Class 12 Political Science Chapter 13 India’s External Relations The answer to each chapter is provided in the list so that you can easily browse through different chapters Assam Board HS Class 12 Political Science Chapter 13 India’s External Relations and select needs one.
Class 12 Political Science Chapter 13 India’s External Relations
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VERY LONG ANSWER
Q. 1. What do you mean by foreign policy ? Explain briefly.
Ans : An independent Nation has to follow two kinds of policy one is national policy and other is foreign policy. Foreign policy means those policies which conducts external relations among independent Nations. Every country of the world has to adopt some policies while maintaining relation with other countries of the world.
No Country can live in isolation. It needs to depend on others for various needs of trade, culture etc. Foreign policy is a systematic statement of deliberately selected National interest based on its national interest, Global concerns, economic development etc.
Professor Rajni Kothari, a great thinker and scholar as described the importance of foreign policy of a country in this words. Any discussion of the performance of a political system must sooner or later come to grips with the fact that it forms parts of a large world setting with which its interest almost continuously.
Q. 2. Write a note on India China border dispute.
Ans : In January 1962,China prepared plans to attack India on two fronts namely NEFA and Ladakh. In June 1962 China captured certain parts of Ladakh and on September 1962 crossed NEFA. There was a massive attack between the two nations battled it out. As the Indian troops were not prepared and equipped to meet such a massive threat, within three weeks China was able to move over all the mountain passes and threatened the plains of Assam. But on the first week of November China declared unilateral ceasefire doing huge causalities on India. Thus, literally India was defeated in this war.
Impact of Sino-Indian Border War : this Chinese invasion gave serial setback to see no Indian relations as well as the prestige of India. The reverses suffered by India the hands of China greatly undermined her position.
The defeat also encouraged Pakistan to think in terms of forcing a military solution of Kashmir on India. The border war also gave a serious set back to the Indian development. The development Plans were worst affected.
Above all the war made Indian more security concerns and the people rose as one person is defending their country. In the words of T.N. Kaul, lesson of our dealings with China was that as a non aligned country we had to depend on ourselves and make the most of the resources. We had to become self-reliant in the economic defence and political fields to the maximum extent possible in the minimum possible time.
We had to look for reliable friends who had a mutual of interest with us and on whom we could rely in times of difficulty. The Chinese invasion of 1962 was the first serious threat to our policy of non alignment. But it increased our faith in this policy as it helps us to focus better and more enduring friendship that stood as in later years.
Q. 3. Write briefly on India’s changing relations with Pakistan.
Ans : In case of India’s changing relations with Pakistan the country started just after partition over the dispute on Kashmir. The Kashmir conflict did not prevent cooperation between the Government of India and Pakistan. Government work together to restore the women abducted during partition to their original family is. A long time dispute about the sharing of river water was dissolved through mediation by the World Bank. India Pakistan Indus water Treaty was signed by Jawaharlal Nehru and General Ayub Khan in 1960. Despite all ups and downs in the Indo Pak relations this city has worked well. A more serious armed conflict between the two countries begin in 1965, by then Lal Bahadur Shastri taken over is the prime minister.
In April 1965, Pakistan lost and attacked in the Rann of Kutch era of Gujarat. In order to case the pressure pressure on the Kashmir front Shastri ordered Indian troops to launch a counter offensive on the Punjab border. In a fierce battle the Indian Army area close to Lahore. The hostilities came to an end with the UN intervention. Later Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and Pakistan general live concert in the Tashkent agreement brokered by the Soviet Union in January 1966.
In the period after 1990, Indo Pak relations have witnessed many new developments. Kashmir continues to be the main issue between the countries there have been many airports to restore normal relations full stop this means there cultural exchanges, movement of citizens and economic cooperation would be encouraged by both countries. But that could not avoid the nearest Nation from engineering in 1999. Even after the setback to the peace process efforts at negotiating and durable have been going on.
Q. 4. Was India’s foreign policy reflect her desire to be an important regional power ? Argue your case with the Bangladesh weather of 1971 as an example.
Ans : It is true to some extent that India’s foreign policy reflect her desire to be an important regional power. This was very much revealed during the Bangladesh war of 1971. Bangladesh, which was a part of Pakistan and was known as East Pakistan, emerged as an independent state in 1971. East Bengal was not given fair treatment by the rulers of Pakistan made Virtually a Colony. In an election held early in 1971, Sheikh Mujib’s Awami league got majority in Pakistan Parliament.
But Sheikh Mujib was not called to form a government and he was arrested. East Bengal declared independence and liberation war started. India helped Tiwani League in the war. War took place between India and Pakistan in December, 1971 and Pakistan was defeated in the war. India was the first country to Grand recognition to the People’s Republic Bangladesh.
Q. 5. India’s Foreign Policy was built around the principles of peace and cooperation. But India for 3 years in a span of 10 years between 1962 and 1972. Would you say that this was a failure of the foreign policy ?
Ans : India’s Foreign Policy was built around the principles of peace and cooperation. Although India for 3 wars within a period of 10 years between 1962 and 1972, yet India’s foreign policy is not responsible in this context. The international circumstances and the role of pressure must be significant in the noble cause.
The Chinese invasion and in 1962 is actually a serious conflict between India and China started when China annexed Tibet in 1950 and thus removed a historical suffer between two countries. Another issue of conflict was the border dispute between India and China.
China claimed two areas within the Indian territory. Despite a very long the respondents and discussion this problem could not be resolved. Thus the above situation in India to take part in conflict.
In case of Pakistan the conflict started just after partition over Kashmir. A more serious armed conflict between the two countries begin in 1965 with the initiative of Pakistan. The hostilities came to an end with the UN intervention and Tashkent Agreement.
Q. 6. Describe the internal and external determinants of India’s Foreign Policy.
Ans : the external internal determinants of indian foreign policy are as follows :
(i) Internal Factors :
(a) National Factors :- Every country has certain basic interest at the root of his foreign policy. India has also similarly certain basic interests, the foremost being National interest. Jawaharlal Nehru, as the first Prime Minister and Foreign Minister told the constituent assembly on December 1947 thus “we may talk about peace and freedom and illness leave mean what we say. But in the ultimate analysis, a government functions for the good of the country it governs.” In his view in Asian self-interest may itself demand a policy of cooperation with the other Nations.
(b) Constitutional Obligations :- Directive principles of state policy are the guiding principles for the mutation of policies and legislation.
(c) Economic Development :- one of the important determinants of indian foreign policy is Economic Development. For the development of the country Economic Development is necessary.
(ii) External Factors :-
(a) Power Politics of Super Power :- After the second world war the world was divided into two blocs one headed by USA and other added by us are but Indian leader decided to be free from the two blocs.
(b) Emergence of Third World :- There was a sea change in the international political relation with the emergence of the newly independent state of Asia, Africa and Latin America which where economically and politically week. India tries to bring all the countries under one umbrella called non alignment.
(c) Cooperation With UNO :- India use the UN political platform to spread the message of world peace. India was convinced that the UN and its Agencies should be strengthened in their efforts towards international peace and development of all Nations.
Q. 7. “India’s relationship with her neighbours has been strained from the beginning” Explain.
Ans : It is true that India’s relationship with her neighbours has been strained since the attainment of Independence. India has several times experienced deadly wars against her neighbours.
This can be explained like :
India’s relationship with Pakistan :- India’s dense relationship with Pakistan was started just after partition over the dispute on Kashmir. A more serious armed conflict between the two countries begin in 1965 with the initiative of Pakistan. Pakistan in the recent years has sponsored cross border terrorism and disturb internal peace of India. The Parliament attack in December 2011 and Mumbai attacks in 2008 are classic examples of Pakistan sponsored terrorism.
India’s dispute against Pakistan is also due to Indus river. Although an agreement was signed by the two nations, still the problems persists between the two.
India’s relationship with China : India’s strain relationship with China started when China annexed Tibet in 1950 and thus removed historical suffer between two countries. Initially the Government of India did not opposed is openly. Another issue of conflict was the border dispute between India and China. China claimed to areas within the Indian dehtora. Despite a long correspondence and discussion amount of leaders these differences could not be resolved. China does not support India to secure a parliament seat in United Nations. When she requires the support of the neighbouring countries to get a parliament seat.
Q. 8.Write short noted on :
(a) India’s Nuclear Policy.
(b) Consensus in Foreign Policy Matters.
Ans : (a) India’s Nuclear Policy :- use of atomic policy for peaceful purposes has always been the basis of India foreign policy. As a result of the nuclear explosions made by India in 1974 in 1998,India became the sixth nuclear country in the world, but India’s aim is not to faster the armament race in this part of the World. India is still a supporter of the policy of disarmament and favours the total destruction of all nuclear weapons possess by all the nuclear powers.
However India has not yet signed the non proliferation treaty as she is of the opinion that it favours the nuclear powers and divides the world into two types of states- States having nuclear weapons and other who are without them. India has suggested that first all the countries who opposes nuclear weapons to destroy his weapons and only then India could consider signing the treaty. After the nuclear explosion made by China in 1998, the Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee declared that the nuclear power will be used only for self defence.
(b) Consensus in Foreign Policy Matters :- Although India has multiple party system and different political parties have come to power at different times, yet foreign policy has played a very little role in party politics. Every during decade of 1962 to 1972 when India had to face three words or even later Indian politics is generally seen marked by a board agreement among the parties or non alignment, Kashmir issue, protection of international boundaries, sovereignty and integrity and on questions of national interest, Although Kashmir continues to be the main cause of tension between India and Pakistan, the general view in the country is to establish normal relations with Pakistan troll trade and cultural changes. There is concern services on the citizens of both the countries on movement of citizens across the border and economic cooperation.
Q. 9. Who is the architect of India’s foreign policy ? Explain three basic objectives of Nehru’s foreign policy.
Ans : Prime Minister as well as Foreign Minister of India Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was the architect of India’s foreign policy. Hi exercise profound influence in the formulation and implementation of India’s foreign policy from 1946 to 1964.
The three basic objectives of foreign policy are as follows :
(i) Firstly, it seeks to protect the territorial integrity of the country and protect the interests of the citizens both within and outside the country. For this purpose the states prefer to follow the policy of states vah it is branded as revisionist and arouse suspicion of other members of the international community. It was to protect the interests of its citizens both inside and outside the state for the maintenance of its Prestige.
(ii) Secondly, the objective of foreign policy is to maintain link with other members of international community and adoption of policy of conflict or cooperation towards them with a view to promoting its own interest. Jawaharlal Nehru said as early as 1951 that what India need is passion for peace and for civilized behaviour in international affairs. India’s non alignment implies that she will endeavour to maintain friendship with all countries as far as possible.
(iii) Thirdly, to promote Rapid economic development. After independence the economic condition was not well so he wanted a rapid economic development for the country. With its limited resources, had initiated development planning.
Q. 10. Indian Prime Minister is too busy China and you have been asked to prepare a note for him. Right one point each on the Indian and Chinese positions on the border and economic cooperation.
Ans : following points can be mentioned regarding the Indian and Chinese positions on the border and economic cooperation :
(i) India and China should sign bilateral agreements to enhance trade and cooperation between them.
(ii) India and China view the emerging situation and reconciliation between the two countries is mutual interest post-op normalisation of relation between the two countries will not only remove a source of threat to peace but also open up the doors of economic development.
(iii) Border roads and post would be open for trade. This would make easy availability of goods in the border areas.
(iv) The issue of taking political Asylum in Dharamshala is also a bone of contention between the two. There for India and China will come to a consensus to find the final solution.
(v) Plans should also been made to increase cultural lying between the two countries. Cultural team will also be exchanged between the two countries to consolidate this area.
(vi) The issue of contention between China and India regarding the areas of Ladakh and Arunachal Pradesh must be resolved. Thus we can stay at this point to be discussed
Q. 11. Write a note on India’s role in UN ?
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 7(Long Answer)
Q. 12. Explain any two aspects of India nuclear policy?
Ans : India’s nuclear policy is guided by National interest and security. For protecting our country India has adopted nuclear policy. India is favouring for peaceful and productive use of nuclear energy like production of electricity.
Q. 13. Discuss India role in a Afro-Asian Unity during the Nehru’s Era ?
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 4 (Long Answer)
Q. 14. Write short note on :
(a) Indo-pak. Relation.
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 3. (Very Long Answer)
(b) Non-Alignment in India’s Foreign Policy.
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 12. (Long Answer)
(c) Role of Panchsheel.
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 15. (Very Long Answer)
(d) Kargil Confrontation.
Ans : the Kargil conflict and only during May June 1999. Pakistani army entered into Indian territory in the Kargil region. Indian Army pushed then back and defeated.
Q. 15. Describe the difference between Neutrality and Non Alignment ?
Ans : Same as Ams of Q. No. 3 (Long Answer)
Q. 16. Fill in the blanks :
(a) Shimla agreement was signed between India and___.
Ans : Pakistan.
(b) India conducted first nuclear explosion in ___.
Ans : 1974.
(c) The Kargil conflict went on during may and __ in__.
Ans : June in 1999.
(d) Bangladesh emerged as an independent Nation in ___.
Ans : 1971.
(e) China made a sudden attack on India in ___.
Ans : 1962.
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