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Class 12 Political Science Chapter 13 India’s External Relations
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India’s External Relations
Unit -13
PART – 2
VERY SHORT ANSWER
Q. 1. Who was the founder of Indian National Army ?
Ans : Subhash Chandra Bose was the founder of Indian National Army.
Q. 2. Which article of the Constitution of India lays down about the foreign policy ?
Ans : The constitution of India lays down about the foreign policy through the Article 51.
Q. 3. Who is the pioneer of India’s foreign policy ?
Ans : the pioneer of India’s foreign policy is Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.
Q. 4. Name the two superpower countries which led two blocks at global level.
Ans : U.S.S.R. and U.S.A. are the two superpower countries which led two blocks at global level.
Q. 5. In which year did China annexe Tibet ?
Ans : In 1950 China annexed Tibet.
Q. 6. What does NEFA imply ?
Ans : N.E.F.A. implies North East Frontier Agency.
Q. 7. When did China invade India ?
Ans : In 1962 China invaded India.
Q. 8. Who was the first Prime Minister of the Nehru to visit China ?
Ans : The first Prime Minister after Nehru to visit China was Rajiv Gandhi.
Q. 9. Name the agreement which was signed by Lal Bahadur Shastri and General Ayub Khan in 1966.
Ans : In 1966 Tashkent agreement was signed by Lal Bahadur Shastri and General Ayub Khan.
Q. 10. In which year was Bangladesh war started ?
Ans : In 1971 Bangladesh war was started.
Q. 11. When was the Shimla Agreement held ?
Ans : In 1975 Shimla Agreement was held.
Q. 12. In which year Mc. Mohan line was determined as boundary in between India and China ?
Ans : In the year 1914 Mc. Mohan line was determined as boundary in between India and China.
Q. 13. Who proposed partition of Kashmir ?
Ans : Md. Ali Jinnah and Muslim League proposed for the partition of Kashmir.
Q. 14. Where the first non alignment Summit was held ?
Ans : In September 1961, in Belgrade the first non alignment Summit was held.
Q. 15. What do you mean by foreign policy ?
Ans : Foreign Policy means the policy which an independent country adopts towards other independent countries.
Q. 16. Write one basic principle of India’s foreign policy.
Ans : One basic principle of India’s foreign policy is non alignment.
Q. 17. Say the correct word.
(a) The first Summit of non alignment (NAM) was held in Belgrade in (1960/1961/1962)
Ans : 1961.
(b) The Panchsheel agreement was signed between India and (Pakistan/China/USA)
Ans : China.
(c) The Kargil conflict went on during May and June (1998/1999/2000)
Ans : 1999.
(d) The Janata Party government came to power in (1976/1977/1978)
Ans : 1977.
(e) Who signed Shimla Agreement ?
(i) Indira Gandhi and Mr. Bhutto.
(ii) Dalai Lama and Indira Gandhi.
(iii) Jawaharlal Nehru and Mr. Bhutto.
Ans : Indira Gandhi and Mr. Bhutto.
Q. 18. What are the ingredients of foreign policy ?
Ans : National Security and National Interest.
Q. 19. In which year China invaded India ?
Ans : China invaded India in 1962.
Q. 20. Which is a major issue of dispute between India and Pakistan ?
Ans : Kashmir issue is the major issue of conflict between India and Pakistan.
Q. 21. In which year Shimla agreement took place?
Ans : Shimla agreement took place in 1972.
Q. 22. Who signed Shimla Agreement ?
Ans : Shimla Agreement was signed by India and Pakistan.
Q. 23. What was the significance of Bandung Conference ?
Ans : The significance of Bandung Conference was that it resolved to promote goodwill and cooperation within the nations of Asia, and Africa.
SHORT ANSWER
Q. 1. Explain the two most important basic principle of India’s foreign policy.
Ans : Non-alignment, Friendly relation with all the country.
Q. 2. What do you mean by Panchsheel ?
Ans : Panchsheel means 5 principles of conducting relations among nations. India and China formulated ‘Panchsheel’ to main friendly relations.
Q. 3. Mention two points of tension in India’s relations with Pakistan.
Ans : (i) Kashmir is the core issue of tension existing between India and Pakistan.
(ii) Terrorism is another cause of tension in India’s relation with Pakistan.
Q. 4. Mention any two major objectives of Nehru’s Foreign Policy.
Ans : (i) To preserve hard earned sovereignty.
(ii) To protect territorial integrity.
(iii)To promote economic development.
Q. 5. Give the full form of N.P.T. and C.T.B.T.
Ans : Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty. Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.
Q. 6. Illustrate two major points of dispute with China.
Ans : Two major points of dispute with China are :
(i) In September 1962, China crossed NEFA and launched a large scale attack against India.
(ii) India made a strong note of protest to China by establishing military control in Tibet to which Chinese authorities reacted sharply.
Q. 7. When was the first nuclear explosion undertaken by India ?
Ans : In 1974, the first nuclear explosion was undertaken by India.
Q. 8. What are the factors which influence a country’s foreign policy ?
Ans : the factors which influence account is foreign policy are economic factors, security dependence, historical factors, etc. .
Q. 9. Mention two conditions of Shimla Agreement.
Ans : The conditions of Shimla Agreement signed between Indira Gandhi and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto on 3 July 1972 is given below :
(i) To maintain understanding good neighborhood relations stable and long lasting peace.
(ii) No country would interfere with the other countries internal matters on the basis of mutual respect for peace, security etc.
Q. 10. How far India’s foreign policy has been able to protect its national interest ?
Ans : To a large extent the Indian Foreign Policy protects is national interest like :
(i) Our support to Indo-Pakistan positive relation have witnessed many new development. While Kashmir continues to be the main issue between the two countries, there have been many efforts to restore normal relations. Cultural exchanges, movement of citizens and economic cooperation would be encouraged by both countries.
(ii) Our support to NIEO would ensure free flow of resources from the developed countries.
Q. 11. Write any two example of international issues where India took an independent stand.
Ans : The two example of international issues where India took an independent stand are :
(i) India did not support the idea of block politics. Instead of that India announced her independent foreign policy on the basis of Non Aligned Movement.
(ii) In the bringing of gap between Global north and global South countries India took an independent stand. India advocated the idea of New International Economic Order
Q. 12. What do you mean by peaceful coexistence ?
Ans : Peaceful coexistence means competition without wars or a policy of peace between Nations for widely differing political systems and ideologies. It is one of the principle of Sino Indian Treaty.
Q. 13. What was the significance of Bandung Conference ?
Ans : The Afro-Asian conference held in the Indonesian city of Bandung in 1955 commonly known as the Bandung Conference had following significance :
(i) The Bandung Conference led to the establishment of Non Alignment (NAM) as Jawaharlal Nehru its co-founder.
(ii) It marked the Zenith of India’s engagement with the nearly independent Asian and African Nations.
Q. 14. Which step was regarded as cornerstone in India-China relation ?
Ans : The joint enunciation of Panchsheel, the five principles of peaceful co-existence by the Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and the Chinese premier Zhou Enlai an 29th April 1954, was regarded as the cornerstone of Indo-China relation. Indian and Chinese leaders visited each others country and were greeted by large and friendly crowds.
Q. 15. In which year and would declared by principles of Panchsheel ?
Ans : On 29th April 1954 five principles of Panchsheel was declared by India’s Prime Minister Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru and China’s Premier Zhou Enlai to make strong the relationship between the two countries.
Q. 16. Mention any two major objective of Nehru’s foreign policy ?
Ans : the two major objective of Nehru’s foreign policy :
(i) To protect hard earned sovereignty of India.
(ii) To establish peace.
Q. 17. What do you mean by Panchsheel ?
Ans : Panchsheel means five principle of conducting relations among nations. India and China formulated five principles of conducting mutual relations
Q. 18. Write two principles on the basis of which India has established her relations with her neighbours ?
Ans : The principles on the basis of which India had established relations with her neighbours :
(i) Non-interference in the internal affairs of other independent States.
(ii) peaceful coexistence.
Q. 19. Mention two points of tension in India’s relations with Pakistan ?
Ans : Kashmir is the main point of tension between relation of India and Pakistan. On the other hand terrorism is another important point of tension between the two countries.
Q. 20. Write two most important basic principles of India’s foreign policy ?
Ans : Two basic principles of India’s foreign policy are :
(i) Non-alignment
(ii) Respect and Belief in the United Nations Organisation.
Q. 21. Write the importance of ‘Peaceful Co-existence’ in the context of India’s foreign policy ?
Ans : Peaceful Coexistence is one basic characteristic of India’s foreign policy. Peaceful Coexistence means live and let live. It gives importance on maintaining peace and avoiding war. It is one of the principle of Sino-Indian relations.
Q. 22. Mention two conditions of Shimla Agreement ?
Ans : (i) Pull lack of troops by India and Pakistan away from the International border.
(ii)Renunciation of the use of force in the settlement of disputes.
Q. 23. State any two directive Principles of State Policy relating to Foreign Affairs ?
Ans : settlement of international disputes bye arbitration, maintain just and honourable relations with nations.
LONG ANSWER
Q. 1.What is the basic aim of India’s policy towards External Relations ?
Ans : The basic aim of India’s policy towards External Relations are as follows :
(i) To respect Sovereignty of all other nations.
(ii) To achieve security through the maintenance of peace on the basis of Directive principles of state policy included in India’s Constitution.
(iii) Nehru wanted to keep away from the two power blocks – USA and USSR to follow a free and independent foreign policy on the basis of NAM.
(iv) To oppose imperialism and racialism in all its forms and work in the collaboration between all Asian and African countries called Third World States.
Q. 2. Write any four determinants of India’s foreign policy.
Ans : Four determinants of India’s foreign policy are :
(i) To protect National interest.
(ii) Foster to economic development.
(iii) To oppose colonialism, imperialism and racism.
(iv)To promote the global peace.
Q. 3. Describe the difference between neutrality and non alignment.
Ans : Neutrality and non alignment is not same. Both differs from each other regarding the meaning. Neutrality is in principle a condition of not taking sides between two Warring parties. European countries pursued such a policy in the 18th century when Britain and France were involved in a contract for Supremacy. States following this policy not concerned with the casualisation of a war. On the other hand non alignment primary means a independent policy in world affairs aiming to promote world peace. Non aligned States including India did not pursue neutrality instead of that they were involved in actual was for a variety of reasons. They tried to prevent war between other nations of the world and initiated efforts to end wars.
Q. 4. Discuss India’s role in Afro-Asian Unity during the Nehru’s era.
Ans : Given the size, location and power potential India possessed, Nehru dreamt of a major role for India in world affairs, specially in Asia. Under his leadership India made contacts with other newly independent states of Asia and Africa. During and 1940’s in 1950’s Nehru was an ardent supporter of Asian Unity. It was under his leadership that India hosted the Asian relationships conference in March 1947, five months before the attainment of independence.
India even made a force to Liberation movement of Indonesia from the clutches of Dutch colonial wastes by convincing and international conference in 1949. India was an ardent supporter of the decolonisation and firmly anti-apartheid or racial Movement in South Africa. The conference held in Bombay 1955 was a watershed in India’s engagement with the newly liberated states of Asia and Africa. And led to the establishment of NAM. Nehru honoured the foundation of NAM. The first NAM Summit was held in September 1961 in Belgrade.
Q. 5. Write a short note on Simla agreement.
Ans : The Shimla Agreement was signed to end the conflicts between India and Pakistan, to mark a new beginning in relationship between India and Pakistan. To improve their relationship Indian Prime Minister Mrs Indira Gandhi and Pakistani president Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto meet at Shimla summit and reach an agreement on July 2,1972.
The terms of this agreement are like :
(i) Pull back of troops by Indian and Pakistan away from the International border. This doesn’t cover the Kashmir cease fire line.
(ii) Renunciation of the use of force in the settlements of disputes.
(iii) All disputes between the two countries to be settled bilaterally and peacefully.
(iv) The cease fire line in Jammu and Kashmir would be supervised jointly by India and Pakistan.
Q. 6. Write a short note on Kashmir.
Ans : The Mutual relationship between India and Pakistan have had not at all been satisfactory since the partition. It is because of the Kashmir problem. According to president Ayub Khan Kashmir issue is a live and death problem of Pakistan. Many attempts have been made to settle this problem in vain. No Solution of it has been found in the five conferences of the representatives of India and Pakistan held in the beginning of 1963. This issue was then referred to UN. Pakistan soon emerged as a critical factor in India’s relation with us this has become hanging before the UN. This conflict did not prevent cooperation between the Government of India and Pakistan. A long term dispute about the sharing of river water was the resolved through mediation by the World bank. Despite all its ups and down or in the Indo Pak relations it has worked well.
Q. 7. Write a short note on India’s role in UN.
Ans : India played a vital role in UN from its birth. India’s role in UN can mentioned like following Ways :
(i) India made a note worthy contribution to the resolution adopted by the 20th session of the UN General Assembly on Rhodesia and Tibet.
(ii) India co-sponsored a resolution condemning South Africa’s policy of apartheid and social and another on the constitutional changes contemplated in Fiji with UN.
(iii) India played an active part in as a member of the UN committee on peace keeping operations and the special political committee of the UNEF.
Q. 8. How did the plateau of Tibet became and issue of tension between India and China.
Ans : The plateau of the central Asian region called Tibet is one of the major issues that historically caused tension between India and China. From time to time in history China had claimed administrative control over Tibet. And from time to time, Tibet was independent too. In 1950, China took over control of Tibet. Large section of the Tibetan population opposed this take over. India tried to persuade China to recognise Tibet’s claim for independence. Chinese refused to accept Tibetan autonomy. On May 23,b1951 Dalai Lama was forced to signed an agreement which accepted Chinese sovereignty over Tibet with Limited, Tibetan autonomy in certain matters. India was criticised for sacrificing legitimate interests in Tibet. But Nehru’s, India’s premier realised that India did not have the capacity to stop China and therefore avoid trouble over it.
Q. 9. What was the significance of Bandung Conference ?
Ans : The Afro-Asian conference held in the Indonesian city of Bandung in 1955, commonly known as Bandung conference, marked the Zenith of India’s engagement with the newly independent Asian and African nations.
The major significance of this conference were :
(i) This conference later led to the establishment of moral fibre of Non-Alignment Movement.
(ii) This conference gave an opportunity for common understanding of international problems.
(iii) The conference was symbolic of the nascent solidarity of Asia and Africa and demonstrated the growing maturity of Afro-Asian nations.
(iv) The Bandung conference therefore represented the Desire of Afro-Asian countries to play in Independent and constructive role in world affairs.
Q. 10. What is India’s stand on international treaties like Non-Proliferation.
Ans : India has opposed the international Treaties aimed at the non-proliferation since they were selectively applicable to the non nuclear powers and legitimised the Monopoly of the five nuclear weapons power. India always considered the NPT as discriminatory and thus India oppose the indefinite extension of the NPT in 1995 and to sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) India conducted a series of nuclear tests in May 1998 demonstrating its capacity to use nuclear energy for military purpose.
The international community was extremely critical of the nuclear tests in the subcontinent and sanctions was imposed against India which was subsequently waived. India’s nuclear doctrine of credible minimum nuclear deference professes “no first use” and reiterates India’s commitment to global verifiable and non discriminatory nuclear disarmament leading to a nuclear weapons free world.
Q. 11. How does political leadership of a nation affect its foreign policy ? Explain with the help of examples on India’s foreign policy.
Ans : The Political Leadership of a nation affect its foreign policy very much. The individual and vision of a political leadership plays a crucial role in shaping and framing the the foreign policy of a country. For example the first prime minister of India Jawahar Lal Nehru played a crucial role in framing the foreign policy in India. Nehru dreamt of a peaceful progressive and free India. Hero post colonialism and imperialism. He favoured peaceful and friendly relations among Nations. Similarly the ideology of Dr Radhakrishna, Krishna Menon, Lal Bahadur Shastri left its impact on the course of foreign policy of India.
| Sl. No. | CONTENTS |
| Unit 1 | PART – 1 |
| Chapter 1 | The Cold War Era |
| Chapter 2 | The End of Bipolarity |
| Chapter 3 | US Hegemony in World Politics |
| Chapter 4 | Alternative Centres Of Power |
| Chapter 5 | Contemporary South Asia |
| Chapter 6 | International Organisations |
| Chapter 7 | Security In The Contemporary World |
| Chapter 8 | Environment And Natural Resources |
| Chapter 9 | Globalisation |
| Unit 2 | PART – 2 |
| Chapter 1 | Era of One-Party Dominance |
| Chapter 2 | Challenges of Nation Building |
| Chapter 3 | Politics Of Planned Development |
| Chapter 4 | India’s External Relations |
| Chapter 5 | Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System |
| Chapter 6 | The Crisis of Democratic Order |
| Chapter 7 | Rise of Popular Movements |
| Chapter 8 | Regional Aspirations |
| Chapter 9 | Recent Developments in India Politics |
Q. 12. Why India adopted policy of non alignment ?
Ans : India decided to follow the policy of non-alignment as the basis of India’s foreign policy. After independence from British colonialism India wanted to minded freedom in terms of decision making to conduct external relations with various Nations. At the time of India’s Independence the cold war started between the two super power. India to remain independent from superpower rivalry and decided to frame foreign policy which can protect its national interest. Therefore India adopted non alignment is the basis of foreign policy. India Wanted peace and friend relations among all nations of the world.
Q. 13. List out the major goals of India’s foreign policy.
Ans : The major goals of Indian foreign policy are :
(i) To protect the territorial integrity of the country and protect the interest of its citizens both within and outside the country.
(ii) To maintain link with other members of the international community and adoption of policy of conflict or Cooperation towards them with a view to promoting its own interest.
(iii) To promote the national interest of the country.
(iv) It aims at enhancement of the influence of the state either by expanding its area of influence or by reducing other states to the position of dependency.
Q. 14. Write about the Tashkent agreement between India and Pakistan.
Ans : Tashkent agreement was signed on January 10, 1966 between Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and the President of Pakistan Ayub Khan.
The main principles of this agreement was as follows :
(i) To improve the mutual relation between both the countries India and Pakistan, to restore peaceful relations between the two countries.
(ii)To create good neighbourly relations between them.
(iii) To reaffirm their obligations under the UN charter not to have recourse to force and to settle their disputes through peaceful means.
(iv) The Indian Prime Minister and the Pak-President for the agreed that all Army personnel of the two countries should be withdrawn not later than the February 25, 1966 to the positions they held prior to August 5, 1965 and both sides should observe the cease-fire terms and the cease-fire line.
Q. 15. Write the main principles of Panchsheel.
Ans : The Panchsheel was formulated by Jawaharlal Nehru. It is the main basis of India’s foreign policy. This principle is taken from the philosophy of Buddhism. The Panchsheel comprises five principles.
(i) Peaceful coexistence.
(ii) Non Aggression.
(iii) Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity.
(iv) Non-interference in each others territorial affairs.
(v) Equality and mutual benefit.
Q. 16. Who was the architect of India’s foreign policy ? List that Re basic objectives of Nehru’s foreign policy ?
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 9. (Very Long Answer)
Q. 17. How did India support China in her post Independence Era ?
Ans : India’s strained relationship with China started when China annexed Tibet in 1950. Initially India did not oppose China. But later on India express its dissatisfaction. China claimed two areas within the Indian territory. Despite a long correspondence and discussion among top leaders the difference could not be resolved. China does not support India to secure a permanent seat in the United Nations Security Council.
Q. 18. ‘Non alignment does not imply neither neutrality nor quari distance’- comment ?
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 3.(Long Answer)
Q. 19. Illustrate the major points of dispute with China ?
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 2. (Very Long Answer)
Q. 20. Analyse Directive Principles of State Policy on ‘promotion of international peace and security’?
Ans : The Directive Principles of State Policy incorporated in the constitution of India mentions about promotion of international peace and security. Article 51 of the Constitution of India list down provisions for promotion of international peace and security. They are :
(i) The state shall endeavour to promote peace and security.
(ii) The state shall endeavour to promote peace and security.
(iii) The state shall endeavour to maintain just and honourable relations between Nations.
(iv) The state shall endeavour to Foster respect for international law and Treaty of applications in the dealings of organised people with one another.
(v) The state shall endeavour to encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration.
Q. 21. Examine Indo-Pak relations in the light of War of 1965 and 1971 ?
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 3. (Very Long Answer)
VERY LONG ANSWER
Q. 1. What do you mean by foreign policy ? Explain briefly.
Ans : An independent Nation has to follow two kinds of policy one is national policy and other is foreign policy. Foreign policy means those policies which conducts external relations among independent Nations. Every country of the world has to adopt some policies while maintaining relation with other countries of the world.
No Country can live in isolation. It needs to depend on others for various needs of trade, culture etc. Foreign policy is a systematic statement of deliberately selected National interest based on its national interest, Global concerns, economic development etc.
Professor Rajni Kothari, a great thinker and scholar as described the importance of foreign policy of a country in this words. Any discussion of the performance of a political system must sooner or later come to grips with the fact that it forms parts of a large world setting with which its interest almost continuously.
Q. 2. Write a note on India China border dispute.
Ans : In January 1962,China prepared plans to attack India on two fronts namely NEFA and Ladakh. In June 1962 China captured certain parts of Ladakh and on September 1962 crossed NEFA. There was a massive attack between the two nations battled it out. As the Indian troops were not prepared and equipped to meet such a massive threat, within three weeks China was able to move over all the mountain passes and threatened the plains of Assam. But on the first week of November China declared unilateral ceasefire doing huge causalities on India. Thus, literally India was defeated in this war.
Impact of Sino-Indian Border War : this Chinese invasion gave serial setback to see no Indian relations as well as the prestige of India. The reverses suffered by India the hands of China greatly undermined her position.
The defeat also encouraged Pakistan to think in terms of forcing a military solution of Kashmir on India. The border war also gave a serious set back to the Indian development. The development Plans were worst affected.
Above all the war made Indian more security concerns and the people rose as one person is defending their country. In the words of T.N. Kaul, lesson of our dealings with China was that as a non aligned country we had to depend on ourselves and make the most of the resources. We had to become self-reliant in the economic defence and political fields to the maximum extent possible in the minimum possible time.
We had to look for reliable friends who had a mutual of interest with us and on whom we could rely in times of difficulty. The Chinese invasion of 1962 was the first serious threat to our policy of non alignment. But it increased our faith in this policy as it helps us to focus better and more enduring friendship that stood as in later years.
Q. 3. Write briefly on India’s changing relations with Pakistan.
Ans : In case of India’s changing relations with Pakistan the country started just after partition over the dispute on Kashmir. The Kashmir conflict did not prevent cooperation between the Government of India and Pakistan. Government work together to restore the women abducted during partition to their original family is. A long time dispute about the sharing of river water was dissolved through mediation by the World Bank. India Pakistan Indus water Treaty was signed by Jawaharlal Nehru and General Ayub Khan in 1960. Despite all ups and downs in the Indo Pak relations this city has worked well. A more serious armed conflict between the two countries begin in 1965, by then Lal Bahadur Shastri taken over is the prime minister.
In April 1965, Pakistan lost and attacked in the Rann of Kutch era of Gujarat. In order to case the pressure pressure on the Kashmir front Shastri ordered Indian troops to launch a counter offensive on the Punjab border. In a fierce battle the Indian Army area close to Lahore. The hostilities came to an end with the UN intervention. Later Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and Pakistan general live concert in the Tashkent agreement brokered by the Soviet Union in January 1966.
In the period after 1990, Indo Pak relations have witnessed many new developments. Kashmir continues to be the main issue between the countries there have been many airports to restore normal relations full stop this means there cultural exchanges, movement of citizens and economic cooperation would be encouraged by both countries. But that could not avoid the nearest Nation from engineering in 1999. Even after the setback to the peace process efforts at negotiating and durable have been going on.
Q. 4. Was India’s foreign policy reflect her desire to be an important regional power ? Argue your case with the Bangladesh weather of 1971 as an example.
Ans : It is true to some extent that India’s foreign policy reflect her desire to be an important regional power. This was very much revealed during the Bangladesh war of 1971. Bangladesh, which was a part of Pakistan and was known as East Pakistan, emerged as an independent state in 1971. East Bengal was not given fair treatment by the rulers of Pakistan made Virtually a Colony. In an election held early in 1971, Sheikh Mujib’s Awami league got majority in Pakistan Parliament.
But Sheikh Mujib was not called to form a government and he was arrested. East Bengal declared independence and liberation war started. India helped Tiwani League in the war. War took place between India and Pakistan in December, 1971 and Pakistan was defeated in the war. India was the first country to Grand recognition to the People’s Republic Bangladesh.
Q. 5. India’s Foreign Policy was built around the principles of peace and cooperation. But India for 3 years in a span of 10 years between 1962 and 1972. Would you say that this was a failure of the foreign policy ?
Ans : India’s Foreign Policy was built around the principles of peace and cooperation. Although India for 3 wars within a period of 10 years between 1962 and 1972, yet India’s foreign policy is not responsible in this context. The international circumstances and the role of pressure must be significant in the noble cause.
The Chinese invasion and in 1962 is actually a serious conflict between India and China started when China annexed Tibet in 1950 and thus removed a historical suffer between two countries. Another issue of conflict was the border dispute between India and China.
China claimed two areas within the Indian territory. Despite a very long the respondents and discussion this problem could not be resolved. Thus the above situation in India to take part in conflict.
In case of Pakistan the conflict started just after partition over Kashmir. A more serious armed conflict between the two countries begin in 1965 with the initiative of Pakistan. The hostilities came to an end with the UN intervention and Tashkent Agreement.
Q. 6. Describe the internal and external determinants of India’s Foreign Policy.
Ans : the external internal determinants of indian foreign policy are as follows :
(i) Internal Factors :
(a) National Factors :- Every country has certain basic interest at the root of his foreign policy. India has also similarly certain basic interests, the foremost being National interest. Jawaharlal Nehru, as the first Prime Minister and Foreign Minister told the constituent assembly on December 1947 thus “we may talk about peace and freedom and illness leave mean what we say. But in the ultimate analysis, a government functions for the good of the country it governs.” In his view in Asian self-interest may itself demand a policy of cooperation with the other Nations.
(b) Constitutional Obligations :- Directive principles of state policy are the guiding principles for the mutation of policies and legislation.
(c) Economic Development :- one of the important determinants of indian foreign policy is Economic Development. For the development of the country Economic Development is necessary.
(ii) External Factors :-
(a) Power Politics of Super Power :- After the second world war the world was divided into two blocs one headed by USA and other added by us are but Indian leader decided to be free from the two blocs.
(b) Emergence of Third World :- There was a sea change in the international political relation with the emergence of the newly independent state of Asia, Africa and Latin America which where economically and politically week. India tries to bring all the countries under one umbrella called non alignment.
(c) Cooperation With UNO :- India use the UN political platform to spread the message of world peace. India was convinced that the UN and its Agencies should be strengthened in their efforts towards international peace and development of all Nations.
Q. 7. “India’s relationship with her neighbours has been strained from the beginning” Explain.
Ans : It is true that India’s relationship with her neighbours has been strained since the attainment of Independence. India has several times experienced deadly wars against her neighbours.
This can be explained like :
India’s relationship with Pakistan :- India’s dense relationship with Pakistan was started just after partition over the dispute on Kashmir. A more serious armed conflict between the two countries begin in 1965 with the initiative of Pakistan. Pakistan in the recent years has sponsored cross border terrorism and disturb internal peace of India. The Parliament attack in December 2011 and Mumbai attacks in 2008 are classic examples of Pakistan sponsored terrorism.
India’s dispute against Pakistan is also due to Indus river. Although an agreement was signed by the two nations, still the problems persists between the two.
India’s relationship with China : India’s strain relationship with China started when China annexed Tibet in 1950 and thus removed historical suffer between two countries. Initially the Government of India did not opposed is openly. Another issue of conflict was the border dispute between India and China. China claimed to areas within the Indian dehtora. Despite a long correspondence and discussion amount of leaders these differences could not be resolved. China does not support India to secure a parliament seat in United Nations. When she requires the support of the neighbouring countries to get a parliament seat.
Q. 8. Write short noted on :
(a) India’s Nuclear Policy.
(b) Consensus in Foreign Policy Matters.
Ans : (a) India’s Nuclear Policy :- use of atomic policy for peaceful purposes has always been the basis of India foreign policy. As a result of the nuclear explosions made by India in 1974 in 1998,India became the sixth nuclear country in the world, but India’s aim is not to faster the armament race in this part of the World. India is still a supporter of the policy of disarmament and favours the total destruction of all nuclear weapons possess by all the nuclear powers.
However India has not yet signed the non proliferation treaty as she is of the opinion that it favours the nuclear powers and divides the world into two types of states- States having nuclear weapons and other who are without them. India has suggested that first all the countries who opposes nuclear weapons to destroy his weapons and only then India could consider signing the treaty. After the nuclear explosion made by China in 1998, the Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee declared that the nuclear power will be used only for self defence.
(b) Consensus in Foreign Policy Matters :- Although India has multiple party system and different political parties have come to power at different times, yet foreign policy has played a very little role in party politics. Every during decade of 1962 to 1972 when India had to face three words or even later Indian politics is generally seen marked by a board agreement among the parties or non alignment, Kashmir issue, protection of international boundaries, sovereignty and integrity and on questions of national interest, Although Kashmir continues to be the main cause of tension between India and Pakistan, the general view in the country is to establish normal relations with Pakistan troll trade and cultural changes. There is concern services on the citizens of both the countries on movement of citizens across the border and economic cooperation.
Q. 9. Who is the architect of India’s foreign policy ? Explain three basic objectives of Nehru’s foreign policy.
Ans : Prime Minister as well as Foreign Minister of India Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was the architect of India’s foreign policy. Hi exercise profound influence in the formulation and implementation of India’s foreign policy from 1946 to 1964.
The three basic objectives of foreign policy are as follows :
(i) Firstly, it seeks to protect the territorial integrity of the country and protect the interests of the citizens both within and outside the country. For this purpose the states prefer to follow the policy of states vah it is branded as revisionist and arouse suspicion of other members of the international community. It was to protect the interests of its citizens both inside and outside the state for the maintenance of its Prestige.
(ii) Secondly, the objective of foreign policy is to maintain link with other members of international community and adoption of policy of conflict or cooperation towards them with a view to promoting its own interest. Jawaharlal Nehru said as early as 1951 that what India need is passion for peace and for civilized behaviour in international affairs. India’s non alignment implies that she will endeavour to maintain friendship with all countries as far as possible.
(iii) Thirdly, to promote Rapid economic development. After independence the economic condition was not well so he wanted a rapid economic development for the country. With its limited resources, had initiated development planning.
Q. 10. Indian Prime Minister is too busy China and you have been asked to prepare a note for him. Right one point each on the Indian and Chinese positions on the border and economic cooperation.
Ans : following points can be mentioned regarding the Indian and Chinese positions on the border and economic cooperation :
(i) India and China should sign bilateral agreements to enhance trade and cooperation between them.
(ii) India and China view the emerging situation and reconciliation between the two countries is mutual interest post-op normalisation of relation between the two countries will not only remove a source of threat to peace but also open up the doors of economic development.
(iii) Border roads and post would be open for trade. This would make easy availability of goods in the border areas.
(iv) The issue of taking political Asylum in Dharamshala is also a bone of contention between the two. There for India and China will come to a consensus to find the final solution.
(v) Plans should also been made to increase cultural lying between the two countries. Cultural team will also be exchanged between the two countries to consolidate this area.
(vi) The issue of contention between China and India regarding the areas of Ladakh and Arunachal Pradesh must be resolved. Thus we can stay at this point to be discussed
Q. 11. Write a note on India’s role in UN ?
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 7(Long Answer)
Q. 12. Explain any two aspects of India nuclear policy?
Ans : India’s nuclear policy is guided by National interest and security. For protecting our country India has adopted nuclear policy. India is favouring for peaceful and productive use of nuclear energy like production of electricity.
Q. 13. Discuss India role in a Afro-Asian Unity during the Nehru’s Era ?
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 4 (Long Answer)
Q. 14. Write short note on :
(a) Indo-pak. Relation.
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 3. (Very Long Answer)
(b) Non-Alignment in India’s Foreign Policy.
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 12. (Long Answer)
(c) Role of Panchsheel.
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 15. (Very Long Answer)
(d) Kargil Confrontation.
Ans : the Kargil conflict and only during May June 1999. Pakistani army entered into Indian territory in the Kargil region. Indian Army pushed then back and defeated.
Q. 15. Describe the difference between Neutrality and Non Alignment ?
Ans : Same as Ams of Q. No. 3 (Long Answer)
Q. 16. Fill in the blanks :
(a) Shimla agreement was signed between India and___.
Ans : Pakistan.
(b) India conducted first nuclear explosion in ___.
Ans : 1974.
(c) The Kargil conflict went on during may and __ in__.
Ans : June in 1999.
(d) Bangladesh emerged as an independent Nation in ___.
Ans : 1971.
(e) China made a sudden attack on India in ___.
Ans : 1962.
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