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NCERT Class 12 Geography Chapter 14 Human Settlements
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Human Settlements
Chapter: 14
PART – II INDIA: PEOPLE AND ECONOMY
Very Short Type Questions Answer
1. What is the basic unit of residence?
Ans: The basic unit of residence is a house, which is a building that is designed to be used as a home.
2. Name the types of rural settlements found in India.
Ans: Clustered, agglomerated or nucleated:
(i) Semi-clustered or fragmented.
(ii) Hamleted. and
(iii) Dispersed or isolated.
3. What kind of rural settlement predominates in the north Indian plains?
Ans: Rectangular settlement patterns are primarily found in plains or intermontane valleys. The settlement patterns develop at crossroads where the roads intersect at right angles.
4. What is the most distinguishing feature of the Indian house types?
Ans: A typical house in India often has a central courtyard, a covered verandah, simple room arrangements, low-pitched roofs, minimalist design, use of natural materials like brick, stone, and mud, and traditional decorations like carvings and arches.
5. Name the three factors which determine the type of rural settlements.
Ans: Rural Settlements are influenced by three factors namely physical factors, ethnic and cultural factors, and historical or defensive factors.
6. Name any four rural settlement patterns.
Ans: Rural settlement patterns describe the shapes resulting from population distribution in rural areas. They include linear, rectangular, circular, semi-circular and triangular rural settlement patterns.
7. What is a linear pattern of rural settlement?
Ans: A linear settlement is a (normally small to medium-sized) settlement or group of buildings that is formed in a long line. Many of these settlements are formed along a transport route, such as a road, river, or canal.
8. What is the average distance among villages in India?
Ans: As per 2011 census of India, there are a total of 649,481 villages in India. The size of these villages varies considerably.
9. What is the density of villages per 100 sq. km. in Kerala?
Ans: Major reason for the dense population in Kerala could be the favourable climate and availability of water resources. Kerala has 44 rivers,which is very high for a small state. Human habitations are generally higher along the river banks throughout the world.
10. What is a clustered rural settlement?
Ans: A clustered rural settlement is a rural settlement where a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings.
11. What is a metropolitan city?
Ans: One having a population of 1 million and above, comprising one or more districts and two or more Municipalities or Panchayats.
12. What is a census town?
Ans: India, a census town is one which is not statutorily notified and administered as a town, but nevertheless whose population has attained urban characteristics.
13. Give two examples of modern cities developed on a British model.
Ans: The two modern towns that were built by the britishers are Kolkata and Berar in hyderabad. These two towns were considered to be the colonial wonders and the British architecture still holds the same in Kolkata.
14. What are the urban outgrowths?
Ans: An urban settlement contiguous to another urban area (such as a statutory town, census town, or city) that possesses urban characteristics but is not qualified as an independent town.
15. What is the minimum population of a class I city?
Ans: More than one lakh people.
Short Type Questions Answer
1. Name three types of rural settlements found in India. Describe special features of any one type.
Ans: The major types of settlements in rural areas are compact settlements, semi-compact settlements (also called hamlet settlements), and dispersed settlements. In compact settlements, the houses are close, often joined.
The Great Lakes, the Mississippi River, and the Rocky Mountains. The Great Lakes are the largest source of freshwater on the planet.
2. Distinguish between:
(i) Rural and urban settlements.
Ans:
| Basic | Rural Settlements | Urban Settlements |
| Meaning | Places with a comparatively low population where the people largely depend on agriculture for their livelihood are called rural settlements. Based on factors like accessibility and availability of water rural settlements can take different shapes. | The settlements that generally have a high population which is mostly dependent on non-agricultural sectors are called urban settlements. Urban settlements are mostly nucleated settlements. |
| Objective | Settlement geography is the study of human land, water and resource use, population density patterns, and settlement growth. It is essential to urban planning and urban landscape. Group of people living together forms a settlement. | The overall human settlement objective is to improve the social, economic and environmental quality of human settlements and the living and working environments of all people, in particular the urban and rural poor. |
| Importance | The people living in the rural areas all over the world are engaged and dependent on various primary occupations, viz, agriculture, fisheries, forestry, and mining. Out of these, agriculture is the most important occupation. | It provides services to the surrounding area, e.g.- entertainment, transport, market. Employment and administrative service. It provides the facilities to the people living in town. |
| Problems | Factors influencing rural settlement are the nature of the topography, local weather conditions, soil and water resources, social organisations and economic conditions. | Housing shortages, vertical expansion, and the emergence of slums are all characteristics of contemporary cities in developing countries. |
(ii) Clustered and dispersed rural settlements.
Ans:
| Basic | Clustered rural settlements | Dispersed rural Settlements |
| Meaning | The clustered rural settlement is a compact or closely built-up area of houses. In this type of village, the general living area is distinct and separated from the surrounding farms, barns and pastures. | Dispersed SettlementsIn these settlements, houses or the group of houses (varies from 2-7) are settled at some distance from others. |
| Objective | Clustered SettlementsThis type of settlement is built due to various reasons, e.g. in Bundelkhand and Nagaland, people live in these settlements for defence and security purposes, in Rajasthan these settlements are built around/near water resources due to water scarcity. | A dispersed settlement, also known as a scattered settlement, is one of the main types of settlement patterns used by landscape historians to classify rural settlements found in England and other parts of the world. Typically, there are a number of separate farmsteads scattered throughout the area. |
| Benefits | Clustered settlement patterns can have a number of advantages, including more efficient use of resources and infrastructure, and a sense of community and social cohesion. However, they can also present challenges, such as the potential for overcrowding and the concentration of environmental impacts in a specific area. | Dispersed Settlements houses or the group of houses (varies from 2-7) are settled at some distance from others. This is common in hunting, gathering and fishing communities. Such settlements are found in tribal areas of central India, including Chhota Nagpur plateau, Rajasthan, MP, etc. |
| Causes | A clustered rural settlement is a rural settlement where several families live near each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings. The layout of this type of village reflects historical circumstances, the nature of the land, economic conditions, and local cultural characteristics. | Dispersed settlements have few houses that are spread far apart. There are several factors influencing rural settlement types and patterns. The factors are: cultural, physical, economic, historical, and demographic. |
(iii) Rectangular and triangular pattern of settlements.
Ans:
| Basic | Rectangular pattern of settlements | Triangular pattern of settlements. |
| Meaning | Rectangular pattern: Such patterns of rural settlements are found in plain areas or wide intermontane valleys. The roads are rectangular and cut each other at right angles. | Triangular settlement patterns are found where two rivers or roads converge, while Circular settlement patterns surround a central space. |
| Objective | Rectangular pattern is mainly found in the productive alluvial plains and wide intermontane valleys. The lanes in the rectangular pattern settle almost straight, meeting each other at right angles. | Triangular settlement patterns are often found where two roads converge or multiple rivers confluence. A village develops on the land between the rivers or roads, whose expansion is limited by the rivers/roads. |
| Benefits | The rectangular drainage pattern develops on rocks uniformly resistant to erosion. The joints and faults lie at right angles. Since these may be areas less resistant to erosion, the stream develops along the joints and may consist of straight segments with right angle bends with tributaries joining at right angles. | The triangular number sequence is the representation of the numbers in the form of equilateral triangle arranged in a series or sequence. These numbers are in a sequence of 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45, and so on. The numbers in the triangular pattern are represented by dots. |
| Aim | Rectangular Pattern The settlements are located in plain areas or in wide intermontane valleys. The roads are rectangular and cut each other at right angles. Circular Pattern The settlements develop around lakes, tanks and the central part remains open for keeping the animals to protect them from wild animals. | Triangular settlement patterns are often found where two roads converge or multiple rivers confluence. When houses are built so that their distribution forms a triangle-like shape, the settlement pattern is called a triangular settlement. |
(iv) Hamleted and dispersed rural settlements.
Ans:
| Basic | Hamleted rural settlements | Dispersed rural settlements |
| Meaning | Hamleted Sometimes settlement is fragmented into several units physically separated from each other bearing a common name. These units are locally called panna, para, palli, nagla, dhani, etc. in various parts of the country. | A Dispersed settlement, also known as a scattered settlement, is one of the main types of settlement patterns used by landscape historians to classify rural settlements found in England and other parts of the world. |
| Objective | Hamleted SettlementsThis segmentation of a large village is often motivated by social and ethnic factors. Such villages are more frequently found in the middle and lower Ganga plain, Chhattisgarh and lower valleys of the Himalayas. | In the dispersed settlement which is also called scattered settlement buildings are scattered over a wide area. These kinds of settlements have the limited population, usually located close to nature, and are considered to be free of pollution. |
| Uses | Hamleted SettlementsThe hamlets are dispersed around the area, separated by fields, and the central or major village has little or no influence over the rest. Most of the time, it is not easy to distinguish the original site and the diversity of morphology is often disregarded. | Dispersed SettlementsIn these settlements, houses or the group of houses (varies from 2-7) are settled at some distance from others. This is common in hunting, gathering and fishing communities. Such settlements are found in tribal areas of central India, including Chhota Nagpur plateau, Rajasthan, MP, etc. |
3. Give the relationship between village distance on the one hand and average size of village (population) and rural density (persons/sq. km.), on the other.
Ans: According to the census of 2011, the population density of India is 382 people/square km. Areas of very high density due to migration and urbanisation, fertile plain and industrialisation like in Delhi, West Bengal, Bihar.
4. Explain the factors affecting types of rural settlements.
Ans: People choose to settle near fertile lands suitable for agriculture, along with the provision of other basic needs. Factors influencing rural settlement are the nature of the topography, local weather conditions, soil and water resources, social organisations and economic conditions.
5. Write short notes on the following:
(i) CBD.
Ans: The central business district (CBD) is that part of the city which contains the principal commercial streets and main public buildings.
From: International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, 2009.
Centrality within the central business district (CBD) of large urban areas is longer than the undisputed optimal locational goal for activity sites and this is reflected in polycentric, rather than monocentric, peaks in urban land values. Locations that are in proximity to large markets can offer quicker and cheaper access in congested urban areas than central locations, hence the extensive use of motorway and ring road junctions for activity sites and of secondary airports by low-cost airlines in deregulated airline markets.
CBD: Central Business District or city centre; the commercial and business centre of a town or city where land values are at the highest. This is the most accessible part of the town or city.
(ii) Functional zone.
Ans: Functional zoning, functional city zoning, or use-based zoning is a method used for dividing land use by its function. Typically, land use is divided in two ways, by its function and by its physical characteristics.
Functional zoning tends to create or increase car dependency, while mixed-use zoning tends to enable walking, making it more sustainable. It has been criticised for causing the squandering of land, energy, and time.
For spatial heterogeneity, a city usually consists of different functional zones, such as commercial, residential, and industrial zones, and these zones are spatially heterogeneous and cross-distributed in a city.
(iii) Commercial towns.
Ans: Commercial Towns: Such towns specialise in trade and commerce. For example, Kolkata, Satna, and Saharanpur. Mining Towns: Such towns develop in mineral rich areas.
Commercial or port towns refer to those areas which are important centres of commercial activities. A town with a harbour by the water or river is called a port. Radio advertisements, internet commercials, and TV commercials are examples of commercial advertising. Allowing corporations to run brief adverts on a radio show is typically profitable.
6. Give the classification of towns.
Ans: Towns can be classified into various categories based on their functions. This includes administrative towns, mining towns, industrial towns, tourist towns, commercial towns, and transport towns, among others.
On the basis of functions, Indian cities and towns can be broadly into-Administrative towns and cities, Industrial towns, Transport Cities, Commercial towns, Mining towns, Garrison Cantonment towns, Educational towns, Religious and cultural towns, and Tourist towns.
7. How many types of settlements are there?
Ans: The four main types of settlements are urban, rural, compact, and dispersed. Urban settlements are densely populated and are mostly non-agricultural. They are known as cities or metropolises and are the most populated type of settlement. These settlements take up the most land, resources, and services.
8. What are metropolitan cities?
Ans: The Census Commission of India defines Metropolitan cities as those Indian cities having a population of more than 4 million.
9. What type of rural settlements are found in Rajasthan? Explain the main factor which is responsible for the development of such settlements.
Ans: In Rajasthan, scarcity of water has necessitated compact settlement for maximum utilisation of available water resources. Sometimes settlement is fragmented into several units physically separated from each other bearing a common name. These units are locally called panna, para, palli, nagla, dhani, etc.
Settlements are constructed considering conditions like climate, availability of water, slope of the land, and the level of development of an area.
Long Type Questions Answer
1. Describe the factors that affect house types in India.
Ans: Several factors influence the types of houses found in India:
(i) Geography and Climate: Climate factors are terrestrial factors influencing the weather and weather conditions. Climate components and climate factors are composing the climate in its variations. Climate factors are stable and/or only slightly changing factors, except the vegetation cover (land use) Geographic latitude.
(ii) Cultural and Social Practices: In broad terms, cultural geography examines the cultural values, practices, discursive and material expressions and artefacts of people, the cultural diversity and plurality of society, and how cultures are distributed over space, how places and identities are produced, how people make sense of places and build senses.
(iii) Materials Availability: In industry, material availability refers to the ability of companies to obtain and access the materials and resources needed for their manufacturing or production processes.
(iv) Economic Factors: Economic factors include economic growth, percentage of unemployment, inflation, interest and exchange rates, and commodity (oil, steel, gold, etc) prices. These affect the discretionary income and purchasing power of households and organisations alike.
(v) Urbanization and Modernization: Urbanisation is the rural population moving to cities for better infrastructure, better services, better healthcare, and educational opportunities, etc. Modernization is broader in scope in education, science, technology, industry, manufacturing, economic development, etc.
(vi) Government Policies and Regulations: Government Policy refers to a set of principles, guidelines, or rules established by a government to guide decision-making and action on specific issues. Government policies can cover a wide range of issues, including social, economic, and environmental issues.
(vii) Caste and Religion: It is a social hierarchy passed down through families, and it can dictate the professions a person can work in as well as aspects of their social lives, including whom they can marry. While the caste system originally was for Hindus, nearly all Indians today identify with a caste, regardless of their religion.
2. Explain any three considerations which determine the different types of rural houses in India.
Ans: Certainly, here are three key considerations that determine the different types of rural houses in India:
(i) Climate and Geography: Climate can be defined as the long-term patterns or trends in weather for a particular area. Geography is the study of the physical features of the Earth and the interactions between humans and these features. There are four main geographic variables that affect local, regional and global climate.
(ii) Availability of Construction Materials: A construction building material is any substance used in building a structure. There are various kinds of materials used for building in the construction industry. We use different materials depending on their structural capabilities.
(iii) Cultural and Socio-Economic Factors: Sociocultural factors influence people’s feelings, values, beliefs, behaviours, attitudes, and interactions. Exam, and attitude towards work.
3. Draw diagram for the following patterns of rural settlements:
(i) Linear pattern.
Ans: Linear pattern: is a noticeable type of settlement. In such a type of settlement the houses grow along both sides of the roads and railway lines or along the banks of the rivers, irrigation canals, etc and along the narrow river valleys of the mountainous region or the coastal areas.
(ii) Star-like pattern.
Ans: Star-like patterns: When the settlements spread in some places along both sides of a number of roads from different directions like diffusion of rays from the stars, to the road intersections, it is called star-like settlement.
(iii) Rectangular pattern.
Ans: Rectangular pattern: A rectangle is a pattern that occurs on price charts. A rectangle is formed when the price reaches the same horizontal support and resistance levels multiple times.
(iv) Triangular pattern.
Ans: Triangular pattern: When a settlement of triangular shape grows in an intersection of two large rivers based on availability of water and fertile soil, it is called triangular settlement.
(v) Radial pattern.
Ans: Radial pattern: Develops around a central elevated point where the streams radiate outwards from a central high point. The tributaries from a summit follow the slope downwards and drain down in all directions.
4. Write a brief account of the distribution of metropolitan cities in India.
Ans: The distribution of metropolitan cities in India is primarily influenced by historical, geographical, and economic factors.
Here’s a brief account of their distribution:
(i) Northern Region: The northern region is among the largest regions in India comprising eight states-Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Uttarakhand, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh and UT Chandigarh.
(ii) Western Region: The region consists of the predominantly arid to semi-arid region of Saurashtra and Kutch in the North. The region South of that of Cambay and Southern Gujarat makes the northern semi arid region and the southern humid region submerge. The Western Ghats lie along the coast of South Gujarat, Maharashtra and Goa.
(iii) Southern Region: The Geography of South India comprises the diverse topological and climatic patterns of South India. South India is a peninsula in the shape of a vast inverted triangle, bounded on the west by the Arabian Sea, on the east by the Bay of Bengal and on the north by the Vindhya and Satpura ranges.
(iv) Eastern Region: Eastern India is a region of India consisting of the Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal and also the union territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Bihar Patna, Gaya.
(v) Central Region: Central India is a loosely defined geographical region of India. There is no clear official definition and various ones may be used. One common definition consists of the states of Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh, which are included in almost all definitions.
5. Give a brief account of functional classification of towns in India.
Ans: Here’s a brief overview of the functional classification of towns in India:
(i) Metropolitan Cities: The modern definition however is given by the Census Commission in the context of India by which they mean metropolitan cities are urban areas with a population of more than 4 million.
(ii) Municipal Corporations: Municipal corporations are organised under the applicable state constitution and laws, with powers of government expressly or implicitly conferred by that constitution and laws, and also by charter. Within the municipality, these powers are exercised by a governing body elected by the people.
(iii) Municipalities: A municipality is a political subdivision of a state within which a municipal corporation has been established to provide general local government for a specific population concentration in a defined area.
(iv) Notified Area Committees (NACs): A Notified Area Council is typically smaller and has a lower population than a Municipality. NACs are usually established in areas with a population of less than 50,000, while Municipalities are established in areas with a population of 100,000 or more.
(v) Cantonment Boards: A cantonment board is a civic administration body in India under control of the Ministry of Defence. The board comprises elected members besides ex-officio and nominated members as per the Cantonments Act, 2006. The term of office of a member of a board is five years.
(vi) Special Economic Zones (SEZs): A special economic zone (SEZ) is an area in which the business and trade laws are different from the rest of the country. SEZs are located within a country’s national borders. Their aims include increased trade balance, employment, increased investment, job creation and effective administration.
(vii) Tourist Destinations: A tourist destination plays an important role in attracting tourists, a tourist destination is a geographical location which has all the important components to attract tourists and fill their all demands and needs. A tourist destination comprises different components which are characterised as the 4 A’s.
6. Describe salient characteristics of Indian towns.
Ans: Here are some salient characteristics of Indian towns:
(i) Cultural Diversity: Cultural diversity. A society’s culture includes its social institutions like its political structure, but as we have just learned it is much more than that. One country can be made up of people from many different cultures and one cultural group can exist in more than one country.
(ii) Historical Significance: Historical geography is the branch of geography that studies the ways in which geographic phenomena have changed over time. It is a synthesising discipline which shares both topical and methodological similarities with history, anthropology, ecology, geology, environmental studies, literary studies, and other fields.
(iii) Urban Sprawl: Urban sprawl, the rapid expansion of the geographic extent of cities and towns, often characterised by low-density residential housing, single-use zoning, and increased reliance on the private automobile for transportation.
(iv) Mixed Land Use: Mixed land use development combines residential, commercial, cultural, or institutional functions into a building, block, or neighbourhood. It’s usually planned and built in small, dense areas to increase walkability and cycling.
(v) Informal Sector Dominance: The informal sector makes a significant contribution by providing employment opportunities, particularly to those who may not have access to formal employment. It also plays a crucial role in economic diversification.
(vi) Religious and Spiritual Centres: Visiting places of worship of different religions is defined as spiritual/religious/ or faith-based tourism. For example, pilgrims go for annual pilgrimage to Mecca in Saudi Arabia, Kumbh mela in India, Vatican in Rome, Lady of Fatima in Portugal.
(vii) Inequality and Poverty: Poverty is when people don’t have much to afford the sufficient necessities to sustain themselves. Inequality refers to the unequal distribution of income or wealth which results in some people having more than others.
(viii) Traffic Congestion: Traffic congestion occurs when a volume of traffic generates demand for space greater than the available street capacity; this point is commonly termed saturation.
(ix) Water and Sanitation Challenges: The death of over one lakh children and losses of a whopping 3.6 lakh crore are caused every year in India by poor sanitation and hygiene issues. 31% of the Indian population lives in cities. There is a high migratory pressure towards the Indian cities, mainly because of the poverty and deterioration of rural life.
(x) Cultural Heritage and Festivals: Cultural heritage can be defined as the various tacts, skills, knowledge, art, object, etc. which have cultural importance are called Cultural heritage. Sculptures and architecture are an important part of the cultural heritage of India. The art of Sculpture and architecture are 5000 years old.
Other Textual Questions & Answers
A. Choose the right answers of the following from the given options:
(i) Which one of the following towns is not located on a river bank?
(a) Agra.
(b) Bhopal.
(c) Patna.
(d) Kolkata.
Ans: (b) Bhopal.
(ii) Which one of the following is not the part of the definition of a town as per the census of India?
(a) Population density of 400 persons per sq. km.
(b) Presence of municipality, corporation etc.
(c) More than 75% of the population engaged in primary sector.
(d) Population size of more than 5,000 persons.
Ans: (c) More than 75% of the population engaged in primary sector.
(iii) In which one of the following environments does one expect the presence of dispersed rural settlements?
(a) Alluvial plains of Ganga.
(b) Arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan.
(c) Lower valleys of Himalayas.
(d) Forests and hills in north-east.
Ans: (d) Forests and hills in north-east.
(iv) Which one of the following group of cities have been arranged in the sequence of their ranks i.e., 1, 2, 3, and 4 in size?
(a) Greater Mumbai, Bangalore, Kolkata, Chennai.
(b) Delhi, Greater Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata.
(c) Kolkata, Greater Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata.
(d) Greater Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai.
Ans: (d) Greater Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai.
(v). The activities related to rural settlement are:
(a) Primary activities.
(b) Secondary activities.
(c) Tertiary activities.
(d) None.
Ans: (a) Primary activities.
(vi) Which type of settlements are found in northern plains?
(a) Clustered.
(b) Scattered.
(c) Hamlet.
(d) None.
Ans: (a) Clustered.
(vii) Which is the most ancient town in India?
(a) Mumbai.
(b) Varanasi.
(c) Kolkata.
(d) Delhi.
Ans: (b) Varanasi.
(viii) What is the population size of class one cities in India?
(a) 100000
(b) 10000
(c) 50000
(d) 60000
Ans: (a) 100000.
(ix) Which type of rural settlement in India includes Panna, Para, Palli etc.?
(a) Scattered.
(b) Hamleted.
(c) Compact.
(d) linear.
Ans: (b) Hamleted.
(x) Name the metropolitan city of Karnataka.
(a) Bengaluru.
(b) Bellari.
(c) Dharwar.
(d) Mysore.
Ans: (a) Bengaluru.
(xi) Harappa and Mohenjodaro towns were found in:
(a) Ganga valley.
(b) Narmada valley.
(c) Indus valley.
(d) Brahmaputra valley.
Ans: (c) Indus valley.
B. Give one word answer:
(i) Group of dwellings where humans live.
Ans: Settlement.
(ii) A process of coming together to live in an area or locality.
Ans: Occupance.
(iii) The average distance among villages in India.
Ans: 2.52 km.,.
(iv) The settlements with rural character.
Ans: Villages.
(v) The basic area of human habitations.
Ans: Villages.
(vi) The type of settlement with compact or closely built area of houses.
Ans: Clustered.
(vii) The settlement fragmented into several units physically separated from each other bearing a common name.
Ans: Hamleted.
(viii) The type of settlement with isolated huts or hamlets.
Ans: Dispersed.
(ix) Shape of the settlement developed at a delta head and further expanding along several distributaries.
Ans: fan-shaped.
(x) Type of economic activities the urban areas are engaged in.
Ans: Secondary and tertiary.
(xi) The common term for squatter settlements.
Ans: Slums.
(xii) The towns having municipal corporation or cantonment board or a notified town area committee.
Ans: Statutory town.
(xiii) Cities accommodating a population between one to five millions.
Ans: Metropolitan cities.
(xiv) The city having population over 5 million:
Ans: Mega city.
