Class 11 Education Chapter 6 Bases and Direction of Human Behaviour

Class 11 Education Chapter 6 Bases and Direction of Human Behaviour, Class 11 Education Question Answer, HS 1st year Education Books Answer The answer to each chapter is provided in the list so that you can easily browse throughout different chapters SCERT Class 11 Education Chapter 6 Bases and Direction of Human Behaviour and select need one.

Class 11 Education Chapter 6 Bases and Direction of Human Behaviour

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Also, you can read the SCERT book online in these sections Solutions by Expert Teachers as per SCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines. These solutions are part of SCERT All Subject Solutions. Here we have given Assam Board/NCERT Class 11 Education Chapter 6 Bases and Direction of Human Behaviour Solutions for All Subjects, You can practice these here.

Bases and Direction of Human Behaviour

Chapter: 6

EDUCATION

TEXTUAL QUESTION & ANSWER

1. Define human behaviour. On which aspects of human behaviour base? 

Ans: Human behaviour means the result of psycho physical reactions to stimuli. It means every aspect of an individual’s actions including thought, emotional and physical activities. Human behaviour covers everything a person feels, thinks and does. 

2. Define need. Explain the educational implications of needs. 

Ans: Need means the condition of lacking or wanting something necessary or very useful. More precisely, need signifies a lack or want of something which is very useful or desired. 

The educational implications of needs are very important. It is the primary duty of the educator to understand the true meaning and significance for guiding the mental growth process of the child and making learning effective. Proper understanding of the fundamental needs of children in the school helps the teacher to tackle the problem and provide a congenial learning situation. 

3. Define Drives?  Determine the educational implications of drives. 

Ans: A drive may be defined as a strong stimulus which leads to action. In other words any stimulus which becomes quite strong may be called a drive. 

Regarding implications of drives in education it can be mentioned that the educator’s primary duty is to understand the true meaning of drives, so that they can guide the drives and motive towards the successful physical and mental growth process of a child and making learning effective. It can also help to improve the learning process. 

4. What do you mean by motivation? 

Ans: Motive is a mere comprehensive term than drive and need. In the words of woods wrath-motive is a state or set of the individual which disposes him for certain behaviour and for seeking certain goals. According to wenger. 

Motivation refers to conditions or states within an organism which causes persistent behaviour. Motive is associated with feeling and striving strangers remarked that motives are viewable and relatively more dependent upon experience. It follows therefore that motive is thought, feeling or condition which compels one to act. 

5. Mention the needs of a child. 

Ans: Physiological needs of a child is to satisfy their food thirst at the proper time. Clean water, air, along with facilities of sport are also important needs of children. Moreover, love and affection, independence, safety and security are also very important needs of a child. 

6. Explain the relationship of human behaviour with needs. 

Ans: The relationship between human behaviour and need is that only because of human needs the human shows different behaviour. Behaviour is an external expression of internal feeling. On the other hand, needs is an internal feeling, which is reflected in the behaviour of the people. So, needs is the cause and behaviour is the effect. Different needs reflect different behaviours. 

7. What do you mean by instinct? Mention four characteristics of instinct. 

Ans: Instincts are the inner modes of behaviour of an organism. Mc-Dougall defined it as An inner disposition which determines the organism to perceive any object of a certain class and to experience in its presence certain excitement and an impulse to action which finds expression in a specific mode of behaviour in relation to that object. Instincts are natural urges with which a man is born as contrasted with what is acquired or learned through experience. Instincts are racial habits which constitute the mainspring of behaviour in living organisms. 

Characteristic of instincts :

(1) Instinctive tendency is purely and plainly native as distinguished from acquired modes of behaviour. It is an inhabited mode of reaction. For example fighting or running away from danger is an innate instinctive act just as eating when hungry. 

(2) Instinctive behaviour is not peculiar to an individual but characteristically performed by all members of a group. In other words they are universal. For instance, we find that the desire for procreation is a universal character of all animals as well as of man. 

(3) Instinctive reactions are relatively complex. They are complex organic reactions to a more of less complex stimuli of external or internal origin. 

(4) Each instinct has a specific period of appearance, maturity and waning in the life of the human beings. 

8. Mention any eight instincts which Mc-Dougall enlisted in his list of instincts. 

Ans: Following are the list :

9. Can instinct be modified? Mention any five methods of modification of instincts. 

Ans: Instinct can be modified. Following are the methods of modification of instincts :

(1) Disuse : Instincts become ineffective due to disuse. If opportunities for expression are denied to an instinctive tendency it will gradually become extinct. The educator who is entrusted with the task of controlling and modifying children’s behaviour and conduct should create such an environment that the undesirable instincts are thwarted. But this should be done with utmost care so that premature attempts to thwart instinctive reactions way not do more harm than good. 

(2) Freedom : The principles of freedom are often used for the successful modification of instinctive urges. It is argued by the psychologist that never control and denial of opportunities for the instinctive reactions give rise to various abnormalities. On the other hand creative self expression in an atmosphere of freedom promotes healthy growth of the personality. A. S. Neil, the founder of summer hill school, advocated strongly or the freedom of instinctive expression. 

(3) Repression : Repression is the process of sending unfulfilled instinctive tendencies to the unconscious level of mind. Although one can prevent the expression of innate tendencies through the process of expression, these again create disturbances and complexes in the mind of the individual. So repression is not at all a healthy way of modification. 

(4) Catharsis : Some psychologists are of the view that instead of using the method of repression, one should provide scope for expression of one’s instinctive desires. This will prevent growth of complexity, in the mind of the child. 

(5) Substitution : Substitution is another method of modification in which expression of one instinctive tendency is substituted by another. For example parental affection of a childless couple can be substituted by the love and care shown to a pet dog. 

10. Write short notes :

(a) Needs. 

Ans: To exist is the primary aim of every living organism. For existence every living organism manifests different behaviour to satisfy its own needs. Whenever an organism fails to satisfy his/her own needs life becomes complex. In its simple perception, need means the condition of lacking or wanting something necessary or very useful. 

More precisely, need signifies a lack or want of something which is very useful or desired. Human needs are the psycho physical ,socio-cultural and personality requirements without which man never exists. Man strives for the satisfaction of his/her needs. Anmol Dictionary of Education has explained needs as the positive driving forces that impel a person towards certain objectives of condition. 

A concise psychological Dictionary has explained the term needs as an individual’s state created by his existence and development. Need is the source of human activity. Human activity reflects the nature of human being.Human nature is very diverse thus the diverse nature of man helps to arise various needs for self actualization. It was Rogers, Carl R and Maslow, Abraham who formulated self theory and self actualization theory respectively the humanistic psychology. 

(b)  Drives

Ans: A drive may be defined as a strong stimulus which leads to action. In other words any stimulus which becomes quite strong may be called a drive. The difference between a stimulus and a drive is that the intensity of the former is much less than that of the latter. In the words of Hull ‘Drives are stimuli which arise from unsatisfied physiological needs for food, water and oxygen, and so on. According to K. 

Lumpier, ‘A drive is a tendency initiated by shifts is physiological balance, tissue tension, sensitivity to stimuli of certain class and response in any of a variety of ways that are related to the attainment of a certain goal. ‘ Drives create restlessness in mind and this restlessness is reduced only when the individual satisfies his physiological needs such as huger, thirst, sex etc. 

(c)  Instincts 

Ans: Instincts are the innate modes of behaviour of all organisms. Mc-Dougall defined it as ‘An innate disposition which determines the organization to perceive any object of a certain class and to experience in its presence certain excitement and an impulse to action which finds expression in a specific mode of behaviour in relation to that object. 

Instincts are natural urges with which a man is born as contrasted with what is acquired or learned through experience. Instincts are racial habits which constitute the mainspring of behaviour in living organism. These provide the motive force behaviour and are often too plainly revealed in our lives for instance as soon as a girl becomes mother she loves her child instinctively. Similarly young children have a strong desire to build and construct various things. These are natural innate tendencies and prime movers of human activities. All other functions of the mind, viz cognition, connotation and affection are present in instinctive urges and its expression. 

(d) Habit

Ans: Habit may be  defined as a mode of behaviour through repetition. Habit means confirmed way of doing something. According to Thyne ‘A habit may be regarded as an instance of learning in which a relatively simple response is made automatically and fairly frequently to a relatively simple kind of situation. In the words of Ross- “Habit is merely a descriptive term denoting the repetitions of similar actions in similar circumstances’.  

Habitual actions are those actions which are performed mechanically with accuracy and quickness. Habits depend on two elements of our nature viz (1) Plasticity and (2) Retentivity.

The importance of habits in life has been stressed by many psychologists and thinkers. James for instance said, ‘Life is a tissue of habit and character is a bundle of these. Our manner of speaking, eating, walking, sleeping, writing, dressing working etc. are reflections of various habits that we form consciously or unconsciously. Our health, happiness, hopes, aspirations, efficiently and many other things also depend upon life. According to Clapper- “personality is clothed in habits. Habits are the very garments of the soul.”  Good moral character is also the result of good habits. 

(e) Reflex action. 

Ans: A reflex action is a simple automatic and fixed muscular or glandular response to a sensory stimulus. Blinking of the eyes, trembling, coughing, vomiting, salivation, etc. are reflex actions. Both instinctive and reflex actions are inherited or innate and are never learned. 

11. Determine the educational implications of instincts. 

Ans: The traditional education aimed at development of the desirable instincts and uprooting of the undesirable ones through the process of education. But findings of psychological research and studies have shown that the proper growth and development of the child depends not only on the development and channelization of the desirable instincts but also on the other instincts of man which form the basic foundation of character and personality. Education must aim at modification and proper guidance of instinctive tendencies to the child and utilize them for his benefit. In the words of Ross-“Instinct and emotions are fundamentally important in the study of behaviour and therefore they are of profound consequences in educational theory and practice. The instincts are the raw materials of character and throughout his task the educator must deal with them. The teacher must therefore be acquainted with the precise nature of instincts as they are the ultimate data of all problems of education. To obtain mental balance and stability children should be trained to control emotional experience from their very childhood. 

Parents and teacher may take help of several measures for this task such as : 

(a)  Redirection.

(b) Sublimation, 

(c) Inhibitions.

(d) Mental occupation.

(e) Catharsis. 

12. Write short notes :

(a) Repression 

Ans: Repression is the process of sending unfulfilled instinctive tendencies to the unconscious level of mind. Although one can prevent the expression of innate tendencies through the process of repression. These again create disturbances and complexes in the mind of the individual. So repression is not at all a healthy way of modification. 

(b) Sublimation 

Ans: Modification of instincts may be achieved by the method of sublimation. It is considered by the psychologist as the most satisfactory way of dealing with initiatives energy from its primitive consists in the redirection of instinctive energy from its primitive biological goals to one that are thought worthy by the society. For example, instincts of pugnacity usually find expression in some anti-social activities. 

But by the process of sublimation this instinct may be redirected from quarrelsomeness and fighting to some other aesthetic pursuits. Similarly the sex instinct may be reduced to some from the social and creative work. This instinct of acquisition may be directed to the higher motive of collection of rate pictures, stamps, specimen, etc. 

(c)  Disuse 

Ans: Instincts become ineffective due to disuse. If opportunities for expression are decided to an instinctive tendency will gradually become extinct, The educator who is entrusted with the task controlling and modifying children’s behaviour and conduct should create such an environment that the undesirable instincts are thwarted that this should be done with utmost care so that premature attempt to thwart instinctive reactions way not do more harm than good. 

(d)  Catharsis 

Ans: Some psychologists are of the view that instead of using the method of repression, one should provide scope for expression of one’s instinctive desires. This will prevent growth of complexes in the mind of the child. 

13. What is emotion?  Define emotion. 

Ans: Emotion is one of the complex psycho physical experiences of the living organisms. It involves the body and as well as the mind. It is an acquired state of psycho physical reactions to stimuli. Emotion may be defined as merely the feeling tone of a particular quality. Intense feelings are also called emotions. Emotion may be also described as “an unlearned behavior pattern rich in mental content and accompanied by over or latent expression. Mc-Dougall regarded emotion as the centrally essential and unchanging aspect of every instinct. 

14. Mention any four characteristics of emotion. 

Ans: (1) Firstly, emotions have a side range and are aroused at the slightest provocation. 

(2)Secondly, violent emotions have paralyzing effects on the internal systems of the body. 

(3) Thirdly, emotions are aroused by a great variety of stimuli. 

(4) Fourthly, emotional experiences are always, accompanied by some characteristic of bodily expression. 

15. From which language the term emotion is derived? What is the original term? 

Ans: The word ’emotion’ is derived from Latin word emovare which means disturb. The origin term is Emovare. 

16. Mention names of the emotions related with the under mentioned instincts. 

(a) Curiosity

Ans: Wonder

(b)  Submission 

Ans: Subjection 

(c)  Instincts of Escape

Ans: Fear

(d)  Repulsion 

Ans: Disgust

(e)  Parental

Ans: Tender Emotion 

17. Differentiate between emotion and instinct. 

Ans: Following are the differences between emotion and instinct. 

Emotion :

(1) Emotions motivate us to feel. 

(2) Emotions are directed to internal experiences, i. e.  feelings. 

(3) Emotions are expressed through behaviours. 

(4) Emotional reaction may differ from organism to organism. 

(5) Emotional reactions are subjective as well as objective. 

Instincts :

(1) Instincts motivate us to act. 

(2) Instincts are directed to word extrovert things, beings and objects. 

(3) Instincts stimulate psycho physical reactions. 

(4) Instinctive reactions are universal. 

(5) Instinctive reactions are objectives and depend on the situations. 

18. What is habit? Discuss its chief characteristics. 

Ans: Habit means something that a person does often. In other words habit is an action so often repeated as to become a fixed characteristic or tendency. Habit is a fixed pattern of behaviour which is formed as a result of repetition. 

Characteristic :

(1) Habits are acquired through repetitions. 

(2) Habits increase our efficiency. 

(3) Habits conserve mental energy. 

(4) Habits once formed do not require ones formed do not require one’s effortful attention. 

(5) Habits are performed under similar conditions. 

(6) It is difficult to change habits. 

(7) Character is nothing but a combination of habits. 

(8) Habit once formed enables us to pay attention to other activities. 

(9) Habits sometimes create mental rigidity. 

(10) Habits destroy the diversity of life and lead to lack of enthusiasm. 

19. Explain the principles of formation of habit. How will you dissolve bad habits? 

Ans: Following are the principle of formation of habit :

(1) Habits should be formed early in life when the mind is plastic and receptive. 

(2) Habits are formed by repetitions. Therefore opportunities for repeating desirable modes of behaviour should be afforded to children. 

(3) Only such habits should be formed which will be of use to the child in future. 

(4) In the formation of good habits children should be encouraged by rewards. Thorndike says – Reward all good impulses and punish bad ones. 

(5) Right beginning is another good principle of habit formation. For this the teachers should create an atmosphere of enthusiasm and zeal. 

(6) During the process of habit formation lapses should not be allowed to occur and the actions should be performed persistently. 

(7) In order to form good habits in children, intense desire should be aroused in their minds so that they may act vigorously with enthusiasm and initiative. 

(8) The principle of self activity is an important principle of habit formation. Teachers should remember that the old saying “example is better than precept holds good here also. 

(9) There should be full cooperation between the home and the school in the formation of children’s habits. 

We can dissolve our bad habit :

(1) For displacing a bad habit a good habit should be formed. Good habits will drive out hard ones. For

(2) Instance laziness and lying may be expelled from the child’s nature by alertness and truthfulness. 

(3) Initial encouragement and persuasion is to be employed for breaking a bad habit. 

(4) The principle or law of effect should be utilized for such purposes. Punishment will help to break a bad habit. 

(5) Reward may also be utilized for removing an undesirable habit. 

(6) Firm determination and will power is to be exercised for breaking a bad habit. 

20. What are the principles of habit formation? Explain them with proper examples. 

Ans: The following principles should be followed as for as practicable for the formation of habits in Children viz :

(1) Habits should be formed early in life when the mind is plastic and receptive. 

(2) Habits are formed by repetitions. Therefore, opportunities for repeating desirable modes of behaviour should be afforded to children. 

(3) Only such habits should be formed which will be of use to the child in future. 

(4) In the formation of good habits children should be encouraged by rewards. 

(5) Right beginning is another good principle of habit formation, for this the teachers should create at atmosphere of enthusiasm and zeal. 

(6) During the process of habit formation lapses should not be allowed to occur and the action should be performed persistently. 

(7) In order to form good habits in children, intense desire should be aroused in their minds so that they may act vigorously with enthusiasm and initiatives. 

(8) The principle of self activity is an important principle of habit formation. 

21. What are the characteristics of habit? How can good habits be formed? 

Ans: Following are the characteristics of habit : (1) Habits are acquired through repetitions. 

(2) Habits increase our efficiency. 

(3) Habits conserve mental energy. 

(4) Habits once formed do not require ones effortful attention. 

(5) Habits are performed under similar conditions. 

(6) It is difficult to change habits. 

(7) Habit once formed enables us to pay attention to other activities. 

(8) Character is nothing but a combination of habits. 

(9) Habits sometimes create mental rigidity. 

(10) Habits destroy the diversity of life and lead to lack of enthusiasm. 

Following are the points which help to form good habits. 

(1) For the formation of good habits firm determinations and confidences have the utmost necessity. 

(2) The application of will power in the formation of good habits had the utmost necessity. 

(3) Formation of habit needs active participation. For 

active participation there is the Wed of determination. 

(4) practice or repetition has the utmost necessity. Practice makes a man perfect. Once perfection is achieved habit is formed in a more systematic way. 

22. Briefly discuss the role of parents and teachers in habit formation. 

Ans: The practices one does in his early life time are hard to abandon. During young age children are unaware about the outcome of their habits. Later on, it becomes their part of personality and difficult to withdraw. Good habits provided benefits whereas bad habits end in worse results. 

Adolescent period is the most sensitive age duration. During this immature period, it’s easier to adopt any habit either good or bad. Children are more attracted to evil thoughts than good habits. Therefore, They unintentionally acquire habits for the sake of their pleasure and suffer later. 

For example, usually young people adopt the habit of smoking from their peer group. He does this practice in order to show people that either he is a strong man or becomes mature. Being unaware of the fact that smoking is injurious to health. In later age, this addiction can adversely cause lung cancer and other lung related complications. The activity of show off during earlier age results in severe health conditions in later age. 

When anti-social activities like stealing, lying, misbehaving with elders and being stubborn, etc., acquired in childhood then it engraved in one’s personality that much that it becomes difficult to withdraw in manhood. 

Same way, an over pampered child will grow up as a person with lack of will power and confidence. He will face difficulties to deal with the problems of life independently. The things seem amusing in early age cause pain later. 

Contrarily, when a child adopts good habits like early to bed, early to rise, praying, studying, telling the truth, being on time, helping poor and needy, etc. then he will be getting benefits from his habits throughout his life. Consequently, he will lead a successful life as to get a sharper nib, pencil first has to bear pain. 

The seeds of habits when sown in the early stage of life grow into strong structures in later age. Time and the practice water these seeds to develop grip in one’s personality. Therefore, parents and Teachers play a vital role to build children’s personality. They should make children aware about the good and the bad things around. Indeed, a person endowed with strong will can overcome bad habits any stage of his life but precaution is better than cure.

Dev Kirtonia

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