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Class 12 Political Science Chapter 10 Era of One-Party Dominance
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Era of One-Party Dominance
Unit -10
PART – 2
VERY SHORT ANSWER
Q. 1. When was the Indian Constitution enforced ?
Ans : The Indian constitution was legally enforced on 26 january, 1950.
Q. 2. Why did the leaders of many other countries decide that India could not afford to have democracy ?
Ans : The leaders of many other countries decided that India could not afford to have democracy because it got independence in some difficult circumstances. They say that National Unity was first priority and that democracy will introduce differences and conflicts.
Q. 3. When was the election commission formed in India ?
Ans : In India, the election commission was formed in January 1950.
Q. 4. Who was the first chief election commissioner ?
Ans : Mr Sukumar Sen was the first chief election commissioner.
Q. 5. Why did Election Commission cancel the first voter list ?
Ans : Election Commission cancel the first voter list because nearly 40 lakhs women were not recorded in the list.
Q. 6. Name the full form of E.V.M.
Ans : The full form of E.V.M. is Electronic Voting Machine.
Q. 7. In which year was the first general election held ?
Ans : In 1952, the first general election was held.
Q. 8. How many terms did the Congress get majority to form government ?
Ans : The Congress get majority to form government for three consecutive terms.
Q. 9. What percentage of votes did the Congress obtained in 1952 Lok Sabha Election ?
Ans : In 1952 Lok Sabha Election Congress obtain 45% of votes.
Q. 10. When was the Congress socialist party formed ?
Ans : The Congress socialist party was formed in 1934.
Q. 11. Who was the founder of P.R.I.
Ans : Plutarco Elias Calles was the founder of P.R.I.
Q. 12. Mention two countries in which their Constitution have permitted only a single party ?
Ans : In countries like China and Cuba, their Constitution have permitted only a single party.
Q. 13. Who was the chairman of drafting committee of constituent assembly ?
Ans : Dr. Bhim Rao Ramji Ambedkar was the chairman of the drafting committee of the constituent assembly.
Q. 14. In which country did the bolshevik revolution take place ?
Ans : Bolshevik revolution took place in Russia.
Q. 15. When was Bhartiya Jana Sangh formed ?
Ans : Bharatiya Jana Sangh was formed in 1951.
Q. 16. Who was the founder President of Bharatiya Jana Sangh ?
Ans : The Founder President of Bharatiya Jana Sangh was Shyama Prasad Mukherjee.
Q. 17. When was Swatantra party formed ?
Ans : Swatantra party was formed in August 1959.
Q. 18. What did the Swatantra party want from the government ?
Ans : The Swatantra party wanted from the government to be less and less involvement in controlling the economy.
Q. 19. What will happen to the grass when two buffaloes fight ?
Ans : when two buffaloes fight, the grass under them get crushed.
Q. 20. Choose the correct option to fill in the blanks :
(a) The first general election in 1952 involved simultaneous elections to Lok Sabha and___.(The President Of India/ State Assemblies/ Rajya Sabha/ The Prime Minister)
Ans : State Assemblies.
(b) Towards the end of___ (1985/1990/1995/ 2004) the election commission started using the Electronic Voting Machine.
Ans : 1990.
(c) The Congress socialist party was formed within the Congress in___(1934/1948/1952) by a group of young leaders who wanted a more radical and egalitarian Congress.
Ans : 1948.
Q. 21. Under what conditions did the Indian party system originate ?
Ans : Indian party system originated during the freedom struggle.
Q. 22. When was the Congress Party founded in India and by whom ?
Ans : The Congress party was founded in 1885, it was founded by A.O. Hume.
Q. 23. Who led the Indian National Congress in the first general election ?
Ans : Jawaharlal Nehru letter Indian National Congress in the first general election.
Q. 24. Mention on characteristic of the party system in India ?
Ans : Indian party system is characterized by absence of strong opposition party.
Q. 25. When was Indian constitution enforced ?
Ans : Indian Constitution was enforced in 26th January, 1950.
Q. 26. In 1957 which party form the government in Kerala ?
Ans : The Communist Party formed government in Kerala in 1957.
Q. 27. In which year socialist party was formed ?
Ans : In 1934 socialist party was formed.
Q. 28. In which party lies the roots of Bharatiya Janata Party ?
Ans : The roots of Bharatiya Janata Party lies n Bhartiya Janata Sangha.
Q. 29. In which year the era of one party dominance began ?
Ans : In 1952 the era of one party dominance began.
Q. 30. Which Indian party is the oldest party in Asia ?
Ans : Indian national party is the oldest party in Asia.
Q. 31. Who was Deen Dayal Upadhyaya ?
Ans : Deen Dayal Upadhyaya was the founder member of Bharatiya Jana Sangha.
Q. 32. Who was the founder of independent labour party in India ?
Ans : B.R. Ambedkar was the founder of independent labour party in India.
Q. 33. In which year was the Nagpur session held ?
Ans : 1920 Nagpur session was held.
Q. 34. Fill in the blanks :
(a) One of the guiding principle of the ideology of the Swatantra party was___.
Ans : Individual Freedom.
(b) The party that won the second largest number of Lok Sabha seats in the first election was the___.
Ans : Communist Party.
SHORT ANSWER
Q. 1. On which date was the draft of the Indian Constitution signed and when it came into force ?
Ans : The draft of Indian constitution was signed on 26th November 1949 and it came into force on 26th January 1950.
Q. 2. Why did socialists criticise the Congress ?
Ans : the socialist criticised the Congress favouring capitalists and landlords and for ignoring the workers and peasants.
Q. 3. What is the full form of RSS ? What is the name of the Founder president ?
Ans : the full form of RSS Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. The Founder president of RSS is K.B. Hedgewar.
Q. 4. When was CPI party formed ? Name one personality who let this party ?
Ans : The CPI party was formed in the early 1920’s taking inspiration from the Bolshevik revolution in Russia.One famous personality who led this party was A.K. Gopalan.
Q. 5. When was the election commission of India formed? Who was the first Election Commissioner ?
Ans : The election commission was formed in January 1950. Sukumar Sen was the first Election Commissioner.
Q. 6. The two things of a candidate where carried in the ballot paper, what were these two things ?
Ans : The two things of a candidate carried in a ballot paper were the name of the candidate and a party to which they belong.
Q. 7. When did the control government dismiss the communist government in Kerala and under which article of the constitution ?
Ans : In 1959 the Congress government at the centre dismiss the communist government in Kerala under article 356 of the constitution.
Q. 8. Name the two countries which have experienced of the dominance of one party ?
Ans : Countries like Syria and Cuba experience of the dominance of one party.
Q. 9. In which year first general election was held in India ?
Ans : in India the first general election was held in the year 1952.
Q. 10. Which period of election had been described as the Congress system ?
Ans : The period 1952-1962 of election at been described as the Congress system.
Q. 11. When was the Bharatiya Jana Sangh formed and who was the founder president of the party ?
Ans : Bharatiya Jana Sangh was founded in 1951. Deen Dayal Upadhyay was the founder president of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh.
Q. 12. When was Congress Party founded in India and by whom ?
Ans : Congress party was formed in 1885 and A.O. Hume was the founder of the party.
Q. 13. Write names of two leaders of socialist party ?
Ans : Jay Prakash Narayan and Ashoka Mehta.
Q. 14. Mention the era of one party dominance in India ?
Ans : From 1952-1967.
Q. 15. Mention any two ideologies of Bharatiya Jana Sangh.
Ans : Two ideologies of Bharatiya Jana Sangh :
(i) One country and one nation.
(ii) Integrated and Modern India.
Q. 16. Give the names and symbols of any two national parties in India ?
Ans :
| Party | Symbol |
| (i) Indian National Congress. | Hand. |
| (ii) Bharatiya Jana Sangh. | Lotus. |
Q. 17. List the basic requirements to hold free and fair election in a country like India?
Ans : Two basic requirements for free and fair election :
(a) To prevent the corrupt and criminals from contesting elections.
(b) To aware the voters about their political rights and duties.
Q. 18. Who were the Main leaders of CPI ?
Ans : A.K. Gopalan, S.A. Dange, P.C. Joshi Ajoy Ghosh.
Q. 19. Under what conditions did the Indian party system originate ?
Ans : Indian party system was originated in the conditions of national movement.
Q. 20. List two States where Congress was not in power at some point of time during 1952-1967 election.
Ans : Tamilnadu and Kerala.
Q. 21. Fill in the blanks :
(a) The first general elections in___ involved simultaneous elections to the Lok Sabha and___.
Ans : 1952, Assembly election.
(b) In___ the Congress government at the centre dismiss the communist government in___.
Ans : 1957,Kerala.
LONG ANSWER
Q. 1. What kind of step did the election commission of India take for holding election ?
Ans : the election commission of India take some important steps for holding election in India.
These steps are like :
(i) Election Commission wanted to conducted a free and fair election in the country, but which still need delimitation or drawing the boundaries of electoral constituencies.
(ii) It also prepare the electoral rolls, on the list of all citizens eligible to vote.
(ii) When the first draft was published it was discovered that the names of 40 lakhs women were not recorded in the list. The election commission refuse to accept these entries and ordered a revision if possible or delection if necessary.
(iv) The election commission emphasised on some special method of voting. For this reason they trained over 3 lakh officers and polling staff to conduct the election.
Q. 2. Why did an Indian editor call the election is the biggest gamble in history ?
Ans : Indian editor call the election is the biggest gamble in history because the first general election held in India was the first big test of democracy in a poor and illiterate country. Till then democracy has existed only in the prosperous countries, mainly in Europe and North America, where nearly everyone was literate. By that time many countries in Europe has not given voting rights to all women. In this context India’s experiment with Universal adult franchise appeared with very bold and risky.
Q. 3. Who was B.R. Ambedkar ? For whom did he fight ?
Ans : Dr B.R. Ambedkar was the leader of anti caste movement and the Founder father of independent labour party. He was the chairman of drafting committee of the constituent assembly. He became the Minister in Jawaharlal Nehru’s first cabinet after independence.
For his whole life Dr B.R. Ambedkar Fought for the Dalits, labours and the people belonging to scheduled castes.
Q. 4. Explain the view of the communist groups on the India’s freedom struggle.
Ans : The view of the communist groups on the India’s freedom struggle was not very positive. The basic question troubled the party was the nature of the Indian Independence. They thought that the transfer of power in 1947 was not to Independence and encourage Violent uprisings in Telangana. The communist failed to generate popular support for their position and were Crush by the armed forces. This force them to rethink their position. In 1951 the Communist Party abandoned the part of violent Revolution and decided to participate in the approaching general elections.
Q. 5. Explain briefly why we call the Congress Party as the centre of Indian politics ?
Ans : Congress was the only grassroot organisation which existed at the time of existence. Its Federal structure had the basis of internal democracy. It inherited a vast and enriched Legacy from the national struggle. It gave its goodwill and from that it could grow political mileage. The Congress was able to dominate because it was able to adjust the local circumstances. The internal democracy in the party and electoral gains of Congress health Congress to adjust to changes in local balance of power. Congress had emerged as a pressure group of intellectuals, professionals and communal classes in the 20th century. The party possessed a very broad-based Manifesto which comprise something or the other for every section of society. For all these reasons we call the Congress Party as the centre of Indian politics.
Q. 6. When was the Congress Party founded in India and by whom ?
Ans : A.O. Hume founded the Congress party in 1885.
Historical background : The Congress has passed through different phases from being a platform of loyalist reformers, as a forum of enlightened professionals for the articulation of demands and for negotiating greater participation of Indians in the legislatures and local bodies. Under Gandhi, it became a multi-class mass movement. After independence the Congress became a dominant ruling party.
Q. 7. How many national and state parties where there is the time of first general election ?
Ans : There was 6 national political party and 47 state party at the time of first general election.
Q. 8. Explain the policies and programmes of the left parties ?
Ans : Left parties believes in communist ideology and principle. Left parties give importance to protect the rights of labour and farmers. Left parties or causes in equality and exploitation of the rich over the poor. Left parties famous equal distribution of resources.
Q. 9. Write any four reasons for the emergence of the coalition era in the Indian democratic system.
Ans : The four factors for the emergence of coalition government in India :
(i) End of Congress dominance.
(ii) Rising regional political Association.
(iii) Presence of communal political party.
(iv) Increasing strength of the dalits and other backward class political parties.
Q. 10. Write any four features of Indian party system.
Ans : Four characteristics of Indian party system :
(a) Multi-party System.
(b) Emergence Of Regional Political Party.
(c) One Party Dominance.
(d) Lack Of Strong Opposition Political Party.
Q. 11. How do you describe the nature of the party system of India ?
Ans : The three vital factors that determine the pattern of Indian party system are :
(i) A major heritage of the national movement was the building of national consensus on certain essential issues of the three significant dimensions of national interest, namely National unity and political integrations, National Defence and security.
(ii) The other heritage of the national movement was its broad ideological base coalescing the many standard from the radical left to the conservative, traditional right. The coexistence of the left centre and the right in the national movement during the freedom struggle and only give it a wider support base and provided it with all India legitimacy, but also laid down a tradition of toleration and accommodation of different point of view.
(iii) The continental size of the country comprising well defined and distinct social cultural region, with their own language and dialects, specific patterns of caste, community and tribal formations, provided the objective conditions for the rise of regional parties and groups.
Q. 12. Write any four reasons for domination of one party system in India ?
Ans : Four reasons for domination of one party system in India :
(i) Indian National Congress was the first and oldest party enjoy Supremacy over other parties.
(ii) Indian National Congress Party is the largest party having wide organised party network all over India.
(iii) Indian National Congress let the freedom struggle and won Independence for India.
(iv) There is lack of well organised strong opposition political party in India.
| Sl. No. | CONTENTS |
| Unit 1 | PART – 1 |
| Chapter 1 | The Cold War Era |
| Chapter 2 | The End of Bipolarity |
| Chapter 3 | US Hegemony in World Politics |
| Chapter 4 | Alternative Centres Of Power |
| Chapter 5 | Contemporary South Asia |
| Chapter 6 | International Organisations |
| Chapter 7 | Security In The Contemporary World |
| Chapter 8 | Environment And Natural Resources |
| Chapter 9 | Globalisation |
| Unit 2 | PART – 2 |
| Chapter 1 | Era of One-Party Dominance |
| Chapter 2 | Challenges of Nation Building |
| Chapter 3 | Politics Of Planned Development |
| Chapter 4 | India’s External Relations |
| Chapter 5 | Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System |
| Chapter 6 | The Crisis of Democratic Order |
| Chapter 7 | Rise of Popular Movements |
| Chapter 8 | Regional Aspirations |
| Chapter 9 | Recent Developments in India Politics |
Q. 13. List the aims and goals of socialist party of India. Why the party did not prove itself as an effective alternative to the Congress.
Ans : the origin of the socialist party can be traced back to the mass movement stage of the Indian National Congress in pre independence era. The socialist believe in the ideology of democratic socialism which distinguished them from both the Congress as well as the communists. The criticised the Congress for favouring capitalists and landlord and for ignoring the workers and the peasants.
Congress socialist party was formed within the Congress in 1934 by a group of young leaders who wanted a more radical and egalitarian Congress. In 1948, the Congress amended its institution to prevent its members from having dual party membership. This force the socialists to form a separate socialist party in 1948. The party is electoral performance caused much disappointment to its supporters. All the party hdd presence in most of the states of India it could a chief electoral success only in a few pockets.
But the socialist faced a dilemma when in 1855 the Congress declared its goal to be the socialist pattern of society. Thus it became difficult for the socialist to present themselves as an effective alternative to the Congress. Some of them led by Rammanohar Lohia, increased their distance from and criticism of the Congress party. Some others like Ashoka Mehta advocated a limited corporation with the Congress.
The socialist party went through many splits and reunions leading to the formation of many socialist parties. This included the Kisan Mazdoor, Praja Party, The Praja Socialist Party And Sanyukta Socialist Party. Jaya Prakash Narayan, Achyut Patwardhan, Ashoka Mehta, Aacharya Narendra Dev, S M Joshi, Rammanohar Lohia were among the leaders of the socialist party. Many parties in contemporary India, like Samajwadi Party and Rashtriya Janata Dal, Janata Dal (United) and the Janata Dal (Secular) trace their origin to the socialist party.
Q. 14. “Opposition is divided house in India” – Explain.
Ans : An effective responsible and responsive position is the Hallmark of a democracy in the life blood of a competitive party system. A descriptive note on role of opposition in a democracy is cited below –
(i) Criticise the ruling party :- The opposition acts like a restraining force as it represents legitimate dissent. It is as much the duty of the opposition to criticise as that of the government to govern. The opposition criticises and exposes the mistakes, shortcomings, failures, lapses etc. of the ruling party and thus acts like a necessary corrective to it.
(ii) Ventilate the grievances of the people :- The opposition has to ventilate the grievances of the people and helps the government to know their views. In this way, they help in the formulation of policy. By drawing the attention of the government to the situations where there are grave violations.
(iii) Expression of views :- Several committees are appointed by the legislature for its better working. In these committees the opposition gets adequate representation and also a chance to scrutinise and express its views on various issues. Many a times, they oppose issues and ventilate their viewpoint. They thereby also educate the people.
(iv) Act as alternative form of government :- The opposition also acts like an alternative government or as the government in waiting when the government collapse before its five-year term. If the opposition expresses its inability to do so, then there would be mid-term elections.
Q. 16. Say True or False :
(a) At the time of our general election in in the year 1952 there were 14 national parties.
Ans : False.
(b) Dr BR Ambedkar adopted Buddhism in 1956.
Ans : True.
(c) India has a multi party system.
Ans : True.
(d) Shyama Prasad Mukherjee who was the founder president of Communist Party of India.
Ans : False.
(e) In the first general election the Indian National Congress was led by Lal Bahadur Shastri.
Ans : False.
(f) The Swatantra party was formed in 1955.
Ans : False.
Q. 17. Mention the names of four political parties which were established before independence.
Ans : The political parties which was established before independence are :
(i) Indian National Congress.
(ii) Communist Party.
(iii) Muslim League.
(iv) Socialist Party.
VERY LONG ANSWER
Q. 1. Explain briefly the history of elections held in 1952.
Ans : The first general election is held in 1952. Which is regarded as a landmark in India.
The history behind it is like :
(i) The election was held in a very competitive situation their on an average more than 4 candidates for each seat.
(ii) The level of participation was encouraging more than half the Eligible voters turned out to vote.
(iii) When the results were declared this were accepted as unfair even by the losers.
(iv) In first general election more than half of Indian population was illiterate, still the election to place smoothly.
(v) The Indian experiment proved that protects wrong who thought that Indian democratic experiment would prove to be a failure.
(vi) Moreover a free and fair election was conducted and women got a chance to vote too. It became a milestone in the history of democracy all over the world. It was no longer possible to argue that democratic election could not be held in conditions of poverty or the lack of education.It prove that democracy could be practiced anywhere in the world.
Q. 2. Discuss the national Revolutionary party.
Ans : National Revolutionary Party founded in 1929 exercise power in Mexico for almost six decades. Later it is reminded as the the Institutional Revolutionary Party that P.R.I.(in spanish). It represented the Legacy of the Mexican Revolution, originally P.R.I. was a mixture of various interests including political and military leaders, labour and peasant organisations and numerous political parties. Over a period of time, Plutarco Elias Calles, the founder of P.R.I.
was able to capture the organisation and thereby the government. Elections were held at regular intervals and it was the P.R.I. which won every time other parties existed only for namesake. Electoral laws were operated in such a manner that only P.R.I. won the elections. Elections were often rigged and manipulated by the ruling party. Its rule was described as “the perfect dictatorship” and finally the party lost in the Presidential elections held in 2000. Mexico is no longer a one-party dominated country. But the tactics was adopted by the P.R.I. during the period of its dominance had a long-term effect on the health of democracy. The citizens have yet to develop full confidence in the free and fair nature of elections.
Q. 3. Explain the Congress dominance in the first three general election.
Ans : The Indian National Congress held unique political accomplishments. The Congress dominated the Indian political scenario from 1947-1967.
The factors responsible for its dominance are :
(i) Legacy of National Struggle :- The Congress Party had inherited a vast and enriched Legacy from the Nationalist struggle. It gave its Goodwill political mileage. Party leaders like Nehru and Shastri were quite popular for spending years in jail and others deprivations the endured. The legacy of Nationalist movement held in forging coherence and Unity in the wake of parties internal pluralism.
(ii) Grassroot Organisation :- Congress was the only grassroot organisation which existed at the time of existence. Its Federal structure has the basis of internal democracy. This helped it to resolved internal feuds and cement party cohesion. Internal party elections served as means of legitimising party leadership and training party workers in the skill of political competition. It helped in awarding the movable members.
(iii) Adjustment To Local Circumstances :- The Congress was able to dominate because it was able to local circumstances. The erstwhile landed aristocracy completed for power within the Congress. The internal democracy in the party and electoral gains of Congress held Congress to adjust to changes in local balance of power. Further the broad base allowed Congress event to incorporate successful opposition leaders along with its fold. It served as a channel to inform about local conditions to party hierarchy
(iv) Attract New Supporters :- With the expansion of development role of the state resources which could be disbursed to party members also increased. The growing pool of resources and opportunities and have the ability of Congress to adjust conflicts among its members. The party reaped benefits of a Virtuous cycle in which the electoral gains provided it access to politico-economic resources to garner new supporters.
(v) Limited Role Of Opposition :- From 1947 to 1967 we see a very limited role played by the opposition political parties. There were a number of reasons why the opposition was not able to unite against the Congress. Some of the main reasons were the internal differences within the socialist fold, reservations of CPI, presence of dynamic leaders like Nehru in the Congress, the inability of the opposition to unite and to provide a collective leadership in the absence of one widely accepted leader in their midst, lack of clarity of thought and approach among them and also their appeal being limited to certain pockets.
(vi) Management :- The Congress possessed strong managerial skills. It could easily tackle the differences that cropped up within the various factions of the Congress party. The rivalries and differences were dealt with great technique and patience. This allowed the Congress to remain as a grand centrist party which facilitated the party to win elections term after term.
Q. 4. When was the Bharatiya Jana Sangh formed? Discuss its ideology.
Ans : Bharatiya Jana Sangh was founded in 1951 with Dr Shyama Prasad Mukherjee as his founder president.
Its main ideology are :
(i) The Jana Sangh emphasises the one of one country, one culture and one Nation.
(ii)It believed that the country could become modern progressive and strong on the basis of Indian culture and traditions.
(iii) The party called for a reunion of India and Pakistan in AKHAND BHARAT.
(iv) The party was in forefront of the agitation to replace English with Hindi as the official language of India and also opposed to the granting of concessions to religious and cultural minorities.
(v)The party was a consistent advocate of India developing nuclear weapons especially after China carried out is atomic tests in 1964.
In the 1950s Jana Sangh remained as the margins of the electoral politics and was able to secure only three Lok Sabha seats in 1952 election and 4 seats in 1957 general election in Lok Sabha. The support base centred around the urban areas of Hindi speaking states of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh. The party’s initial leaders included Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Deen Dayal Upadhyaya and Balraj Madhok. The Bharatiya Janata Party traces its root to the Bharatiya Jana Sangh.
Q. 5. Explain briefly the Swatantra party.
Ans : The Swatantra Party formed in August 1959 the Nagpur resolution of the Congress with old for land ailings, take-over of food grain red by the state and adoption of cooperative farming. The party was led by old congressman like C. Rajagopalachari, K.M. Munshi, N.G. Ranga and Minoo Masani. The parties stood out from the others in terms of its position on economic issues.
The Swatantra party was against land ceilings in agriculture and post Cooperative farming and state trading. It was also opposed to the progressive tax regime and demanded dismantling of the licence regime. It was critical of the policy of non alignment and maintaining friendly relations with the Soviet Union and advocated closer ties with the United States.
The Swatantra Party wanted the government to be less and less involved in controlling the economic. It believed that prosperity could come only through individual freedom. It was critical of the development strategy of state intervention in the economy, centralised planning, nationalism and the public sector. It instead favoured expansion of a free private sector. The Swatantra party gained strength in different parts of the country by way of merger with numerous national parties and interests.
It attracted the landlord and princess who wanted to protect their land and status that was being threatened by business class who were against nationalism and the licensing Policy was also supported the party. Is narrow social ways and the lack of a dedicated Cadbury of party members did not allow it to build a strong organisational network.
Q. 6. Describe the origin and split of Communist Party of India.
Ans : The Communist Party of India was formed in early 1920. The Communist Party of India was found taking inspiration from the bolshevik revolution in Soviet Russia, Communist Party of India was formed in 1954. The aim of the party was to free India from British colonial ruler. However in 1964 the Communist Party was divided into two separate party is there Communist Party of India (Marxist) and Communist Party of India. Again in 1969 and other Communist Party was emerged only Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist).
Q. 7. Write a note on the emergence of opposition party in India.
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 15 (Long Answer).
Q. 8. Give the comparative analysis of the nature of Congress dominance.
Ans : The Indian National Congress held unique political accomplishments. The Congress dominated the Indian political scenario from 1947-1967.
The factors responsible for its dominance are :
(i) Legacy of National Struggle :- The Congress Party had inherited a vast and enriched Legacy from the Nationalist struggle. It gave its Goodwill political mileage. Party leaders like Nehru and Shastri were quite popular for spending years in jail and others deprivations the endured. The legacy of Nationalist movement held in forging coherence and Unity in the wake of parties internal pluralism.
(ii) Grassroot Organisation :- Congress was the only grassroot organisation which existed at the time of existence. Its Federal structure has the basis of internal democracy. This helped it to resolved internal feuds and cement party cohesion. Internal party elections served as means of legitimising party leadership and training party workers in the skill of political competition. It helped in awarding the movable members.
(iii) Adjustment To Local Circumstances :- The Congress was able to dominate because it was able to local circumstances. The erstwhile landed aristocracy completed for power within the Congress. The internal democracy in the party and electoral gains of Congress held Congress to adjust to changes in local balance of power. Further the broad base allowed Congress event to incorporate successful opposition leaders along with its fold. It served as a channel to inform about local conditions to party hierarchy
(iv) Attract New Supporters :- With the expansion of development role of the state resources which could be disbursed to party members also increased. The growing pool of resources and opportunities and have the ability of Congress to adjust conflicts among its members. The party reaped benefits of a Virtuous cycle in which the electoral gains provided it access to politico-economic resources to garner new supporters.
(v) Limited Role Of Opposition :- From 1947 to 1967 we see a very limited role played by the opposition political parties. There were a number of reasons why the opposition was not able to unite against the Congress. Some of the main reasons were the internal differences within the socialist fold, reservations of CPI, presence of dynamic leaders like Nehru in the Congress, the inability of the opposition to unite and to provide a collective leadership in the absence of one widely accepted leader in their midst, lack of clarity of thought and approach among them and also their appeal being limited to certain pockets.
(vi) Management :- The Congress possessed strong managerial skills. It could easily tackle the differences that cropped up within the various factions of the Congress party. The rivalries and differences were dealt with great technique and patience. This allowed the Congress to remain as a grand centrist party which facilitated the party to win elections term after term.
Q. 9. What is a dominant party system ? Give an example of such a system.
Ans : One party dominance means a situation, where many political party contest, but only one political party gets absolute majority almost in every election. India is one example of one dominant party system.Though many political party contests, in the election, both at centres and states it was till 1967 that only Congress won, the elections. That is why some thinkers opined that Indian party system is one party dominance system.
Q. 10. Discuss the uneven trend of Congress party at the state level.
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 3 (very long answer)
Q. 11. Write a short note on political parties before independence.
Ans : The first political party of India was established in 1885. It was formed by an European. The name of the party is Indian National Congress which was established by A.O. Hume. In 1906 another political party was established. The name of the party was Muslim League. Then in 1924 Communist Party was established. Again in 1934 Swatantra party was formed.
Q. 12. Find out the ideological difference between Bharatiya Jana Sangh and Communist party of India.
Ans : Differences between socialist party and Communist Party are :
(a) The socialist believed in the ideology of democratic socialism whereas Communist Party worked mainly within the fold of the Congress Party.
(b) The socialist believe in peaceful constitutional methods, while Communist Party believed in peaceful and violent methods.
(c) The socialists criticise the Congress preparing capitalist and landlords and ignoring the working class and farmers. The Communist Party believed in the Welfare of workers and peasants.
Differences between Bhartiya Jana Sangh and Swatantra Party-
(a) Bharatiya Jana Sangh believed in the ideology of ‘one country, one nation, one culture and one national ideal; on the other hand, the Swatantra Party believed in equality of opportunity for all people without distinction of religion, caste, race, etc.
(b) Bharatiya Jana Sangh stands for the nationalism of basic defence Industries but it does not favour the policy of taking more and more Industries under state ownership and control because it believes that this tendency is harmful both for democracy and economic development. Swatantra party stands for the principle of maximum freedom for the individual and minimum interference by the state.
(c) Jana Sangh favours to follow the policy of non alignment with the two power blocs as also of non involvement in international affairs not directly affecting India. Swatantra party was critical of the policy of non alignment in advocated closes ties with USA.
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