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SOCIOLOGY
2024
SOCIOLOGY OLD QUESTION PAPER SOLVED
1. Answer any eight of the following question:
(a) When was the first population policy introduced in India?
Ans: India’s first National Population Policy (NPP) was announced in 1976.
(b) What is the full form of ‘NRC’?
Ans: National Register of Citizens.
(c) Write the name of the leader of Indian Reform Movement.
Ans: Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
(d) What is Capitalism?
Ans: Capitalism is often thought of as an economic system in which private actors own and control property in accord with their interests, and demand and supply freely set prices in markets in a way that can serve the best interests of society.
(e) Where is the birthplace of democracy?
Ans: Greece.
(f) Who founded the Ramakrishna Mission?
Ans: Swami Vivekananda.
(g) Which day is observed as “International Women’s Day”?
Ans: International Women’s Day is celebrated on March 8th every year.
(h) When was the Rights to Information Act passed by the Parliament of India?
Ans: 12 May 2005.
(i) In which year first Trade Union was established in India?
Ans:1890.
(j) Who is known as ‘Forest Man of India’?
Ans: Molai Forest.
(k) What is meant by ‘Infant Mortality Rate’?
Ans: The mortality rate is calculated by dividing the number of total deaths by the population size for a defined population or geographical area over a specified period. The population size can be replaced by a mid-interval population if the population size changes over the selected time period.
2. Answer the following questions: (any six)
(a) When was the first and last census conducted in India?
Ans: Census 1881.
(b) Write any two causes of change in the joint family system.
Ans: Two causes of change in joint family system are mentiable below:
(i) Urbanization: The migration of individuals to urban areas for better education and employment opportunities often leads to the breakup of joint families, as nuclear families become more practical in city environments.
(ii) Economic Independence: Increased financial independence of younger family members reduces dependence on the traditional joint family structure, encouraging them to establish separate households.
(c) Mention any two measures for the development of Schedule Tribes.
Ans: Two measures for the development of schedule tribes are mentioned below:
(i) Educational Programs: Establishing schools, providing scholarships, and implementing reservation policies in educational institutions to ensure access to quality education for tribal communities.
(ii) Economic Empowerment: Promoting self-employment schemes, skill development programs, and reserving jobs in government and public sectors to enhance the economic status of Scheduled Tribes.
(d) Mention two types of mass media.
Ans: Two types of mass media are mentioned below:
(i) Print media includes newspapers and magazines.
(ii) Mass media is the means of communication that reaches large numbers of people in a short span of time.
(e) Define Westernization.
Ans: Westernisation is the process where societies come under or adopt western culture, lifestyles and western ways of thinking in areas such as industry, language, clothing, etc
(f) Write the types of culture with examples.
Ans: The of culture with example are mention below:
(i) Material Culture: Material culture is man made. These are concrete and tangible in nature. It consists of manufactured objects like clothing, roads, jewellery, computers, airplanes, television, etc.Material Culture Includes physical objects and artifacts like tools, clothing, buildings, and technology.
Example: The Taj Mahal in India or traditional Assamese mekhela sador.
(ii) Non-material Culture: Non-material culture refers to the ideas created by human beings. The nature of non-material culture is abstract and intangible. For example, norms, values, signs and symbols, knowledge, beliefs etc. Non-material culture is further divided into cognitive and normative aspects of culture. Non-Material Culture Comprises intangible elements like beliefs, customs, values, and traditions.
Example: Respecting elders in Indian culture or celebrating Christmas globally.
(g) Mention any two merits of ‘Green Revolution’.
Ans: Two merits of ‘Green Revolution’. Are mentioned below:
(i) Higher yield because of the utilization of HYV seeds.
(ii) Higher yield empowered ranchers to sell the overflow food on the lookout and acquire more.
(h) Write two impacts of Industrialization.
Ans: Two impacts of Industrialization are mentioned below:
(i) The Industrial Revolution brought about sweeping changes in economic and social organization.
(ii) Managerial hierarchies also developed to oversee the division of labor.
(i) Define feminism.
Ans: Feminism is an interdisciplinary approach to issues of equality and equity based on gender, gender expression, gender identity, sex, and sexuality as understood through social theories and political activism.
3. Answer the following questions (any four):
(a) Write a note on population policy in India.
Ans: India’s population policy is a strategic framework aimed at addressing the challenges of rapid population growth while ensuring sustainable development and improving the quality of life. The primary objectives include stabilizing population growth, reducing fertility rates to replacement levels, and improving maternal and child health through initiatives that promote safe childbirth and better nutrition. Emphasis is placed on voluntary family planning, providing access to contraceptives, and creating awareness about reproductive health. Additionally, the policy focuses on empowering women through education and economic opportunities, as educated women are more likely to make informed reproductive choices. Notable initiatives like the National Population Policy (NPP) 2000 aim for population stabilization by 2045, while programs like Mission Parivar Vikas focus on high-fertility regions, providing counseling and family planning services. Schemes like Janani Suraksha Yojana and Beti Bachao Beti Padhao address maternal health and gender equality, respectively. Despite these efforts, challenges such as illiteracy, cultural sensitivities, regional disparities in fertility rates, and limited healthcare access in rural areas persist. Achieving population stabilization requires a sustained commitment to addressing these barriers and fostering equitable healthcare and education across all regions.
(b) Mention four causes of change in caste system.
Ans: Four causes in caste system are mentioned below:
(i) Industrialization and Urbanization: The growth of industries and the migration of people to urban areas have led to intermixing of castes in workplaces and neighborhoods, reducing caste-based occupational and residential segregation.
(ii) Spread of Education: Increased access to education has empowered individuals to challenge caste hierarchies and pursue occupations outside traditional caste roles, promoting social mobility.
(iii) Legal Measures and Social Reform Movements: Laws like the Abolition of Untouchability under Article 17 of the Indian Constitution and social reform movements led by leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, and others have weakened the caste system.
(iv) Economic Development and Modernization: Economic growth and the rise of new professions have diminished the importance of traditional caste-based occupations, fostering merit-based employment opportunities.
(c) Write a short note on the ‘Struggle of the Differently-abled’.
Ans: The struggle of differently-abled individuals revolves around overcoming societal barriers, discrimination, and lack of accessibility. They often face challenges in obtaining education, employment, and healthcare due to limited infrastructure and prejudiced attitudes. Social stigma and misconceptions about their abilities further hinder their participation in mainstream activities. Despite laws and initiatives aimed at empowering them, such as the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 in India, gaps in implementation persist. Differently-abled individuals continue to advocate for their rights, emphasizing the need for inclusive policies, accessibility in public spaces, and equal opportunities. Their resilience and determination have inspired movements that challenge societal norms and promote a more inclusive world.
(d) Discuss Regionalism in Indian Context.
Ans: Regionalism and those that believe in its ideology are concerned with increasing the political power and influence of the residents of a particular region. Their demands include but are not limited to sovereignty, separatism, secession and independence.
(e) Write the differences between culture and civilization.
Ans: Culture refers to the customs, beliefs, art, music, language, fundamental values, and all the other things which play a significant role in the identification of any human being whereas civilization refers to the behavior and intelligence a human possesses.
(f) Write four functions of Panchayat.
Ans: Four Function of panchayat are:
(i) Local Governance: The Panchayat is responsible for local administration and decision-making at the village, intermediate, and district levels.
(ii) Development Activities: It implements and oversees various development programs related to health, education, infrastructure, and agriculture in rural areas.
(iii) Maintenance of Public Infrastructure: The Panchayat is involved in the construction and maintenance of roads, drains, schools, and health centers within its jurisdiction.
(iv) Promoting Social Welfare: It works towards the welfare of the community by facilitating social programs like poverty alleviation, women’s empowerment, and child development.
(g) Mention four characteristics of Industrialization.
Ans: Four characteristics of Industrialization are:
(i) Increased Production Capacity: Industrialization leads to the growth of factories and the use of machinery, significantly increasing the production of goods and services in a shorter time.
(ii) Urbanization: With the rise of industries, people migrate from rural areas to urban centers in search of employment, leading to the growth of cities.
(iii) Technological Advancements: Industrialization fosters innovation, leading to the development and adoption of new technologies and processes that improve productivity and efficiency.
(iv) Specialization of Labor: The division of labor becomes more pronounced, as workers specialize in specific tasks or functions within the production process, leading to greater efficiency in production.
(h) Write any four characteristics of Social Movements.
Ans: Four Characteristics of social movement are mentioned below:
(i) Collective Action: Social movements involve collective efforts by groups of people working together to achieve common goals. These movements arise when individuals come together to address perceived injustices or social issues.
(ii) Organized Structure: Social movements often have an organized structure, which includes leadership, resources, and a strategic plan to mobilize participants. This structure helps in coordinating activities and actions aimed at achieving the movement’s objectives.
(iii) Focus on Social Change: Social movements aim to bring about significant changes in society, whether through policy reform, shifting societal values, or altering power dynamics. They often challenge existing social, political, or economic structures.
(iv) Tactics and Protests: Social movements use various tactics, such as protests, demonstrations, strikes, and campaigns, to raise awareness, draw attention to issues, and pressurize authorities for change. These actions often involve direct engagement with public institutions or authorities.
4. Answer the following questions (any four):
(a) Write a note on Social Movement of Backward Class in India.
Ans: The Social Movement of the Backward Classes in India is a significant struggle for social justice, equality, and the empowerment of marginalized communities, including Dalits, Other Backward Classes (OBCs), and Adivasis. Rooted in historical oppression and discrimination due to the caste system, these movements emerged with the aim of securing rights and opportunities for these groups. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and Jyotirao Phule were instrumental in advocating for the upliftment of the lower castes, with Ambedkar’s efforts leading to the constitutional provisions for reservations in education, employment, and politics. The Dravidian Movement in South India and the formation of political parties such as the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) and the Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) further mobilized these communities, challenging the dominance of upper castes. While these movements have led to tangible benefits, such as affirmative action policies and increased political representation, challenges remain, including caste-based identity politics and disparities within the backward classes themselves. The struggle continues for greater social integration and true equality in Indian society.
(b) What are the main problems of Ethnic Identity? Explain.
Ans: The main the main problems of Ethnic Identity are mentioned below:
(i) Social Division and Conflict: Ethnic identity can create divisions within a society, leading to social fragmentation. When people strongly identify with their ethnic group, it can foster an “us versus them” mentality, which may lead to tensions, discrimination, and even violent conflict between different ethnic groups. Historical examples include ethnic conflicts in countries like Rwanda, Yugoslavia, and Sri Lanka.
(ii) Discrimination and Marginalization: Individuals from certain ethnic groups may experience discrimination, which limits their access to resources, opportunities, and equal rights. Ethnic minorities, especially in multicultural societies, may be marginalized in areas such as education, employment, and political participation, reinforcing existing inequalities.
(iii) Cultural Assimilation Pressures: Ethnic identity can sometimes come under pressure in societies that promote a dominant or mainstream culture. Members of ethnic minorities may face expectations to assimilate into the dominant culture, potentially erasing or devaluing their cultural practices, language, and traditions. This loss of cultural identity can lead to a sense of alienation and disconnection from one’s roots.
(iv) Ethnic Nationalism: In some cases, a strong emphasis on ethnic identity can lead to ethnic nationalism, where the desire for ethnic supremacy or separatism undermines national unity. This can fuel xenophobia, ethnic violence, and the push for autonomy or independence, often at the cost of social cohesion and peace.
(c) Define family as Social Institution. Discuss about the types of family.
Ans: The family is the social institution where the child first learns social norms and is socialized as an individual.
(i) Nuclear families: The nuclear family definition is a family consisting of two parents and their children. This family is expected to live together in one household. It is sometimes referred to as an immediate family or an elementary family.
(ii) Single-parent families: Single parent families are comprised of a parent/caregiver and one or more dependent children without the presence and support of a spouse or adult partner who is sharing the responsibility of parenting.
(iii) Extended families: An extended family is a family that extends beyond the nuclear family of parents and their children to include aunts, uncles, grandparents, cousins or other relatives, all living nearby or in the same household.
(iv) Childless families: A childless family is a couple without children. The choice of being childless can be both involuntary and voluntary. Involuntary childlessness is caused by infertility issues affecting the man, the woman, or both. Sometimes the cause of infertility is found while sometimes it stays unknown.
(d) What are the roles of population in changing society? Discuss.
Ans: Population growth may lead to geographic expansion of a society, military conflicts, and the intermingling of cultures. Increasing population density may stimulate technological innovations, which in turn may increase the division of labour, social differentiation, commercialization, and urbanization.Population plays a crucial role in shaping and transforming society, acting as a driving force behind social, economic, and cultural changes. The size, composition, and distribution of the population directly influence the availability of resources, the demand for goods and services, and the evolution of social norms. For instance, a growing population stimulates economic activities by creating a larger workforce and expanding markets, but it can also strain resources and infrastructure, leading to challenges such as unemployment, urbanization, and environmental degradation. Changes in population demographics, such as aging or a youth-dominant structure, impact societal priorities, influencing policies on healthcare, education, and employment. Migration, another population factor, fosters cultural exchange and diversity, while also raising issues of integration and identity. Overall, population dynamics are deeply interwoven with societal development, driving both opportunities and challenges for progress.
(e) What is meant by Dalit Movement? What are the consequences of Dalit Movement?
Ans: The Dalit movement was started to improve the socio-political and economic conditions of Dalits in India. The exploitation of Dalits by the upper castes continued for a long time for centuries. Due to the prevalent Varna system and caste system in India, Dalits have always been victims of exploitation and oppression. The Chaturvarna system (four varnas) prevailing in India in which mainly Brahmin Kshatriya Vaishya Shudra was the hierarchy system. Under which Shudras i.e. Dalits were kept at the lowest rung whose main function was to serve the above three classes.
The Dalit Movement has had profound consequences on Indian society, driving significant social, political, and cultural transformations. It has empowered Dalits to assert their rights, challenge caste-based discrimination, and reclaim their dignity after centuries of oppression. The movement led to the introduction of affirmative action policies like reservations in education, employment, and politics, enabling social mobility and fostering representation. Politically, it has given rise to Dalit-centric leadership and organizations that advocate for their interests and ensure their voices are heard in decision-making processes. Culturally, the movement has raised awareness about caste injustices and inspired a broader discourse on equality and human rights, influencing legislation and societal attitudes. However, it has also faced resistance, resulting in social tensions and highlighting the deep-rooted challenges of dismantling caste hierarchies. Despite these challenges, the Dalit Movement has been a catalyst for change, reshaping the social fabric and promoting the ideals of justice, equality, and inclusion in Indian society.
(f) Discuss about birth and development of cinema as a mass media.
Ans: The birth and development of cinema as a mass medium is a fascinating journey that reflects technological innovation and societal transformation. Cinema emerged in the late 19th century, with the invention of motion picture cameras and projection systems by pioneers like the Lumière Brothers and Thomas Edison. The first public film screening in 1895 by the Lumière Brothers in Paris marked the formal birth of cinema. Initially, films were silent and short, often depicting everyday activities or simple narratives. However, the medium’s potential to captivate audiences and convey stories led to rapid advancements. The introduction of sound in the late 1920s with The Jazz Singer revolutionized cinema, making it a powerful tool for storytelling and expression.
As cinema evolved, it became a major source of entertainment and information, transcending language and cultural barriers. By the mid-20th century, it had established itself as a dominant form of mass communication, shaping opinions, spreading ideas, and reflecting societal values. The advent of color films, sophisticated special effects, and global distribution networks further cemented its position. Today, cinema is a global industry that combines art, technology, and commerce, influencing culture and uniting audiences across diverse demographics. Its development highlights the synergy between creative expression and technological progress in shaping a dynamic mass medium.
(g) Discuss about the relationship between the changes of demographic structure and social change.
Ans: The relationship between changes in demographic structure and social change is multifaceted and dynamic. As population growth accelerates, there is an increased demand for resources such as food, housing, education, and healthcare, which in turn drives social change by prompting urbanization, the development of social policies, and technological innovations to manage these resources effectively. Conversely, aging populations—due to lower birth rates and higher life expectancy—place greater pressure on social welfare systems, particularly healthcare and pensions. This leads to adjustments in social policies, such as the development of age-friendly cities and labor market policies to support the elderly. Migration, both internal and international, further alters demographic structures, bringing about greater cultural diversity and fostering social changes like multiculturalism and shifts in societal norms. Finally, demographic changes also influence family structures and gender roles, with declining fertility rates and evolving gender dynamics leading to smaller, nuclear families and more equitable household roles. These shifts drive social changes by reshaping policies regarding gender equality, family support systems, and workplace environments. Thus, changes in demographic structure and social change are closely intertwined, with demographic shifts influencing societal transformation and vice versa.
5. Answer the following questions: (any three)
(a) What do you understand by rural society? What are the types of rural society? Discuss the changing pattern of rural society of India.
Ans: Rural society means society that lives in village, and is dependent on natural environment Rural economy rests predominantly on agriculture and allied activities. These societies have a low density of population, intimate group relationships and have oral traditions. Rural societies are rich in culture and tradition.
The types of rural society are:
(i) Agricultural Communities: These communities primarily rely on agriculture and related activities like livestock rearing and farming for their livelihood.
(ii) Pastoral Communities: These communities are nomadic or semi-nomadic, depending on the availability of pastureland for their livestock.
(iii) Forest-Dependent Communities: These communities inhabit forests and rely on forest resources for their survival.
(iv) Fishing Communities: These communities live near water bodies and depend on fishing for their livelihood.
(v) Tribal Communities: These communities are characterized by their distinct cultural identity, kinship-based social organization, and traditional practices.
India’s rural society is undergoing a significant transformation. The Green Revolution, while increasing agricultural productivity, has also led to disparities between large and small farmers. The commercialization of agriculture and adoption of modern technologies have reshaped rural livelihoods. Additionally, rural households are diversifying their income sources through non-farm activities and migration. Social changes, including increased education and women’s empowerment, are further reshaping rural dynamics. The integration of technology, such as digital connectivity and e-commerce, is opening up new opportunities for rural entrepreneurs. However, challenges like climate change, inequality, and environmental degradation persist, necessitating a balanced approach to rural development.
(b) How caste system creates social exclusion? Discuss with examples.
Ans:The caste system, which divides people into hierarchical groups based on their birth and occupation, has been a significant source of social exclusion in India. It creates divisions in society, denying certain groups access to resources, opportunities, and participation in social, economic, and cultural life. Social exclusion, in this context, refers to the process by which certain individuals or groups are marginalized and denied equal rights and opportunities.
(i) Economic Exclusion: The caste system has historically restricted access to economic resources and opportunities for lower-caste individuals, particularly Dalits (formerly called “untouchables”). These groups were relegated to menial and often “unclean” tasks such as manual scavenging, leatherwork, or cleaning latrines. This limited their ability to improve their economic status or participate in higher-paying professions.
Example: In rural areas, Dalits are often denied access to land or agricultural resources. They are typically employed in lower-wage labor and are excluded from agricultural decision-making. Even today, many Dalits work as agricultural laborers under exploitative conditions, unable to access land ownership or wealth accumulation opportunities.
(ii) Social and Cultural Exclusion: Caste-based discrimination has led to deep social segregation. Lower-caste groups are often socially excluded from upper-caste communities, facing restrictions on where they can live, eat, and socialize. This exclusion has been institutionalized in various forms, such as the practice of untouchability, where Dalits were considered ritually impure.
Example: In certain regions, Dalits are prohibited from entering temples, which are considered sacred spaces by higher castes. In some villages, they are forced to live on the outskirts, away from the main community, and are not allowed to drink water from the same sources as higher castes. These practices perpetuate social inequality and prevent lower-caste groups from fully participating in community life.
(iii) Educational Exclusion: Historically, access to education was denied to lower-caste communities. The caste system dictated that only certain castes, typically the Brahmins and other upper castes, were allowed formal education, while Dalits and other lower-caste groups were often forbidden from learning to read and write.
Example: In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Dalit children were often barred from attending schools or forced to study in separate, inferior institutions. Even today, despite efforts to increase educational access, Dalit children in some rural areas face discrimination in schools, such as being forced to sit separately from higher-caste students or denied access to educational resources.
(iv) Political Exclusion: The caste system has also contributed to the political exclusion of lower-caste communities. Historically, political power was concentrated in the hands of the upper castes, and lower-caste individuals had little to no representation in political processes. Although affirmative action policies, such as reservations in education and government jobs, have helped to address this issue, lower castes still face obstacles to full political participation.
Example: In rural India, there have been cases where local elections and leadership positions have been dominated by upper-caste individuals, while lower-caste candidates are marginalized or excluded from political power. Additionally, the influence of caste-based political parties sometimes prevents true political representation for lower-caste groups, as their voices are overshadowed by caste-based voting dynamics.
(v) Examples of Caste-Based Violence and Social Exclusion: Caste-based violence continues to be a serious problem in India, highlighting the extreme social exclusion faced by marginalized groups.
Example: The Khairlanji massacre (2006) in Maharashtra, where a Dalit family was brutally murdered by upper-caste individuals, is an example of the extreme social exclusion and violence that can occur due to caste-based discrimination. This incident reflects the pervasive exclusion of Dalits from social, economic, and political life, as well as the persistent social stigma and hatred directed at them.
(c) Write an essay on The Struggle for Women Equality and Rights’.Give your own view.
Ans: The fight for women’s equality and rights has been a long and arduous journey. From the early struggles to secure voting rights and access to education, to the ongoing battles against discrimination, violence, and stereotypes, the pursuit of equality has always demanded resilience and determination. Women throughout history, like Mary Wollstonecraft, Sojourner Truth, and Emmeline Pankhurst, laid the groundwork for significant changes, advocating for justice in societies dominated by patriarchal norms. While the 20th century saw major milestones, such as women gaining the right to vote and greater participation in education and the workforce, the battle is far from over. Even today, women face persistent challenges, including wage gaps, underrepresentation in leadership roles, limited access to healthcare, and enduring gender-based violence. These challenges are compounded by societal stereotypes that confine women to traditional roles and restrict their opportunities. The reality is that gender inequality is not just a women’s issue it affects the progress and well-being of entire societies. Empowering women is crucial for fostering economic growth, promoting social justice, and creating equitable opportunities for all.
Studies consistently show that societies flourish when women have access to education, healthcare, and leadership roles. In my view, education is the most powerful tool to achieve gender equality. By teaching children the importance of respect and fairness from a young age, we can challenge ingrained prejudices and create a more inclusive future. Governments and organizations must also enforce policies that ensure equal pay, representation, and protection for women across all sectors. Women’s participation in leadership roles is particularly important, as it not only challenges stereotypes but also inspires future generations to dream beyond societal limitations. Additionally, raising awareness about issues like domestic violence, reproductive rights, and workplace discrimination is essential to dismantling the systemic barriers women face.Ultimately, the struggle for women’s equality is a collective responsibility. Men must act as allies, supporting the movement to break down patriarchal norms that harm everyone. Gender equality is not merely an ideal; it is a necessity for a just and progressive society. When women are given the freedom to reach their full potential, the possibilities for societal advancement are boundless. It is time for us all to work together to create a world where one’s gender no longer defines their opportunities or limits their dreams.
(d) Discuss the changes brought to the Indian Industry due to the impact of Globalization and Liberalization.
Ans: Private companies especially foreign firms are encouraged to invest in sectors earlier reserved for the government including telecom civil aviation etc. Licenses are no longer required to open industries. Foreign products are now easily available in Indian shops. Privatization of public sector or government companies.
(i) Increased Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Globalization has attracted significant FDI inflows into India. It has led to economic growth and created employment opportunities.
(ii) Technological Advancements: Advanced technologies can now be transferred more quickly. This has helped innovation and productivity in different areas.
(iii) Job Creation: The growth of MNCs in India has resulted in the creation of jobs. This has reduced unemployment rates and improved livelihoods.
(iv) The government is trying to sell its share in several public sector companies. This process is known as disinvestment. For example Modern Foods.
(v) More and more companies are reducing the number of permanent employees and outsourcing their work.
(vi) Liberalisation and privatization appears to be associated with rising income inequality.
(e) What is Sanskritization? Discuss elaborately the impact of Sanskritization in Indian Society.
Ans: The concept ‘Sanskritization’ was first introduced by Prof. M.N. Srinivas the famous Indian sociologist. He explained the concept of sanskritization in his book “Religion and society among the coorgs of South India” to describe the cultural mobility in the traditional caste structure of Indian society. In his study of the coorgs of Mysore, he came to know that the lower castes were trying to raise their status in their caste hierarchy by adopting some cultural ideals of the Brahmins. As a result they left some of their ideals which are considered to be impure by the Brahmins. To explain this process of mobility, Srinivas used the term ‘Brahminization’.
(i) Economic improvement: Lower castes have been able to improve their economic status by adopting the practices and occupations of higher castes.
(ii) Cultural assimilation: This cultural assimilation leads to the transmission of values from the dominant castes to the lower castes. Sanskritization influences the religious practices and beliefs of lower castes. They may adopt the rituals, ceremonies, and religious traditions of higher castes.
(iii) Religious change: Sanskritization impacts the religious practices and beliefs of lower castes, leading them to adopt the rituals, ceremonies, and traditions of higher castes. This process allows them to integrate more closely into the religious framework of the dominant castes.
(iv) Cultural homogenization: Sanskritisation has contributed to the homogenization of cultural practices across different regions in India. While this process has fostered cultural assimilation, it has also raised concerns about the erosion of indigenous cultural diversity and the marginalization of non-Brahmin customs and traditions.
(v) Erosion of indigenous diversity: Sanskritization has raised concerns about the erosion of indigenous cultural diversity and the marginalization of non-Brahmin customs and traditions.
In Lieu of Project works (For old course students)
Answer the following questions: (any four)
(a) What is secularism? What are the characteristics of secular society?
Ans: Secularism is an ideology that says religion should not be involved with the ordinary social and political activities of a country. It dictates that there is no official religion of the state.
The characteristics of secular society are:
(i) Freedom of Religion:
(a) Individuals have the right to follow any religion or choose not to follow any religion at all.
(b) Freedom to change one’s religion is also safeguarded.
(ii) Non-religious Basis of Governance:
(a) Governance and laws are based on principles of justice, equality, and rationality rather than religious doctrines.
(b) Protection of Minority Rights.
(c) Special provisions may be made to protect the rights of religious and cultural minorities to maintain diversity.
(iii) Secular Education System:
(a) Educational institutions funded or run by the state do not impart religious instruction.
(iv) Cultural Pluralism:
(a) Secular societies promote cultural and religious coexistence, celebrating diversity while maintaining unity.
(b) Mention the merits and demerits of democracy.
Ans: The merits and demerits of democracy are mentioned below:
| Merits | Demerits |
| Instability due to frequent change in leaders. | The government is more accountable. |
| The poor and least educated have the same status as the rich and educated. | Democracy leads to corruption for it is based on electoral competition |
| No criteria for the election of representatives. | Enhance People’s Moral Character |
| Democracy allows us to correct our own mistakes. | Ordinary people don’t know what is good for them, they should not decide anything. |
| Power play and rivalry diminish morality. | The right to vote is given to all citizens. |
(c) Name five newspapers which are published in India.
Ans: Five newspaper are published in india are:
(i) The hindu.
(ii) Times of india.
(iii) Hindustan Times.
(iv) The Indian express.
(v) Anandabazar Patrika.
(d) Write a short note on the ‘Adivasi Struggles’.
Ans: Adivasi struggles in India have been primarily centered around issues of land, identity, and cultural preservation. Over time, Adivasis have faced exploitation, displacement, and marginalization due to industrial projects, mining, and deforestation. Movements like the Santhal Rebellion, Munda Uprising, and the struggles in Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh highlight their fight for rights over their ancestral lands and resources. Organizations and leaders from tribal communities continue to demand recognition of their autonomy and constitutional rights.
(e) Write some important characteristics of Communalism.
Ans: Some important characteristics of Communalism are mentioned below:
(i) Emphasis on Religious Identity: It prioritizes religious identity over national unity.
(ii) Intolerance: Promotes intolerance towards other religions and communities.
(iii) Division of Society: Creates divisions in society along religious lines.
(iv) Political Exploitation: Often used for political gains during elections.
(v) Conflict and Violence: Leads to communal riots and disrupts social harmony.
(f) Write five characteristics of Tribal society.
Ans: Five characteristics of Tribal society are mentioned below:
(i) Kinship-Based Social Structure: Tribal societies are organized around kinship ties, where relationships among members are based on blood relations and familial bonds. This often forms the foundation for social, economic, and political organization.
(ii) Community Ownership of Resources: Tribes often practice communal ownership of land and resources, emphasizing collective use and benefit rather than individual possession.
(iii) Simple Technology and Economy: Tribal societies generally rely on simple tools and traditional methods for agriculture, hunting, gathering, or handicrafts, forming the basis of their subsistence economy.
(iv) Distinct Culture and Traditions: Tribal groups maintain unique languages, rituals, art forms, and cultural practices, which are often passed down orally across generations.
(v) Close Relationship with Nature: Tribes typically have a strong bond with nature, viewing it as sacred and integral to their way of life. Their lifestyle is often adapted to and influenced by their natural environment.
