Class 11 Education Chapter 6 Bases and Direction of Human Behaviour

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Class 11 Education Chapter 6 Bases and Direction of Human Behaviour

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Bases and Direction of Human Behaviour

Chapter: 6

EDUCATION

TEXTUAL QUESTION & ANSWER

1. Define human behaviour. On which aspects of human behaviour base? 

Ans: Human behaviour means the result of psycho physical reactions to stimuli. It means every aspect of an individual’s actions including thought, emotional and physical activities. Human behaviour covers everything a person feels, thinks and does. 

2. Define need. Explain the educational implications of needs. 

Ans: Need means the condition of lacking or wanting something necessary or very useful. More precisely, need signifies a lack or want of something which is very useful or desired. 

The educational implications of needs are very important. It is the primary duty of the educator to understand the true meaning and significance for guiding the mental growth process of the child and making learning effective. Proper understanding of the fundamental needs of children in the school helps the teacher to tackle the problem and provide a congenial learning situation. 

3. Define Drives?  Determine the educational implications of drives. 

Ans: A drive may be defined as a strong stimulus which leads to action. In other words any stimulus which becomes quite strong may be called a drive. 

Regarding implications of drives in education it can be mentioned that the educator’s primary duty is to understand the true meaning of drives, so that they can guide the drives and motive towards the successful physical and mental growth process of a child and making learning effective. It can also help to improve the learning process. 

4. What do you mean by motivation? 

Ans: Motive is a mere comprehensive term than drive and need. In the words of woods wrath-motive is a state or set of the individual which disposes him for certain behaviour and for seeking certain goals. According to wenger. 

Motivation refers to conditions or states within an organism which causes persistent behaviour. Motive is associated with feeling and striving strangers remarked that motives are viewable and relatively more dependent upon experience. It follows therefore that motive is thought, feeling or condition which compels one to act. 

5. Mention the needs of a child. 

Ans: Physiological needs of a child is to satisfy their food thirst at the proper time. Clean water, air, along with facilities of sport are also important needs of children. Moreover, love and affection, independence, safety and security are also very important needs of a child. 

6. Explain the relationship of human behaviour with needs. 

Ans: The relationship between human behaviour and need is that only because of human needs the human shows different behaviour. Behaviour is an external expression of internal feeling. On the other hand, needs is an internal feeling, which is reflected in the behaviour of the people. So, needs is the cause and behaviour is the effect. Different needs reflect different behaviours. 

7. What do you mean by instinct? Mention four characteristics of instinct. 

Ans: Instincts are the inner modes of behaviour of an organism. Mc-Dougall defined it as An inner disposition which determines the organism to perceive any object of a certain class and to experience in its presence certain excitement and an impulse to action which finds expression in a specific mode of behaviour in relation to that object. Instincts are natural urges with which a man is born as contrasted with what is acquired or learned through experience. Instincts are racial habits which constitute the mainspring of behaviour in living organisms. 

Characteristic of instincts :

(1) Instinctive tendency is purely and plainly native as distinguished from acquired modes of behaviour. It is an inhabited mode of reaction. For example fighting or running away from danger is an innate instinctive act just as eating when hungry. 

(2) Instinctive behaviour is not peculiar to an individual but characteristically performed by all members of a group. In other words they are universal. For instance, we find that the desire for procreation is a universal character of all animals as well as of man. 

(3) Instinctive reactions are relatively complex. They are complex organic reactions to a more of less complex stimuli of external or internal origin. 

(4) Each instinct has a specific period of appearance, maturity and waning in the life of the human beings. 

8. Mention any eight instincts which Mc-Dougall enlisted in his list of instincts. 

Ans: Following are the list :

Instinct.	Emotions accompany
(1) Flight or Escape	Fear
(2) Pugnacity	Anger
(3) Repulsion	Disgust
(4) Curiosity	Wonder
(5) Parental instincts	Tender emotion
(6) Construction	Feeling of creating
(7)Acquistion	Feeling of ownership
(8) Appeal	Distress
(9) Pairing	Lust
(10) Submission	Subjection
(11) Assertion	Elation
(12) Social	Lonetioness
(13) Langhter	Amusement

9. Can instinct be modified? Mention any five methods of modification of instincts. 

Ans: Instinct can be modified. Following are the methods of modification of instincts :

(1) Disuse : Instincts become ineffective due to disuse. If opportunities for expression are denied to an instinctive tendency it will gradually become extinct. The educator who is entrusted with the task of controlling and modifying children’s behaviour and conduct should create such an environment that the undesirable instincts are thwarted. But this should be done with utmost care so that premature attempts to thwart instinctive reactions way not do more harm than good. 

(2) Freedom : The principles of freedom are often used for the successful modification of instinctive urges. It is argued by the psychologist that never control and denial of opportunities for the instinctive reactions give rise to various abnormalities. On the other hand creative self expression in an atmosphere of freedom promotes healthy growth of the personality. A. S. Neil, the founder of summer hill school, advocated strongly or the freedom of instinctive expression. 

(3) Repression : Repression is the process of sending unfulfilled instinctive tendencies to the unconscious level of mind. Although one can prevent the expression of innate tendencies through the process of expression, these again create disturbances and complexes in the mind of the individual. So repression is not at all a healthy way of modification. 

(4) Catharsis : Some psychologists are of the view that instead of using the method of repression, one should provide scope for expression of one’s instinctive desires. This will prevent growth of complexity, in the mind of the child. 

(5) Substitution : Substitution is another method of modification in which expression of one instinctive tendency is substituted by another. For example parental affection of a childless couple can be substituted by the love and care shown to a pet dog. 

10. Write short notes :

(a) Needs. 

Ans: To exist is the primary aim of every living organism. For existence every living organism manifests different behaviour to satisfy its own needs. Whenever an organism fails to satisfy his/her own needs life becomes complex. In its simple perception, need means the condition of lacking or wanting something necessary or very useful. 

More precisely, need signifies a lack or want of something which is very useful or desired. Human needs are the psycho physical ,socio-cultural and personality requirements without which man never exists. Man strives for the satisfaction of his/her needs. Anmol Dictionary of Education has explained needs as the positive driving forces that impel a person towards certain objectives of condition. 

A concise psychological Dictionary has explained the term needs as an individual’s state created by his existence and development. Need is the source of human activity. Human activity reflects the nature of human being.Human nature is very diverse thus the diverse nature of man helps to arise various needs for self actualization. It was Rogers, Carl R and Maslow, Abraham who formulated self theory and self actualization theory respectively the humanistic psychology. 

(b)  Drives

Ans: A drive may be defined as a strong stimulus which leads to action. In other words any stimulus which becomes quite strong may be called a drive. The difference between a stimulus and a drive is that the intensity of the former is much less than that of the latter. In the words of Hull ‘Drives are stimuli which arise from unsatisfied physiological needs for food, water and oxygen, and so on. According to K. 

Lumpier, ‘A drive is a tendency initiated by shifts is physiological balance, tissue tension, sensitivity to stimuli of certain class and response in any of a variety of ways that are related to the attainment of a certain goal. ‘ Drives create restlessness in mind and this restlessness is reduced only when the individual satisfies his physiological needs such as huger, thirst, sex etc. 

(c)  Instincts 

Ans: Instincts are the innate modes of behaviour of all organisms. Mc-Dougall defined it as ‘An innate disposition which determines the organization to perceive any object of a certain class and to experience in its presence certain excitement and an impulse to action which finds expression in a specific mode of behaviour in relation to that object. 

Instincts are natural urges with which a man is born as contrasted with what is acquired or learned through experience. Instincts are racial habits which constitute the mainspring of behaviour in living organism. These provide the motive force behaviour and are often too plainly revealed in our lives for instance as soon as a girl becomes mother she loves her child instinctively. Similarly young children have a strong desire to build and construct various things. These are natural innate tendencies and prime movers of human activities. All other functions of the mind, viz cognition, connotation and affection are present in instinctive urges and its expression. 

(d) Habit

Ans: Habit may be  defined as a mode of behaviour through repetition. Habit means confirmed way of doing something. According to Thyne ‘A habit may be regarded as an instance of learning in which a relatively simple response is made automatically and fairly frequently to a relatively simple kind of situation. In the words of Ross- “Habit is merely a descriptive term denoting the repetitions of similar actions in similar circumstances’.  

Habitual actions are those actions which are performed mechanically with accuracy and quickness. Habits depend on two elements of our nature viz (1) Plasticity and (2) Retentivity.

The importance of habits in life has been stressed by many psychologists and thinkers. James for instance said, ‘Life is a tissue of habit and character is a bundle of these. Our manner of speaking, eating, walking, sleeping, writing, dressing working etc. are reflections of various habits that we form consciously or unconsciously. Our health, happiness, hopes, aspirations, efficiently and many other things also depend upon life. According to Clapper- “personality is clothed in habits. Habits are the very garments of the soul.”  Good moral character is also the result of good habits. 

(e) Reflex action. 

Ans: A reflex action is a simple automatic and fixed muscular or glandular response to a sensory stimulus. Blinking of the eyes, trembling, coughing, vomiting, salivation, etc. are reflex actions. Both instinctive and reflex actions are inherited or innate and are never learned. 

11. Determine the educational implications of instincts. 

Ans: The traditional education aimed at development of the desirable instincts and uprooting of the undesirable ones through the process of education. But findings of psychological research and studies have shown that the proper growth and development of the child depends not only on the development and channelization of the desirable instincts but also on the other instincts of man which form the basic foundation of character and personality. Education must aim at modification and proper guidance of instinctive tendencies to the child and utilize them for his benefit. In the words of Ross-“Instinct and emotions are fundamentally important in the study of behaviour and therefore they are of profound consequences in educational theory and practice. The instincts are the raw materials of character and throughout his task the educator must deal with them. The teacher must therefore be acquainted with the precise nature of instincts as they are the ultimate data of all problems of education. To obtain mental balance and stability children should be trained to control emotional experience from their very childhood. 

Parents and teacher may take help of several measures for this task such as : 

(a)  Redirection.

(b) Sublimation, 

(c) Inhibitions.

(d) Mental occupation.

(e) Catharsis. 

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