bronchitis.
Ans: (b) Diarrhoea.
(iii) Which one of the following is the cause of acid rain?
(a) Water pollution.
(b) Land pollution.
(c) Noise pollution.
(d) Air pollution.
Ans: (d) Air pollution.
(iv) Push and pull factors are responsible for-
(a) Migration.
(b) Land degradation.
(c) Slums.
(d) Air pollution.
Ans: (a) Migration.
(v) In which town the vehicles emit a large amount of carbon monoxide?
(a) Delhi.
(b) Mumbai.
(c) Bengaluru.
(d) Kolkata.
Ans: (a) Delhi.
(vi) What type of pollution causes various diseases related to the respiratory system?
(a) Water pollution.
(b) Land degradation.
(c) Air pollution.
(d) Sewage system.
Ans: (c) Air pollution.
(vii) What is the total number of two wheelers in India?
(a) 2:83 crore.
(b) 3 Crore.
(c) 4 Crore.
(d) 2 Crore.
Ans: (a) 2.83 crore.
(viii) Which town along the banks of Yamuna is polluted?
(a) Mathura.
(b) Lucknow.
(c) Allahabad.
(d) Ambala.
Ans. (a) Mathura.
2. Give answers:
(i) What are the major sources of air pollution?
Ans: The major sources are volcanic eruption, dust storm, fires etc.
(ii) What are the human made sources of pollution?
Ans: Human made sources are factories, urban centres, automobiles, aircrafts etc.
(iii) What do the industries emit?
Ans: Industries emit several poisonous gases, ash and dust.
(iv) Describe the urbanisation in India and discuss its major problems.
Ans: The term urbanisation defined by different geographers as:
(a) According to Griffith Taylor urbanisation is a shift of people from villages to the city.
(b) G.T. Trewartha, defined as the urbanisation process, denotes an increase in the fraction of a population which is urban.
Problems of Slums:
(a) Slums are devoid of the basic amenities like roads, electricity etc.
(b) Slums are prone to manmade hazards because houses are closely attached.
(c) The slum workers are low paid workers.
(d) The people of the slums are malnourished and prone to diseases.
(e) The people of slums are low educated and have low status of living.
(f) The slum dwellers are under the grip of alcoholism, crime etc.
