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Class 12 Political Science Chapter 15 The Crisis of Democratic Order
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The Crisis of Democratic Order
Unit -15
PART – 2
VERY SHORT ANSWER
Q. 1. To which state did Jayaprakash Narayan belong.
Ans : Jayaprakash Narayan belonged to Bihar.
Q. 2. Who founded the Communist party of India (Marxist leninist) ?
Ans : Communist Party of India (Marxist Lennist) was founded by Chan Majumdar.
Q. 3. When was Emergency declared in India for the first time ?
Ans : In India the emergency was declared for the first time on 25th June 1975.
Q. 4. By whom was the Shah Commission headed ?
Ans : The Shah commission was headed by justice J.C. Shah, retired chief Justice of the supreme court of India
Q. 5. By whom was the students movement in Gujrat and Bihar led ?
Ans : In Gujrat and Bihar the students movement was led by Jayaprakash Narayan.
Q. 6. Mention any one subject included in the twenty point programmes made by Indira Gandhi.
Ans : Land Reforms can be mentioned as one subject included in the twenty point. Programmes made by Indira Gandhi.
Q. 7. When did the Janata Government come to power ?
Ans : After 1977’s General Elections the Janata Government came to power.
Q. 8.During the period of which government was the Mandal commission appointed ?
Ans : In the period of Janata Party government the Mandal commission was disappointed.
Q. 9. Which party won the general election in 1977.
Ans : The Janata Party, won the general election in 1977.
Q. 10. Who introduced the concept of ‘Committed Bureaucracy and judiciary’ in India ?
Ans : Mrs. Indira Gandhi introduced the concept of “committed Bureaucracy and Judiciary” in India.
11. Name the Indian President, who proclaimed Emergency in 1975 ?
Ans : Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed was the Indian President who proclaimed Emergency in 1975.
Q. 12. Who became the symbol of restoration of democracy ?
Ans : The leader of Janata Party, Jayaprakash Narayan became the symbol of restoration of democracy.
Q. 13. Who was Charu Majumdar ?
Ans : Charu Majumdar was the founder of communist party (Marxist Lennist) (C.P.Í. – M.L.)
Q.14. Who was the leader of Congress for Democracy ?
Ans : Mr. Jagjivan Ram was the leader of “Congress for Democracy”.
Q. 15. In which region of India were Marxist-Lennist group strong ?
Ans : In the Eastern region of India were Marxist-Lennist group strong.
Q. 16. Find out the correct word :
(a) In the elections of 1971, (Congress/Janata) had given the slogan of ‘garibi hatao’.
Ans : In the election of 1971, Congress had given the slogan of ‘garibi hatao’.
(b) In (1966/1967) a peasant uprising took place in the Naxalbari police station area of Darjeeling hills.
Ans : In 1967a peasant uprising took place in the Naxalbari police station area of Darjeeling hills.
(c) According to Article No. (352/356), emergency was declared in India in 1975.
Ans : According to Article No. 352, emergency was declared in India in 1975.
(d) (Morarji Desai/Charan Singh) became the Prime Minister of the Janata Party Government after the 1977 election.
Ans : Morarji Desai became the Prime Minister of the Janata Party Government after the 1977 election.
(e) In 1974, the Railway strike was led by (Jayaprakash Narayan George Fernandes).
Ans : In 1974, the Railway strike was led by George Fernandes.
(f) The Shah Commission was appointed in (1975/1977/1980).
Ans : The Shah Commission was appointed in 1977.
(g) Naxalite Movement was started in (1967/1969/1974).
Ans : Naxalite Movement was started in 1969.
(h) ‘Indira is India, India is Indira’ a slogan given by (Charan Singh/Jagjivan Ram/Devokanta Baruah)
Ans : ‘Indira is India, India is Indira’ a slogan given by Devokanta Baruah.
(i) The call for “Total Revolution’ was given by (Morarji Desai/ George Fernandes/Jagjivan Ram).
Ans: The call for “Total Revolution’ was given by Morarji Desai.
Q. 17. Write the name of any, one Civil liberties organisation ?
Ans : National Coordination Committee for Railway men’s struggle.
Q.18. In which state Nav-Nirman movement was started ?
Ans : Gujrat.
Q. 19. When ‘Grand Alliance’ was formed ?
Ans : 1971.
Q.20. When Janata Party was formed ?
Ans : 1977.
Q. 21. Who was the first President of Janata Party ?
Ans : Jayprakash Narayan.
Q. 22. Write one characteristic of ‘Committed bureaucracy’ ?
Ans : Committed for government ideology.
Q. 23. Name the Indian President who proclaimed Emergency in 1975 ?
Ans : Fakharuddin Ali Ahmed.
Q. 24. Who led railway strike of 1974 ?
Ans : George Fernandes.
Q. 25. Who was jay Prakash Narayan ?
Ans : Jayprakash Narayan was the founder Secretary of the Socialist Party.
Q. 26. Fill in the blanks :
(a) Morarji Desai was the first Prime Minister belong to___party.
Ans : Non-Congress Party.
(b) In May 1977, The Janata Party govt. Appointed a commission of inquiry headed by___
Ans : Shah Commission of Inquiry.
(c) The opposition political parties led by___ pressed for Smt Indira Gandhi’s resignation.
Ans : Jayprakash Narayan.
SHORT ANSWER
Q. 1. Who introduced twenty Point Programme and why ?
Ans : The congress government led by Mrs Indira Gandhi introduced the twenty point programme to bring law and order and store efficiency.
Q. 2. List any two reasons for the victory of Congress in Southern States.
Ans : The two reasons for the victory of congress in Southern States are like :
(i) In the Southern states of India the impact of emergency was very law. So the congress ‘get victory.
(ii) The forced relocation and displacement, the forced sterilisation were mostly concentrated in the northern states. So the southern states were favoured to congress party.
Q. 3. Write a note on Railway strike of 1974.
Ans : George Fernandes led the “Railway Strike” in 1974. The National Coordination Committee for Railway men’s struggle- gave a call for nationwide railway strike to fulfill certain demands. The demands included for upgrading service Commissions and grant for bonus.
Q. 4. Who organised the first nationalise Satyagraha and why ?
Ans : The first nationalise satyagraha was organised by Gandhian Jayaprakash Narayan for the resignation of Mrs. Indira Gandhi and asked the army, the police and government employees not to obey, “illegal and immoral orders”.
Q. 5.What do you mean by basic structure of the constitution ?
Ans : Basic structure of the constitution means certain basic features of the constitution of India, which can’t be altered in exercise of the power to amend it under, Act 368. If therefore a constitutional Amendment seeks to alter the basic structure of the constitution the court would be entitled to amend it on the ground of ultra vires.
Q. 6. Write two important characteristics of ‘Committed Bureaucracy’ of India.
Ans : (i) Committed to the ideology of ruling class.
(ii) Committed to the programme and planning formulated by ruling political party.
Q. 7. Why and on what ground emergency was declared by the congress government ?
Ans : The congress government declared an emergency in response to Jayaprakash Narayan’s nationalise Satyagraha for the resignation of Indira Gandhi, observing the situation the government decided that a grave crisis Hul arisen which made the proclamation of a state of emergency necessary, Thus, om 25th June 1975, the government declared that there was threat of internal disturbances and therefore, it involved Article 352 of the constitution under which emergency can be declared.
Q. 8. Why USA stopped all aid to India? Give two reasons.
Ans : USA Stopped all aids to India because of the two reasons :
(i) Indira Gandhi’s emergency was staunchly criticized by USA and as a strong reaction the president of USA stopped all forms of help.
(ii) In 1975, Mrs. Indira Gandhi accused USA of conspiring against India and joining hands with opposition leaders and parties of India. This was strongly reacted by USA and as a consequence ceased to give aid to India,
Q. 9. List the implication of emergency.
Ans : The two implication of emergency is as follows :
(i) Once the emergency is proclaimed the federal distribution of powers remain practically suspended and all powers are concentrated in the hands of the Union government.
(ii) The government also gets the power to curtail all or any of the fundamental rights during emergency.
Q. 10. Write the effects of emergency on working of the police and bureaucracy.
Ans : The effect of emergency on working of the police and bureaucracy are as follows :
(i) The police and the bureaucracy (administration) could not function independently, they turned into political instrument of ruling party.
(ii) According to shah commission report administration and police became valuable to political pressures.
Q. 11. What do you mean by Press Censorship ?
Ans : Press consortship means during emergency, the government using its special powers suspended the freedom of the press Newspapers were asked to get prior approval for all materials to be published. That is what press consortship refers to.
Q. 12. What do you mean by Preventive Detention ?
Ans : Preventive Detention is a Act under which people are arrested and detained not because they have committed any offence, but on the apprehension, that they may commit an offence. Using Preventive Detention Act, the government made large scale arrests during the emergency.
Q. 13. Why did non-congress parties oppose the congress ?
Ans : The non-congress parties opposed the congress on following ground:
(i) Congress during emergency time, misused its powers and did various anti human activities like torture and custodial deaths occurred in this time.
(ii) Arrests of political workers and the restrictions on the press was compulsory by the congress government in this time.
Q. 14. List the new parties formed on the eve of election of 1977.
Ans : The new parties formed on the eve of election of 1977 are – Janata Party, Congress for Democracy.
Q. 15. Explain any two outcomes of Lok Sabha elections of 1972.
Ans : The two outcome of Lok Sabha election of 1972 are as follows:
(i) Indira Gandhi’s new congress after the split in 1969, won the 1971 election. The 1971 elections were a clean sweep for congress with this the congress party led by Indira Gandhi established its claim to being the ‘real’ congress and restored to it the dominant position in Indian politics.
(i) The Grand Alliance of the opposition proved a grand failure in 1971 election. Their combined tally of seats was less than 40. The congress (0) got only 16 seats with 10% votes in the fifth general election although it launched a campaign to remove Indira.
Q. 16. What do you mean by basic structure of the Constitution ?
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 5. (Short Answer).
Q. 17. What do you understand by Civil Liberties’ Organisation ?
Ans : Civil liberties organization are organization for the protection of civil liberties of common people.
Q. 18. What were the different expectations of different section of society from emergency ?
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 9. (Long Answer)
Q. 19. List the new parties formed on the eve of election of 1977 ?
Ans : The new political parties which were formed on the eve of election of 1977.
(i) Janata Party.
(ii) Congress for democracy.
Q. 20. What were the causes responsible for the formation of Janata Party ?
Ans : Due to misrule of Congress and emergency rule are factors responsible for the formation of janata Party.
Q.21. Write two main provisions of 42nd constitution Amendment Act.
Ans : Two main provisions of 42nd constitution amendment act :
(i) added new words in the Preamble.
(ii) added a list of fundamental duties by the citizens.
Q. 22.Write a note on Bihar Movement ?
Ans : Bihar movement was led by students against the misrule of Congress government.
LONG ANSWER
Q. 1. What were the reasons which led to the midterm election in 1980 ?
Ans : The Janata party lacked direction, leadership, and a common programme, The Janata party government could not bring about a fundamental change in policies from those pursued by the congress. The Janata party spilt and the government which was led by Morarji Desai lost ‘its majority in less than 18 months. Another government headed by charan Singh was formed on the assurance of the support of the congress party.
But the congress party later decided to withdraw its support with the result that the charan Singh government could remain in power for just about four months. Fresh Lok Sabha elections were held in January 1980 in which the Janata Party suffered a comprehensive defeat, especially in north India where it had swept the polls in 1977. Congress party led by Indira Gandhi nearly repeated its great victory in 1971. It won 353 seats and came back to power. At the end we reach on this conclusion that Janata Party formulated its government first time but it did not take the complete term due to the internal succession of the party leaders and members.
Q. 2. How did the Emergency (1975-1977) affect the fundamental rights of the Indian citizen ? Give example.
Ans : The Emergency (1975-1977) affect the fundamental rights of the Indian citizen a lot like the following ways :
(i) In the time of Emergency, the government made extensive uses of Preventive Detention Act which made large scale arrests of political leaders and civilians.
(ii) Arrested political workers could not challenge their arrests through Habeas corpus petition.
(iii) Torture and custodial deaths occurred during the emergency, and no one can oppose against it through court.
(iv) Right to speak was abolished and the media needed to take permission from the government for publishing any report.
Q. 3. What is meant by Emergency ? Write any one effect of the declaration of emergency due to internal disturbance.
Ans : Emergency is an extraordinary condition in which normal democratic politics can’t function, and special powers are granted to the government once an emergency is proclaimed, the federal distribution of powers remains practically suspended and all the powers are concentrated in the hands of the Union government.
When there is declare any emergency due to internal disturbance the government get the power to curtail or restrict all or any of the fundamental rights of Indian constitution.
Q. 4.Who introduced twenty point programme and why ?
Ans : The congress government led by Mrs. Indira Gandhi introduced the twenty point programme. Through this programme the government ry to gave a notification that they wanted to use the emergency to bring law and order, restore efficiency and above all, implement the pre-poor welfare programmes. The twenty point programme included land reforms, land redistribution, review of agricultural wages, worker’s participation in management, eradication of bonded labour etc. are for common welfare.
Q. 5.On whose petition Indira Gandhi’s election was declared in valid by the court ?
Ans : On an election petition of Raj Narayan, a socialist leader and a candidate who had contested against Indira Gandhi in 1971, the Allahabad High Court declared Indira Gandhi’s election to Lok Sabha invalid.
Q. 6. Emergency is one of the most controversial episodes in Indian politics- justify :
Ans : Emergency is one of the most controversial episode of Indian politics we can justify this statement by mentioning following reason as like :
(i) There were different view points about the necessary to declare emergency. Some proposed it and some opposed it.
(ii) During the emergency, all or any of the fundamental rights of our constitution were curtail or restrict.
(iii) It create an extra ordinary situation in the country, where normal democratic politics can’t function properly.
(iv) Inability of the government to fulfill the promises made by it at the initial stage of emergency period.
Q. 7. Critically examine what happened during emergency.
Ans : The actual implementation of the Emergency is another contentious issue. It raised several Questions like if the government misuse its emergency powers and where there excesses and abuse of authority. The various events that took place during emergency are like:
(i) The government said that it wanted to use the Emergency to bring law and order, restore efficiency and above all, implement the pro-poar welfare programmes. For this purpose Mrs. Indira Gandhi announced a twenty point programme and declared its determination to implement this programme.
(ii) Different sections of society had different expectations from the emergency and also different view point about it with the declaration of Emergency, the urban middle classes were generally happy over the fact that agitations came to an end and discipline was enforced an the government employees. The poor and rural people also expected effective implementation of the welfare programmes that the government was promising.
(iii) Critics of Emergency point out that most of these promises by the government remained unfulfilled, that these were simply meant to divert attention from the excesses that were taking place.
(iv) There were other and more serious allegations regarding the exercise of governmental power by people who held no official position. Sanjay Gandhi, the Prime Minister’s younger son didn’t hold any official position but he gained control over the administration and allegedly interfered in the functioning of the government.
Q. 8. List the issues which did not vanish even after the emergency.
Ans : Though.emergency was declared but some issues are not vanish from the country even after the situation. Some issues can be mentioned like following ways.
(i) The tension between routine functioning of a democratic government and the continuous political protests by parties and groups.
(ii) The police and the administration got excess powers during emergency, later they turned into political instrument of the ruling party and became valuable to political pressures. This problem still exists.
(iii) It remains as important issue that if there is a correct balance of the government’s power and the people’s right in a democracy like India.
(iv) Question emerges that should the citizens have full freedom to engage in protest activity or should they have no such right at all.
Q. 9 What were the different expectations of different sections of society from emergency.
Ans : From emergency different sections of society had different expectations. The different sections of people’s expectations can be stated like as :
(i) In the initial months after the declaration of emergency, the urban middle classes were generally happy over the fact that agitations came to an end and discipline was enforced on the government employees.
(ii) The poor and rural people expected effective implementation of the welfare programmes that the government was promising.
(iii) It was also expected that the agricultural sector will be developed and farmers will be benefited through measures like land reforms, land redistribution, review of agricultural wages etc.
| Sl. No. | CONTENTS |
| Unit 1 | PART – 1 |
| Chapter 1 | The Cold War Era |
| Chapter 2 | The End of Bipolarity |
| Chapter 3 | US Hegemony in World Politics |
| Chapter 4 | Alternative Centres Of Power |
| Chapter 5 | Contemporary South Asia |
| Chapter 6 | International Organisations |
| Chapter 7 | Security In The Contemporary World |
| Chapter 8 | Environment And Natural Resources |
| Chapter 9 | Globalisation |
| Unit 2 | PART – 2 |
| Chapter 1 | Era of One-Party Dominance |
| Chapter 2 | Challenges of Nation Building |
| Chapter 3 | Politics Of Planned Development |
| Chapter 4 | India’s External Relations |
| Chapter 5 | Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System |
| Chapter 6 | The Crisis of Democratic Order |
| Chapter 7 | Rise of Popular Movements |
| Chapter 8 | Regional Aspirations |
| Chapter 9 | Recent Developments in India Politics |
Q. 10. State whether the following statements regarding the emergency are correct or incorrect.
(a) It was declared in 1975 by Indira Gandhi.
Ans : Correct.
(b) It led to the suspension of all fundamental rights.
Ans : Correct.
(c) It was proclaimed due to the deteriorating economic conditions.
Ans : Incorrect.
(d) Many opposition leaders were arrested during the emergency.
Ans : Correct.
(e) CPI supported the proclamation of the emergency.
Ans : Correct.
Q.11. Find the odd one in the context of proclamation of emergency.
(a) The call for ‘Total Revolution’.
(b) The Railway strike of 1974.
(c) The Naxalite Movement.
(d) The Allahabad High Court Verdict.
(e) The findings of the Shah Commission Report.
Ans : (c) The Naxalite Movement.
Q. 12. Write a note on the politics after emergency ?
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 10. (Very Long Answer).
Q. 13. Discuss the statement- “Was the emergency necessary” ?
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 7. (Short Answer)
Q. 14. Write the factors that led to the declaration of Internal Emergency in India on June 25, 1975 ?
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No.7. (Short Answer)
Q. 15. Write the various reasons which led to the defeat of the Congress in the 1977 election ?
Ans : The reasons which are responsible for the defeat of Congress in the 1977 elections were:
(i) The opposition political party leaders were put in jail.
(ii) Freedom of the press was suspended.
(iii) Fundamental rights of the citizens of India were suspended.
Q. 16. What reasons did the govt. Give for declaring National emergency in 1975 ?
Ans : The government declared an emergency in response to Jai Prakash Narayan’s nation wide Satyagraha for the resignation of Indira Gandhi. The government felt that a grave crisis arises which made the proclamation of a state emergency necessary.
Q. 17. What do you know about Kesavananda Bharati case ?
Ans : Kesavananda Bharat case is a famous case. In this case the Supreme Court declared that in 1973, that judicial review is a basic structure of the constitution.
Q. 18. Write a note on Railway Strike of 1974 ?
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No.3. (Short Answer)
Q. 19. Write about the invalidity of Indira Gandhi’s election ?
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 5. (Long Answer)
Q. 20. Write a note on Gujarat Movement ?
Ans : Gujrat movements was students movement against the misrule of Congress government. There was price rise, food crisis, unemployment and corruption which created dissatisfaction among the common people in general and the students in particular. Morarji desai played an active ple in Gujrat Movement.
VERY LONG ANSWER
Q. 1. Analyse any six consequences of the emergency declared on 25th June, 1975.
Ans : The following are the consequences of emergency:
(i) Curtailment of Rights :- During the emergency the government gets the power to curtail or restrict all or any of the fundamental Rights incorporated in Indian constitution.
(ii) Use of Preventive Detention :- The government made extensive use of preventive Detention laws during emergency. Under this provision, people are arrested and detained not because they have committed any offence, but on the apprehension that they may commit an offence.
(iii) Return of Awards :- Many recipient of civilian awards were returned to central government as a mark of protest towards emergency. People who received Bharat Ratna, Padma Shri, Padma Bhusan, Padma Bibhusan, returned the award to show their grievance towards the law composed by Indira Gandhi,
(iv) Centralised Administration :- As soon as emergency was proclaimed the whole administration came under central government. This structure is followed as a part of constitutional provision, According to Indian constitution when any sort of emergency is proclaimed the whole of India transforms into centralised federation.
(v) Communal Organisations Banned : All Hindu and Muslim communal organisations during emergency were banned to maintain communal harmony in the society. Some of such communal organisations were RSS, Jamaat-e-Islami etc.
(vi) Central Amendments :- Several constitutional amendments wer carried out during emergency. Indira Gandhi increased the tenure of Lok Sabha, divested the authority of the supreme court regarding election of president, vice president, prime minister and speaker of Lok Sabha.
Q. 2. What were the reasons which led to the midterm election in 1980.
Ans : The Janata party lacked direction, leadership, and a common programme. The Janata party government could not bring about a fundamental change in policies from those pursued by the congress. The Janata party spilt and the government which was led by Morarji Desai lost its majority in less than 18 months. Another government headed by charan Singh was formed on the assurance of the support of the congress party. But the congress party later decided to withdraw its support with the result that the charan Singh government could remain in power for just about four months. Fresh Lok Sabha elections were held in January 1980 in which the Janata Party suffered a comprehensive defeat, especially in north India where it had swept the polls in 1977. Congress party led by Indira Gandhi nearly repeated its great victory in 1971. It won 353 seats and came back to power. At the end we reach on this conclusion that Janata Party formulated its government first time but it did not take the complete term due to the internal succession of the party leaders and members.
Q. 3. The Shah Commission was appointed in 1977 by the Janata Government. Why was it appointed and what were its findings ?
Ans : When Janata party came into power after the 1977, elections, the government appointed a commission of inquiry headed by Justice J.C. Shah, a retired judge of the Supreme Court of India, to inquire into several aspects of allegations of abuse of authority, excesses and malpractices committed and action taken in the wake of the emergency proclaimed in June 1975. The commission examined various kinds of evidences and called many witnesses to give testimonies.
They even called Indira Gandhi who appeared before the commission but refused to answer any questions. The Shah commission estimated that nearly one lakh eleven thousand persons were arrested and put in jails. Several restrictions were put on the press. The Report mentions that the General Manager of the Delhi power Supply corporation received verbal orders from the office of the Lt. Governor of Delhi to cut electricity to all newspaper presses at 2 a.m. on 26th June, 1975. Electricity was restored two to three days later after the censorship machinery had been set up. During that period the role of Sanjay Gandhi, Prime Minister Indira gandhi’s son in demolition and forced sterilization in delhi also became very controversial. The government of India accepted the findings, observations and recommendations contained in its report and placed them in the two houses of parliament.
Q. 4. The 1977 elections for the first time saw the opposition coming into power at the centre. What would you consider as the reasons for this development ?
Ans : In the election of 1977, both the Lok Sabha and state Assemblies, the congress party lost its dominance. Not only it lost dominance, it got a crushing defeat at the hands of the newly emerged Janata Party. The following highlighting causes were responsible for the defeat of the congress or the victory of the Janata Party in the 1977 election.
For the first time in the history of force india, internal emergency was imposed by Mrs. Indira gandhi. Immediately after the imposition of emergency the imposition of emergency, the leaders of all the opposition parties including J.P. Narayan were thrown behind the bars. The real motive behind the declaration of emergency was personal. Mrs Indira Gandhi wants.to stick to the “kursi” of the Prime Minister. Basic liberties of the people were suppressed. No individual or party could utter word against the imposition of emergency or the excess committed by the government. During emergency Sanjay Gandhi appeared as the extra constitutional centre of power. It was he who controlled the administration of India. During emergency, various black acts were passed by the Indira government. The people suspected of anything against the government. The people suspected of anything against the government could be corrected and thrown behind the bars without any trial under the MISA. The life, liberty, respect and property of no person was considered safe. Indira government lowered the position of the Judiciary through the 42nd amendment.
In fact, Judiciary was subordinated to the executive. The scope of Judicial review was limited to a great extent. At the instance of Sanjay Gandhi, various states particularly haryana resorted to compulsory sterilization. Buses were stopped and sent to Hospital for sterilization of the passengers. The condition of the people of India had become very pitiable due to the continuous rise in prices. People were very sore with the congress government abolished bonus to the employee of public sector during emergency.
As such they were very sore with the congress government. J.P. Narayan emerged as a leader of Indian Unrest. He was the most respected leader after Nehru. People came to realise that they can fall back on J.P. Narayan after dislodging the congress from power. Emergency and the measures adopted during emergency by the congress government were responsible for the defeat of the congress party in 1977’s election.
Q. 5. Discuss the affects of emergency on the following aspects of our policy.
(a) Effects on civil liberties for citizens.
Ans : Effects on Civil Liberties for Citizens :- During emergency the government made extensive use of preventive Detention which made large scale arrests. But the arrested political workers could not challenge their arrests through Habeas corpus Petition. The government also gets the power to curtail or restrict all or any of the fundamental rights during emergency.
(b) Impact on relationship between executive and Judiciary.
Ans : Impact of on Relationship between Executive and Judiciary: In the back ground of the ruling of the Allahabad High court in the Indira Gandhi case an amendment was made declaring that elections of Prime Minister, President and vice president could not be challenged in court. The 42nd amendment passed during emergency also brought many changes in the constitution like duration of the legislatures, election can be postponed by one year during an emergency.
(c) Functioning of Mass Media.
Ans : Functioning of Mass Media :- Deciding to use its special powers under the emergency provisions the government suspended the freedom of the press. Newspapers were asked to get prior approval for all materials to be published in press consortship, Protests and Strikes and Public agitations were also disallowed.
(d) Working of the Police and Bureaucracy.
Ans : Working of the Police and Bureaucracy :- The police and administration (bureaucracy) become extremely powerful during emergency. They turned into political instrument of the ruling party and became vulnerable to political pressures.
Q. 6. In what way did the imposition of emergency affect the party system in India? Elaborate your answer with example.
Ans : On the night of 25 June. 1975 president of India declared emergency on the advice of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, Emergency affected the working of political parties in many ways. Almost all the leaders of opposition parties were arrested under the Maintenance of Internal Security Act, 1971 (MISA).
This affected the working of political parties. Agitation, strikes, demonstration etc were not allowed. All liberties given under Article 19 were suspended. Due to censorship on the freedom of press and other restrictions democratic functioning of political parties were badly affected. The public opinion was against the congress Government. Jaya Prakash Narayan became a symbol of democratic values. Moreover the imposition of emergency and their subsequent internment finally made political leaders to realise that they will simply rot if they do not stand united against the authoritarian style of Indira Gandhi. Hence the leaders of various parties that came in contact with one another in jails resolved to form one party i.e. Janata party.
That is why it is held Janata Party ensured that non-Congress votes would not be divided. The 1977 election proved referendum on emergency experiences and masses rejected the congress party.
Q. 7. Explain briefly the policies and programmes of Janata Party.
Ans : The Janata of Chandra Shekhar is a ‘rump’ of the 1977-79 Janata party which came into existence in the wake of ‘Emergency’. According to some critics the phenomenon that was Janata party was the result of a national struggle.
The main programmes and policies of Janata Party was democratic socialism, civil liberties and cleaner politics etc. It offers something distinctive and attractive and regains organisational vitality to its people. It goes to the credit of Janata Party that it has not lost its national alternative to the congress (1). It has in its ranks many nationally respected politicians Mr. Ramakrishna Hegde, Mr. Madhu Dandavate, Mr. Surindera Mohan, Mr. Madhu Limaye and Chander Shekher- who are known to be respects of norms and values in the conduct of public affairs. Another strong point in its favour is that it doesn’t provoke violent antipathy. It can be at the of a national coalition of anti congress forces.
Some policies and programmes of Janata government are :
(i) The Janata Party wishes to give the country a government ‘responsive’ to the people and respectful to its constitution and democratic freedoms.
(ii) It promises to make a common cause with the people for the creation of a nation united by equality, justice and egalitarianism and governed by the true representative of the people through democratic processes.
(iii) There is a distinct stress on social, political and administrative reforms as, for instance, in the offer of a package of measures starting with a principled and national distribution of powers and functions between the centre and the states, on the one hand, and within the state upto the village on the other.
(iv) The theme of decentralisation is also reflected in the proposed steps for economic reform, a review of measures like octroi, income-tax and multiple taxes.
(v) There is also a promise to deal with corruption.
Q. 8. Explain any three main outcome of Lok Sabha elections of 1977.
Ans : The true main outcome of Lok Sabha elections of 1977 are:
(i) In the 1977, for the first time since Independence congress didn’t come to power. It is because the entire opposition found a common adversary in congress and its leader Indira Gandhi.
(ii) In the election Janata Party fought for the congress misrule. It was a referendum. Due to detention of people and censorship of press, public opinion was against congress, J.P, ensured that non-congress votes were not divided. Congress won 154 seats in Lok Sabha. Its vote percentage reduced to 35%. The Janata Party and its allies got 330 out of 542 seats. Janata Party got 295 seats and won seats in Bihar, UP, Delhi, Indira Gandhi lost from Rae Bareli and Sanjay Gandhi lost from Amethi.
(iii) The J.P. movements led congress (I) , Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS), Bhartiya Lok Dal, Socialist party and congress for dissidents led by Jagjivan Ram to unite under one front or party called the Janata Party. Riding on the wave of anti emergency Janata party won a majority in 1977 election in the Lok Sabha and formed a government under Morarji Desai.
Q. 9. Analyse the conflict between the Judiciary and parliament of India in 1973.
Ans : Before the declaration of emergency it was a period when the government and the ruling party had many differences with the judiciary. Three constitutional issues emerged which led to a strain between judiciary, legislature (Parliament) and executive.
(i) Firstly, can the Parliament abridge Fundamental Rights? The Supreme Court said it cannot.
(ii) Secondly, can the President curtail the “right to property by making an amendment? Again, the court said that Parliament cannot amend the constitution in such a manner that rights are curtailed.
(iii) Thirdly, the President amended the constitution saying that it can abridge Fundamental Rights for giving effect to Directive Principles of State Policy. But the Supreme Court rejected this provision also.
This led to a crisis as for as the relations between the government and the judiciary were concerned. This is very much proved in the famous Kesavananda Bharati case. In this case, the court give a decision that there are some basic features of the constitution and Parliament cannot amend these features.
Besides, two more developments further added to the tension between the judiciary and the executive. Immediately after the Supreme Court’s decision in 1973 in the Kesavananda Bharati case, a vacancy arose for the post of Chief Justice of India and the government set aside the seniority of three judges and appointed justice A.N. Ray as the Chief Justice of India. This appointment became politically controversial because all three judges who were superseded had given ruling against the stand of the government.
Another jolt came as the ruling of the High Court which declared Indira Gandhi’s Lok Sabha election invalid.
In this way, the constitutional interpretations and political ideologies were getting up rapidly.
Q. 10. Examine the legacy of the Emergency of 1975.
Ans : The Legacy of the emergency of 1975 was felting every sphere of peoples life and the politics of the nation as well :
(i) Between the elections of 1977 and 1980 the party system had changed dramatically. Since 1969, the congress party had starting shedding its character as an Umbrella Party which accommodated leaders and workers of different ideological dispensations and view points. The congress party now identified itself with a particular ideology, claiming to be the only socialist and pro-poor party.
(ii) With the change in the nature of the congress party, other opposition parties relied more and more on non-congressism.
(iii) In an indirect manner the issue of welfare of the backward castes also began to dominate politics since 1977. For instance the Northern states elected non congress governments in which the leaders of the backward- castes played an important role.
(iv) Besides, the emergency and the period around it can be describe as a period of constitutional crisis. It had its origin in the constitutional battle over the jurisdiction of the parliament, and the judiciary.
(v) Over the other hand, it was also a period of political crisis. The party in power had absolute majority, yet its leadership decided to suspend the democratic process.
(vi) Another critical issue was the role and extent of mass protest in a parliamentary democracy. The emergency period saw a dar tension between institution based democracy and democracy based on spontaneous popular participation for which the party system was to be blamed.
Q. 11. The Shah Commission was appointed in 1977 by the Janata Party Govt, Why was it appointed and what were its finding ?
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 3. (Very Long Answer).
Q. 12. What were the main decisions of Janata Party after forming the govt. in 1977 ?
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 7. (Very Long Answer).
Q. 13. How did the emergency of 1975 benefit the Indian democratic ? setup.
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No.10. (Very Long Answer)
Q. 14. How did the emergency (1975-77) affect the fundamental rights of the Indian citizen ? Give example ?
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 2. (Long Answer)
Q. 15. Explain Briefly the impact of the 1977 elections?
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 8. (Long Answer).
Q. 16. Analyse the conflict between the Judiciary and Parliament of India in 1973 ?
Ans : In the background of the ruling of the Allahabad High Court in the Indira Gandhi case an amendment was made declaring that elections of Prime Minister, President and Vice-President could not be challenged in the judiciary. The 42nd. amendment of Constitution of India passed during he emergency also brought many changes in the constitution like duration of the legislature, election can be postponed by one years during an emergency.
Q. 17. “Indira Gandhi was left with no option except to impose Emergency”- Explain ?
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No.7. (Short Answer)
Q. 18. Explain briefly the Naxalite Movement ?
Ans : A peasant uprising took place in 1967 in Naxalbari area of West Bengal. This movement was led by local cadres of the Communist Party of India (Marxist), in 1969 they formed a new Communist Party, known as (Marxist Leninist). They decided to adopt guerrilla warfare. This is known as the Naxalite Movement which used force and violence.
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