Class 12 Political Science Chapter 13 India’s External Relations The answer to each chapter is provided in the list so that you can easily browse through different chapters Assam Board HS Class 12 Political Science Chapter 13 India’s External Relations and select needs one.
Class 12 Political Science Chapter 13 India’s External Relations
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LONG ANSWER
Q. 1.What is the basic aim of India’s policy towards External Relations ?
Ans : The basic aim of India’s policy towards External Relations are as follows :
(i) To respect Sovereignty of all other nations.
(ii) To achieve security through the maintenance of peace on the basis of Directive principles of state policy included in India’s Constitution.
(iii) Nehru wanted to keep away from the two power blocks – USA and USSR to follow a free and independent foreign policy on the basis of NAM.
(iv) To oppose imperialism and racialism in all its forms and work in the collaboration between all Asian and African countries called Third World States.
Q. 2. Write any four determinants of India’s foreign policy.
Ans : Four determinants of India’s foreign policy are :
(i) To protect National interest.
(ii) Foster to economic development.
(iii) To oppose colonialism, imperialism and racism.
(iv)To promote the global peace.
Q. 3. Describe the difference between neutrality and non alignment.
Ans : Neutrality and non alignment is not same. Both differs from each other regarding the meaning. Neutrality is in principle a condition of not taking sides between two Warring parties. European countries pursued such a policy in the 18th century when Britain and France were involved in a contract for Supremacy. States following this policy not concerned with the casualisation of a war. On the other hand non alignment primary means a independent policy in world affairs aiming to promote world peace. Non aligned States including India did not pursue neutrality instead of that they were involved in actual was for a variety of reasons. They tried to prevent war between other nations of the world and initiated efforts to end wars.
Q. 4. Discuss India’s role in Afro-Asian Unity during the Nehru’s era.
Ans : Given the size, location and power potential India possessed, Nehru dreamt of a major role for India in world affairs, specially in Asia. Under his leadership India made contacts with other newly independent states of Asia and Africa. During and 1940’s in 1950’s Nehru was an ardent supporter of Asian Unity. It was under his leadership that India hosted the Asian relationships conference in March 1947, five months before the attainment of independence.
India even made a force to Liberation movement of Indonesia from the clutches of Dutch colonial wastes by convincing and international conference in 1949. India was an ardent supporter of the decolonisation and firmly anti-apartheid or racial Movement in South Africa. The conference held in Bombay 1955 was a watershed in India’s engagement with the newly liberated states of Asia and Africa. And led to the establishment of NAM. Nehru honoured the foundation of NAM. The first NAM Summit was held in September 1961 in Belgrade.
Q. 5. Write a short note on Simla agreement.
Ans : The Shimla Agreement was signed to end the conflicts between India and Pakistan, to mark a new beginning in relationship between India and Pakistan. To improve their relationship Indian Prime Minister Mrs Indira Gandhi and Pakistani president Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto meet at Shimla summit and reach an agreement on July 2,1972.
The terms of this agreement are like :
(i) Pull back of troops by Indian and Pakistan away from the International border. This doesn’t cover the Kashmir cease fire line.
(ii) Renunciation of the use of force in the settlements of disputes.
(iii) All disputes between the two countries to be settled bilaterally and peacefully.
(iv) The cease fire line in Jammu and Kashmir would be supervised jointly by India and Pakistan.
Q. 6. Write a short note on Kashmir.
Ans : The Mutual relationship between India and Pakistan have had not at all been satisfactory since the partition. It is because of the Kashmir problem. According to president Ayub Khan Kashmir issue is a live and death problem of Pakistan. Many attempts have been made to settle this problem in vain. No Solution of it has been found in the five conferences of the representatives of India and Pakistan held in the beginning of 1963. This issue was then referred to UN. Pakistan soon emerged as a critical factor in India’s relation with us this has become hanging before the UN. This conflict did not prevent cooperation between the Government of India and Pakistan. A long term dispute about the sharing of river water was the resolved through mediation by the World bank. Despite all its ups and down or in the Indo Pak relations it has worked well.
Q. 7. Write a short note on India’s role in UN.
Ans : India played a vital role in UN from its birth. India’s role in UN can mentioned like following Ways :
(i) India made a note worthy contribution to the resolution adopted by the 20th session of the UN General Assembly on Rhodesia and Tibet.
(ii) India co-sponsored a resolution condemning South Africa’s policy of apartheid and social and another on the constitutional changes contemplated in Fiji with UN.
(iii) India played an active part in as a member of the UN committee on peace keeping operations and the special political committee of the UNEF.
Q. 8. How did the plateau of Tibet became and issue of tension between India and China.
Ans : The plateau of the central Asian region called Tibet is one of the major issues that historically caused tension between India and China. From time to time in history China had claimed administrative control over Tibet. And from time to time, Tibet was independent too. In 1950, China took over control of Tibet. Large section of the Tibetan population opposed this take over. India tried to persuade China to recognise Tibet’s claim for independence. Chinese refused to accept Tibetan autonomy. On May 23,b1951 Dalai Lama was forced to signed an agreement which accepted Chinese sovereignty over Tibet with Limited, Tibetan autonomy in certain matters. India was criticised for sacrificing legitimate interests in Tibet. But Nehru’s, India’s premier realised that India did not have the capacity to stop China and therefore avoid trouble over it.
Q. 9. What was the significance of Bandung Conference ?
Ans : The Afro-Asian conference held in the Indonesian city of Bandung in 1955, commonly known as Bandung conference, marked the Zenith of India’s engagement with the newly independent Asian and African nations.
The major significance of this conference were :
(i) This conference later led to the establishment of moral fibre of Non-Alignment Movement.
(ii) This conference gave an opportunity for common understanding of international problems.
(iii) The conference was symbolic of the nascent solidarity of Asia and Africa and demonstrated the growing maturity of Afro-Asian nations.
(iv) The Bandung conference therefore represented the Desire of Afro-Asian countries to play in Independent and constructive role in world affairs.
Q. 10. What is India’s stand on international treaties like Non-Proliferation.
Ans : India has opposed the international Treaties aimed at the non-proliferation since they were selectively applicable to the non nuclear powers and legitimised the Monopoly of the five nuclear weapons power. India always considered the NPT as discriminatory and thus India oppose the indefinite extension of the NPT in 1995 and to sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) India conducted a series of nuclear tests in May 1998 demonstrating its capacity to use nuclear energy for military purpose.
The international community was extremely critical of the nuclear tests in the subcontinent and sanctions was imposed against India which was subsequently waived. India’s nuclear doctrine of credible minimum nuclear deference professes “no first use” and reiterates India’s commitment to global verifiable and non discriminatory nuclear disarmament leading to a nuclear weapons free world.
Q. 11. How does political leadership of a nation affect its foreign policy ? Explain with the help of examples on India’s foreign policy.
Ans : The Political Leadership of a nation affect its foreign policy very much. The individual and vision of a political leadership plays a crucial role in shaping and framing the the foreign policy of a country. For example the first prime minister of India Jawahar Lal Nehru played a crucial role in framing the foreign policy in India. Nehru dreamt of a peaceful progressive and free India. Hero post colonialism and imperialism. He favoured peaceful and friendly relations among Nations. Similarly the ideology of Dr Radhakrishna, Krishna Menon, Lal Bahadur Shastri left its impact on the course of foreign policy of India.
| Sl. No. | CONTENTS |
| Unit 1 | PART – 1 |
| Chapter 1 | The Cold War Era |
| Chapter 2 | The End of Bipolarity |
| Chapter 3 | US Hegemony in World Politics |
| Chapter 4 | Alternative Centres Of Power |
| Chapter 5 | Contemporary South Asia |
| Chapter 6 | International Organisations |
| Chapter 7 | Security In The Contemporary World |
| Chapter 8 | Environment And Natural Resources |
| Chapter 9 | Globalisation |
| Unit 2 | PART – 2 |
| Chapter 1 | Era of One-Party Dominance |
| Chapter 2 | Challenges of Nation Building |
| Chapter 3 | Politics Of Planned Development |
| Chapter 4 | India’s External Relations |
| Chapter 5 | Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System |
| Chapter 6 | The Crisis of Democratic Order |
| Chapter 7 | Rise of Popular Movements |
| Chapter 8 | Regional Aspirations |
| Chapter 9 | Recent Developments in India Politics |
Q. 12. Why India adopted policy of non alignment ?
Ans : India decided to follow the policy of non-alignment as the basis of India’s foreign policy. After independence from British colonialism India wanted to minded freedom in terms of decision making to conduct external relations with various Nations. At the time of India’s Independence the cold war started between the two super power. India to remain independent from superpower rivalry and decided to frame foreign policy which can protect its national interest. Therefore India adopted non alignment is the basis of foreign policy. India Wanted peace and friend relations among all nations of the world.
Q. 13. List out the major goals of India’s foreign policy.
Ans : The major goals of Indian foreign policy are :
(i) To protect the territorial integrity of the country and protect the interest of its citizens both within and outside the country.
(ii) To maintain link with other members of the international community and adoption of policy of conflict or Cooperation towards them with a view to promoting its own interest.
(iii) To promote the national interest of the country.
(iv) It aims at enhancement of the influence of the state either by expanding its area of influence or by reducing other states to the position of dependency.
Q. 14. Write about the Tashkent agreement between India and Pakistan.
Ans : Tashkent agreement was signed on January 10, 1966 between Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and the President of Pakistan Ayub Khan.
The main principles of this agreement was as follows :
(i) To improve the mutual relation between both the countries India and Pakistan, to restore peaceful relations between the two countries.
(ii)To create good neighbourly relations between them.
(iii) To reaffirm their obligations under the UN charter not to have recourse to force and to settle their disputes through peaceful means.
(iv) The Indian Prime Minister and the Pak-President for the agreed that all Army personnel of the two countries should be withdrawn not later than the February 25, 1966 to the positions they held prior to August 5, 1965 and both sides should observe the cease-fire terms and the cease-fire line.
Q. 15. Write the main principles of Panchsheel.
Ans : The Panchsheel was formulated by Jawaharlal Nehru. It is the main basis of India’s foreign policy. This principle is taken from the philosophy of Buddhism. The Panchsheel comprises five principles.
(i) Peaceful coexistence.
(ii) Non Aggression.
(iii) Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity.
(iv) Non-interference in each others territorial affairs.
(v) Equality and mutual benefit.
Q. 16. Who was the architect of India’s foreign policy ? List that Re basic objectives of Nehru’s foreign policy ?
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 9. (Very Long Answer)
Q. 17. How did India support China in her post Independence Era ?
Ans : India’s strained relationship with China started when China annexed Tibet in 1950. Initially India did not oppose China. But later on India express its dissatisfaction. China claimed two areas within the Indian territory. Despite a long correspondence and discussion among top leaders the difference could not be resolved. China does not support India to secure a permanent seat in the United Nations Security Council.
Q. 18. ‘Non alignment does not imply neither neutrality nor quari distance’- comment ?
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 3.(Long Answer)
Q. 19. Illustrate the major points of dispute with China ?
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 2. (Very Long Answer)
Q. 20. Analyse Directive Principles of State Policy on ‘promotion of international peace and security’?
Ans : The Directive Principles of State Policy incorporated in the constitution of India mentions about promotion of international peace and security. Article 51 of the Constitution of India list down provisions for promotion of international peace and security. They are :
(i) The state shall endeavour to promote peace and security.
(ii) The state shall endeavour to promote peace and security.
(iii) The state shall endeavour to maintain just and honourable relations between Nations.
(iv) The state shall endeavour to Foster respect for international law and Treaty of applications in the dealings of organised people with one another.
(v) The state shall endeavour to encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration.
Q. 21. Examine Indo-Pak relations in the light of War of 1965 and 1971 ?
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 3. (Very Long Answer)
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