Class 12 Political Science Chapter 10 Era of One-Party Dominance The answer to each chapter is provided in the list so that you can easily browse through different chapters Assam Board HS Class 12 Political Science Chapter 10 Era of One-Party Dominance and select needs one.
Class 12 Political Science Chapter 10 Era of One-Party Dominance
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VERY LONG ANSWER
Q. 1. Explain briefly the history of elections held in 1952.
Ans : The first general election is held in 1952. Which is regarded as a landmark in India.
The history behind it is like :
(i) The election was held in a very competitive situation their on an average more than 4 candidates for each seat.
(ii) The level of participation was encouraging more than half the Eligible voters turned out to vote.
(iii) When the results were declared this were accepted as unfair even by the losers.
(iv) In first general election more than half of Indian population was illiterate, still the election to place smoothly.
(v) The Indian experiment proved that protects wrong who thought that Indian democratic experiment would prove to be a failure.
(vi) Moreover a free and fair election was conducted and women got a chance to vote too. It became a milestone in the history of democracy all over the world. It was no longer possible to argue that democratic election could not be held in conditions of poverty or the lack of education.It prove that democracy could be practiced anywhere in the world.
Q. 2. Discuss the national Revolutionary party.
Ans : National Revolutionary Party founded in 1929 exercise power in Mexico for almost six decades. Later it is reminded as the the Institutional Revolutionary Party that P.R.I.(in spanish). It represented the Legacy of the Mexican Revolution, originally P.R.I. was a mixture of various interests including political and military leaders, labour and peasant organisations and numerous political parties. Over a period of time, Plutarco Elias Calles, the founder of P.R.I.
was able to capture the organisation and thereby the government. Elections were held at regular intervals and it was the P.R.I. which won every time other parties existed only for namesake. Electoral laws were operated in such a manner that only P.R.I. won the elections. Elections were often rigged and manipulated by the ruling party. Its rule was described as “the perfect dictatorship” and finally the party lost in the Presidential elections held in 2000. Mexico is no longer a one-party dominated country. But the tactics was adopted by the P.R.I. during the period of its dominance had a long-term effect on the health of democracy. The citizens have yet to develop full confidence in the free and fair nature of elections.
Q. 3. Explain the Congress dominance in the first three general election.
Ans : The Indian National Congress held unique political accomplishments. The Congress dominated the Indian political scenario from 1947-1967.
The factors responsible for its dominance are :
(i) Legacy of National Struggle :- The Congress Party had inherited a vast and enriched Legacy from the Nationalist struggle. It gave its Goodwill political mileage. Party leaders like Nehru and Shastri were quite popular for spending years in jail and others deprivations the endured. The legacy of Nationalist movement held in forging coherence and Unity in the wake of parties internal pluralism.
(ii) Grassroot Organisation :- Congress was the only grassroot organisation which existed at the time of existence. Its Federal structure has the basis of internal democracy. This helped it to resolved internal feuds and cement party cohesion. Internal party elections served as means of legitimising party leadership and training party workers in the skill of political competition. It helped in awarding the movable members.
(iii) Adjustment To Local Circumstances :- The Congress was able to dominate because it was able to local circumstances. The erstwhile landed aristocracy completed for power within the Congress. The internal democracy in the party and electoral gains of Congress held Congress to adjust to changes in local balance of power. Further the broad base allowed Congress event to incorporate successful opposition leaders along with its fold. It served as a channel to inform about local conditions to party hierarchy
(iv) Attract New Supporters :- With the expansion of development role of the state resources which could be disbursed to party members also increased. The growing pool of resources and opportunities and have the ability of Congress to adjust conflicts among its members. The party reaped benefits of a Virtuous cycle in which the electoral gains provided it access to politico-economic resources to garner new supporters.
(v) Limited Role Of Opposition :- From 1947 to 1967 we see a very limited role played by the opposition political parties. There were a number of reasons why the opposition was not able to unite against the Congress. Some of the main reasons were the internal differences within the socialist fold, reservations of CPI, presence of dynamic leaders like Nehru in the Congress, the inability of the opposition to unite and to provide a collective leadership in the absence of one widely accepted leader in their midst, lack of clarity of thought and approach among them and also their appeal being limited to certain pockets.
(vi) Management :- The Congress possessed strong managerial skills. It could easily tackle the differences that cropped up within the various factions of the Congress party. The rivalries and differences were dealt with great technique and patience. This allowed the Congress to remain as a grand centrist party which facilitated the party to win elections term after term.
Q. 4. When was the Bharatiya Jana Sangh formed? Discuss its ideology.
Ans : Bharatiya Jana Sangh was founded in 1951 with Dr Shyama Prasad Mukherjee as his founder president.
Its main ideology are :
(i) The Jana Sangh emphasises the one of one country, one culture and one Nation.
(ii)It believed that the country could become modern progressive and strong on the basis of Indian culture and traditions.
(iii) The party called for a reunion of India and Pakistan in AKHAND BHARAT.
(iv) The party was in forefront of the agitation to replace English with Hindi as the official language of India and also opposed to the granting of concessions to religious and cultural minorities.
(v)The party was a consistent advocate of India developing nuclear weapons especially after China carried out is atomic tests in 1964.
In the 1950s Jana Sangh remained as the margins of the electoral politics and was able to secure only three Lok Sabha seats in 1952 election and 4 seats in 1957 general election in Lok Sabha. The support base centred around the urban areas of Hindi speaking states of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh. The party’s initial leaders included Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Deen Dayal Upadhyaya and Balraj Madhok. The Bharatiya Janata Party traces its root to the Bharatiya Jana Sangh.
Q. 5. Explain briefly the Swatantra party.
Ans : The Swatantra Party formed in August 1959 the Nagpur resolution of the Congress with old for land ailings, take-over of food grain red by the state and adoption of cooperative farming. The party was led by old congressman like C. Rajagopalachari, K.M. Munshi, N.G. Ranga and Minoo Masani. The parties stood out from the others in terms of its position on economic issues.
The Swatantra party was against land ceilings in agriculture and post Cooperative farming and state trading. It was also opposed to the progressive tax regime and demanded dismantling of the licence regime. It was critical of the policy of non alignment and maintaining friendly relations with the Soviet Union and advocated closer ties with the United States.
The Swatantra Party wanted the government to be less and less involved in controlling the economic. It believed that prosperity could come only through individual freedom. It was critical of the development strategy of state intervention in the economy, centralised planning, nationalism and the public sector. It instead favoured expansion of a free private sector. The Swatantra party gained strength in different parts of the country by way of merger with numerous national parties and interests.
It attracted the landlord and princess who wanted to protect their land and status that was being threatened by business class who were against nationalism and the licensing Policy was also supported the party. Is narrow social ways and the lack of a dedicated Cadbury of party members did not allow it to build a strong organisational network.
Q. 6. Describe the origin and split of Communist Party of India.
Ans : The Communist Party of India was formed in early 1920. The Communist Party of India was found taking inspiration from the bolshevik revolution in Soviet Russia, Communist Party of India was formed in 1954. The aim of the party was to free India from British colonial ruler. However in 1964 the Communist Party was divided into two separate party is there Communist Party of India (Marxist) and Communist Party of India. Again in 1969 and other Communist Party was emerged only Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist).
Q. 7. Write a note on the emergence of opposition party in India.
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 15 (Long Answer).
Q. 8. Give the comparative analysis of the nature of Congress dominance.
Ans : The Indian National Congress held unique political accomplishments. The Congress dominated the Indian political scenario from 1947-1967.
The factors responsible for its dominance are :
(i) Legacy of National Struggle :- The Congress Party had inherited a vast and enriched Legacy from the Nationalist struggle. It gave its Goodwill political mileage. Party leaders like Nehru and Shastri were quite popular for spending years in jail and others deprivations the endured. The legacy of Nationalist movement held in forging coherence and Unity in the wake of parties internal pluralism.
(ii) Grassroot Organisation :- Congress was the only grassroot organisation which existed at the time of existence. Its Federal structure has the basis of internal democracy. This helped it to resolved internal feuds and cement party cohesion. Internal party elections served as means of legitimising party leadership and training party workers in the skill of political competition. It helped in awarding the movable members.
(iii) Adjustment To Local Circumstances :- The Congress was able to dominate because it was able to local circumstances. The erstwhile landed aristocracy completed for power within the Congress. The internal democracy in the party and electoral gains of Congress held Congress to adjust to changes in local balance of power. Further the broad base allowed Congress event to incorporate successful opposition leaders along with its fold. It served as a channel to inform about local conditions to party hierarchy
(iv) Attract New Supporters :- With the expansion of development role of the state resources which could be disbursed to party members also increased. The growing pool of resources and opportunities and have the ability of Congress to adjust conflicts among its members. The party reaped benefits of a Virtuous cycle in which the electoral gains provided it access to politico-economic resources to garner new supporters.
(v) Limited Role Of Opposition :- From 1947 to 1967 we see a very limited role played by the opposition political parties. There were a number of reasons why the opposition was not able to unite against the Congress. Some of the main reasons were the internal differences within the socialist fold, reservations of CPI, presence of dynamic leaders like Nehru in the Congress, the inability of the opposition to unite and to provide a collective leadership in the absence of one widely accepted leader in their midst, lack of clarity of thought and approach among them and also their appeal being limited to certain pockets.
(vi) Management :- The Congress possessed strong managerial skills. It could easily tackle the differences that cropped up within the various factions of the Congress party. The rivalries and differences were dealt with great technique and patience. This allowed the Congress to remain as a grand centrist party which facilitated the party to win elections term after term.
Q. 9. What is a dominant party system ? Give an example of such a system.
Ans : One party dominance means a situation, where many political party contest, but only one political party gets absolute majority almost in every election. India is one example of one dominant party system.Though many political party contests, in the election, both at centres and states it was till 1967 that only Congress won, the elections. That is why some thinkers opined that Indian party system is one party dominance system.
Q. 10. Discuss the uneven trend of Congress party at the state level.
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 3 (very long answer)
Q. 11. Write a short note on political parties before independence.
Ans : The first political party of India was established in 1885. It was formed by an European. The name of the party is Indian National Congress which was established by A.O. Hume. In 1906 another political party was established. The name of the party was Muslim League. Then in 1924 Communist Party was established. Again in 1934 Swatantra party was formed.
Q. 12. Find out the ideological difference between Bharatiya Jana Sangh and Communist party of India.
Ans : Differences between socialist party and Communist Party are :
(a) The socialist believed in the ideology of democratic socialism whereas Communist Party worked mainly within the fold of the Congress Party.
(b) The socialist believe in peaceful constitutional methods, while Communist Party believed in peaceful and violent methods.
(c) The socialists criticise the Congress preparing capitalist and landlords and ignoring the working class and farmers. The Communist Party believed in the Welfare of workers and peasants.
Differences between Bhartiya Jana Sangh and Swatantra Party-
(a) Bharatiya Jana Sangh believed in the ideology of ‘one country, one nation, one culture and one national ideal; on the other hand, the Swatantra Party believed in equality of opportunity for all people without distinction of religion, caste, race, etc.
(b) Bharatiya Jana Sangh stands for the nationalism of basic defence Industries but it does not favour the policy of taking more and more Industries under state ownership and control because it believes that this tendency is harmful both for democracy and economic development. Swatantra party stands for the principle of maximum freedom for the individual and minimum interference by the state.
(c) Jana Sangh favours to follow the policy of non alignment with the two power blocs as also of non involvement in international affairs not directly affecting India. Swatantra party was critical of the policy of non alignment in advocated closes ties with USA.
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