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Class 12 Political Science Chapter 11 Challenges of Nation Building
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Challenges of Nation Building
Unit -11
PART – 2
VERY SHORT ANSWER
Q. 1. Who was the first Prime Minister of India ?
Ans : Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Prime Minister of India.
Q. 2. How many kinds of challenges that independent India faced ?
Ans : Independent India Phase 3 kinds of challenges.
Q. 3. On 14-15 August 1947 two nation-states came into existence one is India, what is the other ?
Ans : The other country get independent in 14-15 August was Pakistan.
Q. 4. Name the two cities which became divided into communal zones at the time of partition.
Ans : The two cities which became divided into communal zones at the time of partition are Amritsar and Lahore.
Q. 5. What is princely state ?
Ans : The state under the rule of Princes are known as princely state.
Q. 6. Who was Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel ?
Ans : Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was the first home minister and Deputy Premier of India.
Q. 7. Who was the Maharaja of Manipur in the time of independence ?
Ans : Bodha Chandra Singh was the Maharaja of Manipur at the time of independence.
Q. 8. In which year was the Nagpur session held ?
Ans : The Nagpur session was held in 1932.
Q. 9. Name two states that were affected by the partition.
Ans : The two states that affected by the partition where Punjab and Bengal.
Q. 10. Say True or False :
(a) Broadly independent India first three kinds of challenges.
Ans : True.
(b) The year 1947 was the year of one of the largest most abrupt and unplanned and tragic incidents.
Ans : True.
(c) The process of nation building came to an end with creation of Pakistan and integration of princely states.
Ans : True.
(d) Struggle for survival first published in 1951/1953/1955)
Ans : 1953.
Q. 11. When India got independence ?
And : India got independence in 1947.
Q. 12. What do you mean by British paramountcy ?
Ans : British paramountcy means degrees of autonomy enjoyed by princes and British power protected them from their own people.
Q. 13. Give the concept of ‘Two Nations Theory’ ?
Ans : Two Nation Theory is the main basis for partition, introduced by M.A. Jinnah in January, 1940.
Q. 14. What were the goals of Pt Nehru ?
Ans : To establish a secular, social and democratic India.
Q. 15. When was the Indian Constitution enforced ?
Ans : Indian Constitution was enforced in 1950, 26th January.
Q. 16. Why the people of Hyderabad were against the Nazim’s rule ?
Ans : Due to the Muslim fanatics of Hyderabad.
Q. 17. Who was the victim of oppressive rule of Nazim ?
Ans : Muslim Brothers.
Q. 18. Which princely state was the first state to hold election on the basis of Universal adult franchise ?
Ans : Manipur
Q. 19. Which princely states created some problems in becoming a part of India ?
Ans : Jammu and Kashmir.
Q. 20. What was the main provision of agreement ‘the instrument of accession’ ?
Ans : The instrument of accession means that the state agreed to become a part of the Union of India.
Q. 21. Fill in the blanks :
(a) Meghalaya was carved out of ___ in 1972.
Ans : Assam.
Q. 22. On which date Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir signed the instrument of accession to India ?
Ans : 24th October, 1947.
SHORT ANSWER
Q. 1. Mention the first challenge that India has to accept.
Ans : The first and the immediate challenge that India had to accept was to shape a nation that was united, yet accommodative of the diversity in our society. Being a land of continental size and diversity with multifarious language, culture and religions, it was believed that the country could not remain together for long. The partition of the country appeared to prove everyone’s worst fears.
Q. 2.”We have a Muslim minority who was so large in numbers that they cannot even if they want, go any where else ” -who said it and when ?
Ans : This statement had quated by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, in his letter to Chief Minister on 15 October, 1947. That is a basic fact about which there can be no agreement.
Q. 3. Before independence, there was a two nation theory advanced by the Muslim League. What are the two nations included in this theory ?
Ans : The two nations included in the two nation theory are India and Pakistan. India will include Hindu people and it will be known as Hindustan while Pakistan will include Muslim people.
Q. 4. When was Mahatma Gandhi killed by whom ?
Ans : Mahatma Gandhi was killed on 30th January 1948 by a extremist namely Nathuram Vinayak Godse in a prayer meeting held in Delhi.
Q. 5. British India was divided into two areas. What were these two ?
Ans : The British India was divided into two areas namely – British Indian provinces and princely states.
Q. 6. What is meant by ‘Niram’ ?
Ans : Niram means the ruler of the princely state and one of the richest man in the world over.
Q. 7. In which part of India, was first election held on the basis of Universal Adult Franchise ?
Ans : In Manipur, of India, was first election held on the basis of Universal Adult Franchise.
Q. 8. Name two states that were affected by the partition of the country.
Ans : Punjab and Bengal were the Two States affected by the partition of the country.
Q. 9. Name the two state of today that were once a union territory.
Ans : Goa and Manipur were the Two States of today which were once a union territory.
Q. 10. When was the states reorganisation act passed? Name any one state created under this act.
Ans : The States Reorganization Act was passed in 1955. According to this act the states was created on the basis of language. Madhya Pradesh was one of such State created under this act.
Q. 11. What were the three challenges that independent India faced ?
Ans : The three challenges are :
(i) Strengthening the unity of the country.
(ii) Building up a democratic polity and Society.
(iii) Development and progress of the country.
Q. 12. What was the immediate outcome of ‘Two Nation Theory’ ?
Ans : The immediate outcome of the two nation theory was partition of the country.
Q. 13. What was announced by the British Governor General Mountbatten on June 3 1947 ?
Ans : India will be divided on the basis of religion.
Q. 14. Mention any two provision, which reflect special status to Jammu and Kashmir ?
Ans : (i) The state of Jammu and Kashmir has its own constitution.
(ii)The state of Jammu and Kashmir enjoys special autonomy.
Q. 15. How many states and union territories were created under the States Reorganisation Act ?
Ans : 14 states and 6 union territories where created under the States Reorganisation Act.
Q. 16. Why did the leaders of the national movement cherish the ideal of a secular Nation ? Give reason ?
Ans : The leaders of the national movement is the ideal of secular Nation because India is a multi region country.
Q. 17. What was the most important Recommendation of the State Reorganisation Commission ?
Ans : The important Recommendation of State Reorganisation Commission was to reorganize the state on the basis of language.
Q. 18. ‘Goa was not merged with Maharashtra as the Central Government did not want it’ ?
Ans : Goa was not merged with Maharashtra as the control government did not want it.
Q. 19. Write two negative traits in Nehruvian policy.
Ans : The following negative traits in Nehruvian policy can readily be identified as :
(i) A basic element of continuity with the British style of governance.
(ii) The strengthening of the right in the congress.
LONG ANSWER
Q. 1. Discuss the two challenges that India had to face immediately after independence.
Ans : Immediately after independence there were many challenges or problems in independent India that needed a solution.
The challenges are the following :
(i) To shape a nation :- The first and foremost challenge was the political unification and integration of the territory. India is a land of Continental sizes and diversity. Their around 600 states of varying sizes and population. The partition of the country appeared to prove everyone’s worst fears. Hence there was a serious question about the future India, i.e. would India survive as unified country.
(ii) To establish democratic form of government :- The second challenge was to establish democratic form of government. Democracy in function according to constitutional norms. This means India will have representative democracy based on the parliamentary form of government.
(iii) To ensure the development and well being of the society :- The third challenge came in the way to evolve effective policies for economic development and eradication of poverty and unemployment. The Indian Constitution set out in the Directive Principles of State Policy the welfare goals that democratic politics must achieve.
Q. 2. Explain the ‘Two Nation Theory’ in brief.
Ans : In 1947, India was divided into two Nation States India and Pakistan. The division was based on the Two Nation Theory advocated by Muslim League which said that India consisted of not one but ‘two people’ Hindus and Muslims. That is why it demanded Pakistan a separate country for the Muslims. The Congress absolutely oppose this theory. But several political developments in 1940’s, the political competition between the Congress and Muslim League and the British role led to the decision for the creation of Pakistan.
Q. 3. What did the word ‘Division Of Hearts Imply’. Discuss ?
Ans : The words Division Of Hearts are related to the traumatic process of partition of India into two sovereign States. Writers, poets and film makers in India and Pakistan have expressed the ruthlessness of the killing and the suffering of displacement and violence in their novels, short stories, poems and films. While recounting the trauma of partition the survivors of partition and called as Division Of Hearts.
Q. 4. Gandhiji’s action when not like it by all. If so why explain.
Ans : Gandhiji’s actions were not like by all at a whole. Extremists in both the communities blame him for their critical conditions. He was basically disliked by those who wanted Hindus to take revenge or who wanted India to become a country for the Hindus just like Pakistan was for Muslim. They accused Gandhiji for acting in the interest of the Muslims and Pakistan. His stead fast pursuit Hindu Muslim Unity provoke Hindu extremist so that they made several attempts to assassinate Gandhiji.
| Sl. No. | CONTENTS |
| Unit 1 | PART – 1 |
| Chapter 1 | The Cold War Era |
| Chapter 2 | The End of Bipolarity |
| Chapter 3 | US Hegemony in World Politics |
| Chapter 4 | Alternative Centres Of Power |
| Chapter 5 | Contemporary South Asia |
| Chapter 6 | International Organisations |
| Chapter 7 | Security In The Contemporary World |
| Chapter 8 | Environment And Natural Resources |
| Chapter 9 | Globalisation |
| Unit 2 | PART – 2 |
| Chapter 1 | Era of One-Party Dominance |
| Chapter 2 | Challenges of Nation Building |
| Chapter 3 | Politics Of Planned Development |
| Chapter 4 | India’s External Relations |
| Chapter 5 | Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System |
| Chapter 6 | The Crisis of Democratic Order |
| Chapter 7 | Rise of Popular Movements |
| Chapter 8 | Regional Aspirations |
| Chapter 9 | Recent Developments in India Politics |
Q. 5. What were British Indian provinces ? How did they differ from the Princely States ?
Ans : British India was divided into British Indian provinces and the Princely States. The British Indian provinces were directly under the control of the British government.
On the other hand, several large and small states ruled by princess, called the princely states, enjoyed some form of control over their internal affairs as long as they accepted. British Supremacy, which was called paramountly or Suzemainty of the British crown. Princely states covered one-third of the land area of the British Indian Empire and one cut of four Indians lined under princely rule.
Q. 6. Explain any four factors which determine Nation-building ?
Ans : Nation-building as a multi-dimensional process required new approach. The first need was to develop a sense of collective consciousness among people so that the nation recovering from the pitfalls of partition and refugee migration could give social Security to its citizens. Further the economic depletion had to be stopped by setting the path of economic development. The parliamentary institutions and steel frame Bureaucratic Raj adopted from the west failed to live upto the expectations. All the made the process of development the only visible symbol of unity in post independent India.
Q. 7. Mention four features of the Indian language problem ?
Ans : India’s language problem is very much complicated. It is a formidable problem in the way of national integration. The language controversy started with Hindi being given the status of official language of India. People, speaking non-Hindi language, specially those in South India protested and demanded secession from India. The question of language is a sensitive one and people get easily provoleed over the issue.
Q. 8. Discuss the events related to partition of India ?
Ans : Same as Ans Of Q. No. 2. (Long Answer)
Q. 9. What were the consequences of the partition of India in 1947 ?
Ans : Same as Ans Of Q. No. 3. (Very Long Answer)
Q. 10. Explain in details Kashmir Accession of India ?
Ans : In 1947, when India was partitioned, Maharaja Hari Singh, The Hindu ruler of Muslim dominated Kashmir, dreamt of an independent state of Kashmir. In the meantime, Pakistan sent Pakistani tribal armies to Kashmir to disturb the peace of Kashmir and force the Maharaja to join Pakistan. Alarmed at this intrusion, Hari Singh asked India for assistance. However, India asked him to sign instrument of accession and after Sheikh Abdullah, the leader of the National Conference of Kashmir assented India accepted the merger of Jammu and Kashmir to India. India then sent its forces to Kashmir by Pakistan’s and military 82 troopers aiding Azad Kashmir movement.
There was sudden fault to the war as the matter went to United Nations. The United Nations Security Council to pass a resolution to bring the war to permanent and. But till that no solution has been pronounced by UN as Pakistan has close links with USA, the dominant Nation in United Nations.
The dispute, however, has carried on since then the Kashmir is an integral part of India because as per Indian Independence Act, the princely states were free to join India and Pakistan. It is a legal instrument and not invalid as claimed by Pakistan.
Q. 11. Write a note on people’s movement on Hyderabad ?
Ans : “Hyderabad” was the largest museum state of Indian territory. The ruler of this largest territory was known as Nizam and he was one of the world’s richest man. Like the princely states of Junagadh and Bhopal, Hyderabad’s ruler also did not have the intention to join India or Pakistan. He wanted to remain independent and entered into standstill agreement.
On the other hand, the people of Hyderabad were not happy with the non democratic rule of Nizam. The Nizam committed atrocities on the minorities including women and children. He asked high amount of tax from farmers who are non Muslims. His crime were mainly done by Raja kars who are the military of the Nizam. In the meantime movement of the people of Hyderabad state against the Nizam rule gathered force.
In retaliation the Nizam responded by unleashing a parliamentary force called the Raja kars on the people. Ultimately the central government had to order the army to tackle the situation. In September 1948 Indian Army moved in to control the nizam’s force. The Nizam was arrested in the Indian government took charge of the administration of Hyderabad. The Nizam signed instrument of accession with India. From this point onwards Hyderabad was made and integral part of India.
Q. 12.”Independence for India was not the path of roses”- Exlain ?
Ans : Immediately after independence there were many challenges or problems in independent India that needed a solution.
The challenges are the following :
(i) To shape a nation :- The first and foremost challenge was the political unification and integration of the territory. India is a land of Continental sizes and diversity. Their around 600 states of varying sizes and population. The partition of the country appeared to prove everyone’s worst fears. Hence there was a serious question about the future India, i.e. would India survive as unified country.
(ii) To establish democratic form of government :- The second challenge was to establish democratic form of government. Democracy in function according to constitutional norms. This means India will have representative democracy based on the parliamentary form of government.
(iii) To ensure the development and well being of the society :- The third challenge came in the way to evolve effective policies for economic development and eradication of poverty and unemployment. The Indian Constitution set out in the Directive Principles of State Policy the welfare goals that democratic politics must achieve.
Q. 13. Write a note on Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel ?
Ans : Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel played a historical role in negotiating with the rulers of princely states. He was India’s Deputy Prime Minister and the home minister during the integration of Indian states. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was firm and dedicated leader of the freedom struggle of India.
VERY LONG ANSWER
Q. 1. Explain the two goals for the independent India to achieve as it easy to fulfill them ?
Ans : The two goals for the independent India to achieve as it easy to fulfill them are :
(i) India to be governed by a democratic principles that means the government should be democratic one.
(ii) Secondly, the government to be run by all for the good of all classes of people, particularly the poor and the socially disadvantaged groups. Now, that the country was independent, the time had come to realise the promise of freedom.
Q. 2. Describe the three challenges that India had to accept.
Ans : Immediately after independence there were many challenges or problems in independent India that needed a solution.
The challenges are the following :
(i) To shape a nation :- The first and foremost challenge was the political unification and integration of the territory. India is a land of Continental sizes and diversity. Their around 600 states of varying sizes and population. The partition of the country appeared to prove everyone’s worst fears. Hence there was a serious question about the future India, i.e. would India survive as unified country.
(ii) To establish democratic form of government :- The second challenge was to establish democratic form of government. Democracy in function according to constitutional norms. This means India will have representative democracy based on the parliamentary form of government.
(iii) To ensure the development and well being of the society :- The third challenge came in the way to evolve effective policies for economic development and eradication of poverty and unemployment. The Indian Constitution set out in the Directive Principles of State Policy the welfare goals that democratic politics must achieve.
Q. 3. Explain the consequences of partition.
Ans : The partition of India in 1947 brought tragic consequences. In fact it was holocaust :
(i) Communal Clash :-
(a) In the name of religion people of one community ruthlessly killed and maimed people of the other community.
(b) There were killings and atrocities on both sides of the border. Cities like Lahore, Amritsar and Kolkata became divided into communal zones.
(ii) Social Trauma :-
(a) People went through immense sufferings. They were forced to abandon their homes and move across borders. Minorities on both sides of the border were the most suffers. The women and children were mostly the victims.
(b) Many children were separated from their families and the women were raped and abucted. In many cases women were killed by their family members to preserve the family honour.
(iii) Administrative concerns :-
(a) Apart from geographical division of India there was division of Administrative Apparatus. The employees of Government and the Railways were also divided.
(b) Financial assists and things like tables, chairs, typewriters, paper Flip Books and also musical instruments of police band.
Q. 4. Discuss the three considerations of government approach in regard to integration.
Ans : that reconsideration of government approach in regard to integration are :
(i) Firstly, the people of most of the princely states clearly wanted to become part of the Indian Union.
(ii) The government was prepared to be flexible in giving autonomy to some regions. The idea was to accommodate plurality and flexible approach in dealing with the demands of the regions.
(iii) Thirdly, in the backdrop of partition which brought into focus the contest over demarcation of territory, the integration and consolidation of the territorial boundaries of the nation had assumed supreme importance.
Q. 5. When was the States Reorganisation Commission appointed? Discuss its function.
Ans : State Reorganisation Commission was formed in 1953 by mark he internal boundaries of India. This Commission submitted its report in the year in 1956 which recommended division of India into 14 states and 6 union territories.
The function of this commission are :
(a) The States Reorganisation Commission looked into the the question of redrawing of the boundaries of state.
(b) The commission in his report accepted that the boundaries of the state should reflect the boundaries of different languages.
(c) It recommended the formation of linguistic states i.e. linguistic reorganization. This recommendation in turn gave some uniform basis to the drawing of state boundaries.
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