Class 12 Political Science Chapter 15 The Crisis of Democratic Order The answer to each chapter is provided in the list so that you can easily browse through different chapters Assam Board HS Class 12 Political Science Chapter 15 The Crisis of Democratic Order and select needs one.
Class 12 Political Science Chapter 15 The Crisis of Democratic Order
Also, you can read the SCERT book online in these sections Solutions by Expert Teachers as per SCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines. These solutions are part of SCERT All Subject Solutions. Here we have given Assam Board HS Class 12 Political Science Chapter 15 The Crisis of Democratic Order Solutions for All Subjects, You can practice these here…
LONG ANSWER
Q. 1. What were the reasons which led to the midterm election in 1980 ?
Ans : The Janata party lacked direction, leadership, and a common programme, The Janata party government could not bring about a fundamental change in policies from those pursued by the congress. The Janata party spilt and the government which was led by Morarji Desai lost ‘its majority in less than 18 months. Another government headed by charan Singh was formed on the assurance of the support of the congress party.
But the congress party later decided to withdraw its support with the result that the charan Singh government could remain in power for just about four months. Fresh Lok Sabha elections were held in January 1980 in which the Janata Party suffered a comprehensive defeat, especially in north India where it had swept the polls in 1977. Congress party led by Indira Gandhi nearly repeated its great victory in 1971. It won 353 seats and came back to power. At the end we reach on this conclusion that Janata Party formulated its government first time but it did not take the complete term due to the internal succession of the party leaders and members.
Q. 2. How did the Emergency (1975-1977) affect the fundamental rights of the Indian citizen ? Give example.
Ans : The Emergency (1975-1977) affect the fundamental rights of the Indian citizen a lot like the following ways :
(i) In the time of Emergency, the government made extensive uses of Preventive Detention Act which made large scale arrests of political leaders and civilians.
(ii) Arrested political workers could not challenge their arrests through Habeas corpus petition.
(iii) Torture and custodial deaths occurred during the emergency, and no one can oppose against it through court.
(iv) Right to speak was abolished and the media needed to take permission from the government for publishing any report.
Q. 3. What is meant by Emergency ? Write any one effect of the declaration of emergency due to internal disturbance.
Ans : Emergency is an extraordinary condition in which normal democratic politics can’t function, and special powers are granted to the government once an emergency is proclaimed, the federal distribution of powers remains practically suspended and all the powers are concentrated in the hands of the Union government.
When there is declare any emergency due to internal disturbance the government get the power to curtail or restrict all or any of the fundamental rights of Indian constitution.
Q. 4.Who introduced twenty point programme and why ?
Ans : The congress government led by Mrs. Indira Gandhi introduced the twenty point programme. Through this programme the government ry to gave a notification that they wanted to use the emergency to bring law and order, restore efficiency and above all, implement the pre-poor welfare programmes. The twenty point programme included land reforms, land redistribution, review of agricultural wages, worker’s participation in management, eradication of bonded labour etc. are for common welfare.
Q. 5.On whose petition Indira Gandhi’s election was declared in valid by the court ?
Ans : On an election petition of Raj Narayan, a socialist leader and a candidate who had contested against Indira Gandhi in 1971, the Allahabad High Court declared Indira Gandhi’s election to Lok Sabha invalid.
Q. 6. Emergency is one of the most controversial episodes in Indian politics- justify :
Ans : Emergency is one of the most controversial episode of Indian politics we can justify this statement by mentioning following reason as like :
(i) There were different view points about the necessary to declare emergency. Some proposed it and some opposed it.
(ii) During the emergency, all or any of the fundamental rights of our constitution were curtail or restrict.
(iii) It create an extra ordinary situation in the country, where normal democratic politics can’t function properly.
(iv) Inability of the government to fulfill the promises made by it at the initial stage of emergency period.
Q. 7. Critically examine what happened during emergency.
Ans : The actual implementation of the Emergency is another contentious issue. It raised several Questions like if the government misuse its emergency powers and where there excesses and abuse of authority. The various events that took place during emergency are like:
(i) The government said that it wanted to use the Emergency to bring law and order, restore efficiency and above all, implement the pro-poar welfare programmes. For this purpose Mrs. Indira Gandhi announced a twenty point programme and declared its determination to implement this programme.
(ii) Different sections of society had different expectations from the emergency and also different view point about it with the declaration of Emergency, the urban middle classes were generally happy over the fact that agitations came to an end and discipline was enforced an the government employees. The poor and rural people also expected effective implementation of the welfare programmes that the government was promising.
(iii) Critics of Emergency point out that most of these promises by the government remained unfulfilled, that these were simply meant to divert attention from the excesses that were taking place.
(iv) There were other and more serious allegations regarding the exercise of governmental power by people who held no official position. Sanjay Gandhi, the Prime Minister’s younger son didn’t hold any official position but he gained control over the administration and allegedly interfered in the functioning of the government.
Q. 8. List the issues which did not vanish even after the emergency.
Ans : Though.emergency was declared but some issues are not vanish from the country even after the situation. Some issues can be mentioned like following ways.
(i) The tension between routine functioning of a democratic government and the continuous political protests by parties and groups.
(ii) The police and the administration got excess powers during emergency, later they turned into political instrument of the ruling party and became valuable to political pressures. This problem still exists.
(iii) It remains as important issue that if there is a correct balance of the government’s power and the people’s right in a democracy like India.
(iv) Question emerges that should the citizens have full freedom to engage in protest activity or should they have no such right at all.
Q. 9 What were the different expectations of different sections of society from emergency.
Ans : From emergency different sections of society had different expectations. The different sections of people’s expectations can be stated like as :
(i) In the initial months after the declaration of emergency, the urban middle classes were generally happy over the fact that agitations came to an end and discipline was enforced on the government employees.
(ii) The poor and rural people expected effective implementation of the welfare programmes that the government was promising.
(iii) It was also expected that the agricultural sector will be developed and farmers will be benefited through measures like land reforms, land redistribution, review of agricultural wages etc.
| Sl. No. | CONTENTS |
| Unit 1 | PART – 1 |
| Chapter 1 | The Cold War Era |
| Chapter 2 | The End of Bipolarity |
| Chapter 3 | US Hegemony in World Politics |
| Chapter 4 | Alternative Centres Of Power |
| Chapter 5 | Contemporary South Asia |
| Chapter 6 | International Organisations |
| Chapter 7 | Security In The Contemporary World |
| Chapter 8 | Environment And Natural Resources |
| Chapter 9 | Globalisation |
| Unit 2 | PART – 2 |
| Chapter 1 | Era of One-Party Dominance |
| Chapter 2 | Challenges of Nation Building |
| Chapter 3 | Politics Of Planned Development |
| Chapter 4 | India’s External Relations |
| Chapter 5 | Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System |
| Chapter 6 | The Crisis of Democratic Order |
| Chapter 7 | Rise of Popular Movements |
| Chapter 8 | Regional Aspirations |
| Chapter 9 | Recent Developments in India Politics |
Q. 10. State whether the following statements regarding the emergency are correct or incorrect.
(a) It was declared in 1975 by Indira Gandhi.
Ans : Correct.
(b) It led to the suspension of all fundamental rights.
Ans : Correct.
(c) It was proclaimed due to the deteriorating economic conditions.
Ans : Incorrect.
(d) Many opposition leaders were arrested during the emergency.
Ans : Correct.
(e) CPI supported the proclamation of the emergency.
Ans : Correct.
Q.11. Find the odd one in the context of proclamation of emergency.
(a) The call for ‘Total Revolution’.
(b) The Railway strike of 1974.
(c) The Naxalite Movement.
(d) The Allahabad High Court Verdict.
(e) The findings of the Shah Commission Report.
Ans : (c) The Naxalite Movement.
Q. 12. Write a note on the politics after emergency ?
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 10. (Very Long Answer).
Q. 13. Discuss the statement- “Was the emergency necessary” ?
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 7. (Short Answer)
Q. 14. Write the factors that led to the declaration of Internal Emergency in India on June 25, 1975 ?
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No.7. (Short Answer)
Q. 15. Write the various reasons which led to the defeat of the Congress in the 1977 election ?
Ans : The reasons which are responsible for the defeat of Congress in the 1977 elections were:
(i) The opposition political party leaders were put in jail.
(ii)Freedom of the press was suspended.
(iii) Fundamental rights of the citizens of India were suspended.
Q. 16. What reasons did the govt. Give for declaring National emergency in 1975 ?
Ans : The government declared an emergency in response to Jai Prakash Narayan’s nation wide Satyagraha for the resignation of Indira Gandhi. The government felt that a grave crisis arises which made the proclamation of a state emergency necessary.
Q. 17. What do you know about Kesavananda Bharati case ?
Ans : Kesavananda Bharat case is a famous case. In this case the Supreme Court declared that in 1973, that judicial review is a basic structure of the constitution.
Q. 18. Write a note on Railway Strike of 1974 ?
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No.3. (Short Answer)
Q. 19. Write about the invalidity of Indira Gandhi’s election ?
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 5. (Long Answer)
Q. 20. Write a note on Gujarat Movement ?
Ans : Gujrat movements was students movement against the misrule of Congress government. There was price rise, food crisis, unemployment and corruption which created dissatisfaction among the common people in general and the students in particular. Morarji desai played an active ple in Gujrat Movement.
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