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NCERT Class 12 Geography Chapter 13 Human Development
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Human Development
Chapter: 13
PART – II INDIA: PEOPLE AND ECONOMY
Very Short Type Questions Answer
1. What do you understand about Human Development?
Ans: Human development refers to the positive growth and changes in human habitation and livelihood.
2. What should be the goal of development?
Ans: A call-to-action for people worldwide to address five critical areas of importance by 2030: people, planet, prosperity, peace, and partnership.
3. Name the indicators of human development.
Ans: life expectancy, education and purchasing power parity.
4. Explain health indicators of HDI.
Ans: The Human Development Index (HDI) is the main measurement of human development, characterised by 3 indicators (health, education, and standard of living).
5. What are economic indicators?
Ans: A numerical measure of quality of life in a country.
Short Answer Type Questions
1. Distinguish between:
(i) Human Development and Human Resource Development.
Ans:
| Basic | Human Development | Human Resource Development |
| Meaning | Human development refers to the positive growth and changes in human habitation and livelihood. Human development has a huge impact on the quality of people’s life, such as their dignity, opportunities, freedom, etc. | Human resources development (HRD) refers to the vast field of training and development provided by organisations to increase the knowledge, skills, education, and abilities of their employees. |
| Objective | Human development includes improving the quality of people’s lives in various dimensions, such as economic, social, environmental, cultural, and political. Development is seen as a means to promote well-being and lessen the gap in international consumption levels. | Human resource development is the development of man’s physical and mental abilities through education, health care, and training. An increase in production and the progress of the country can be accelerated only if the human resource is developed. |
| Aim | The aims of human development include long and healthy life, enhancing knowledge of people, creating a decent standard of living, creating conditions for participating in political and community life, environmental sustainability, human security and rights, and gender equality. | Human resource HRD aims at the continuous development of employees throughout their careers in the organisation. It involves a systematic approach to identify the training and development needs of employees. |
| Problem | There is a significant gap between the skills acquired through formal education and those demanded by the job market. Many graduates lack employable skills relevant to modern industries, resulting in high levels of unemployment or underemployment. | The current challenges in Human Resource Development include economic growth, poverty issues, social revolution, outdated agricultural background, and effective utilisation of human resources. |
(ii) Social Indicators and Economic Indicators.
Ans:
| Basic | Social Indicators | Economic Indicators |
| Meaning | Social indicators are a set of indicators that measure progress towards the policy objectives designed for promoting employment, combating poverty, improving living and working conditions, combating exclusion, developing human resources, etc. | Economic indicators include measures of macroeconomic performance (gross domestic product [GDP], consumption, investment, and international trade) and stability (central government budgets, prices, the money supply, and the balance of payments). |
| Objective | Social indicators include unemployment rates, crime rates, estimates of life expectancy, health status indexes such as the average number of “healthy” days (or days without activity limitations) in the past month for a specific population, school enrollment rates, average achievement scores on a. | Economic indicators: leading, lagging and coincident. Leading indicators point to future changes in the economy. They are extremely useful for short-term predictions of economic developments because they usually change before the economy changes. |
| Benefits | Social indicators are meant to help us understand how a community might be faring. One key measure of social development is access to healthcare. | An economic indicator is a piece of economic data, usually of macroeconomic scale, that is used by analysts to interpret current or future investment possibilities. These indicators also help to judge the overall health of an economy. |
2. Explain the regional variation in literacy in India.
Ans: Regional variations refer to differences or variations in a particular characteristic or phenomenon across different regions. The literacy rate is defined by the percentage of the population of a given age group that can read and write.
3. Why is Human Development necessary?
Ans: Human Development creates the right conditions for all. For eg. create environmental sustainability or equality between men and women.
Long Answer Type Questions
1. Discuss the relationship between population, environment and development.
Ans: The relationship between population, environment, and development is complex and multi-faceted.
Here’s a breakdown of how these three factors intersect:
(i) Population: The size, distribution, and growth rate of the population have significant implications for both the environment and development. It intersects with other disciplines such as demography, sociology, economics, urban studies, and environmental studies.An increase in population raises demand for goods and services, stimulating economic activity due to increased consumption and boosting development. Rapid population growth can trigger overexploitation of natural resources, environmental degradation, and increased competition for scarce resources.
(ii) Environment: The environment provides the essential resources necessary for human development, including clean air, water, fertile soil, and biodiversity. Human-environment interaction is how society and the environment behave towards one another. It includes the connections between humans and environments and how they co-exist and interact. Humans depend on, adapt, and modify the environment. These are the three main elements of human-environment interaction.
(iii) Development: Development encompasses economic, social, and environmental progress aimed at improving people’s lives and well-being. Development geography is a branch of geography which refers to the standard of living and its quality of life of its human inhabitants. In this context, development is a process of change that affects peoples’ lives. It may involve an improvement in the quality of life as perceived by the people undergoing change.
2. Why is Human Development necessary? Explain.
Ans: Human development is necessary for several reasons, primarily because it focuses on improving people’s lives in a holistic and sustainable manner.
Here are some key reasons why human development is crucial:
(i) Enhancing Quality of Life: The understanding of one’s environment, constructed and otherwise, learned in geography contributes to the quality of one’s life in the personal sense. The objective meaning refers to the characteristics of a society in a given place and time, the conditions within which people seek happiness.
(ii) Reducing Poverty and Inequality: Reducing inequality requires transformative change. Greater efforts are needed to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, and invest more in health, education, social protection and decent jobs especially for young people, migrants and refugees and other vulnerable communities.
(iii) Fostering Sustainable Development: Fostering Sustainable Development Aid is a forward-thinking concept that emphasises the crucial need to balance economic growth with environmental responsibility in the pursuit of sustainable development.
(iv) Promoting Human Rights and Dignity: Human dignity justifies human rights. When people are divided and given a value based on characteristics like class, gender, religion, and so on, it creates unequal societies where discrimination runs rampant. People assigned a higher value get preferential treatment.
Governments have a particular responsibility to ensure that people are able to enjoy their rights. They are required to establish and maintain laws and services that enable people to enjoy a life in which their rights are respected and protected.
(v) Building Resilience and Capacities: Resilience is generally considered to be a capacity to act and adapt in the face of adversity or constraint, and is the result of a complex interplay of risk and protective factors. Initially focused on the individual, the resilience concept and research have extended to groups such as teams and communitie.
3. Discuss HDI of India after independence.
Ans: India’s Human Development Index (HDI) journey since independence in 1947 has been marked by significant progress, although challenges persist. HDI is a composite index that measures a country’s average achievements in three.
(i) Early Years (1947-1990s): Human Development Index India has increased significantly since 1990. However, it is still below the global average. India’s HDI is ranked 132 out of 191 countries and territories in the 2021/2022 Human Development Report. India has made significant progress in improving life expectancy and education levels.
(ii) Economic Reforms Era (1990s-present): The Human Development Index (HDI) measures each country’s social and economic development by focusing on the following four factors: mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, life expectancy at birth, and gross national income (GNI) per capita.
(iii) Current Status: The latest Human Development Index 2021-2022, published on September 8, 2022, calculates HDI values based on data collected in 2021. India ranked 132 out of 191 countries in the latest human development index, with an HDI value of 0.633, which was lower than the global average of 0.732.
Other Textual Questions & Answer
1. Choose the right answers of the following from the given options:
(i) Which one of the following is India’s rank in terms of Human Development Index among the countries of the world in 2005?
(a) 126
(b) 127
(c) 128
(d) 129
Ans: (6) 127.
(ii) Which one of the following states of India has the higher rank in the Human Development Index?
(a) Tamil Nadu.
(b) Punjab.
(c) Kerala.
(d) Haryana.
Ans: (c) Kerala.
(iii) Which one of the following states has the lowest female literacy in India?
(a) Jammu and Kashmir.
(b) Arunachal Pradesh.
(c) Jharkhand.
(d) Bihar.
Ans: (d) Bihar.
(iv) Which one of the following states of India has the lowest female child sex ratio 0-6 years?
(a) Gujarat.
(b) Haryana.
(c) Punjab.
(d) Himachal Pradesh.
Ans: (b) Haryana.
(v) Which one of the following Union Territories has the highest literacy rate in India?
(a) Lakshadweep.
(b) Chandigarh.
(c) Daman and Diu.
(d) Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Ans: (b) Chandigarh.
(vi) When did the United Nations publish its first human development report?
(a) 1990
(6) 1985
(c) 1980
(d) 1992
Ans: (a) 1990.
(vii) Which state has the highest Human Development Index in India?
(a) Bihar.
(b) Maharashtra.
(c) Gujarat.
(d) Kerala.
Ans: (d) Kerala – 0.638.
(viii) Which state has the lowest literacy rate in India?
(a) Bihar.
(b) Maharashtra.
(c) Punjab.
(d) Gujarat.
Ans: (a) Bihar (47.53%).
(ix) Which state has the lowest HDI in India?
(a) Punjab.
(b) Madhya Pradesh.
(c) Gujarat.
(d) Bihar.
Ans: (d) Bihar (0.367).
(x) What is the female literacy rate in India?
(a) 54.16
(b) 54.0
(c) 16.54
(d) 54.9
Ans: (a) 54.16.
(xi) What is the male literacy rate in India?
(a) 75.8%
(b) 75%
(c) 70%
(d) 60%
Ans: (a) 75.8%.
(xii) What is the value of gross domestic product in India?
(a) ₹3200 billion.
(b) ₹30000 billion.
(c) ₹25000 billion.
(d) ₹10000 billion.
Ans: (a) ₹3200 billion.
2. Give one word answer:
(i) The year when the first Human Development Report was published by the United Nations.
Ans: 1990.
(ii) The world organisation which brought forward the concept of Human Development.
Ans: United Nations.
(iii) The process of widening people’s choices as well as raising the level of well-being achieved.
Ans: Human Development.
(iv) The concept based on human beings, i.e., women around people (men, women and children).
Ans: Anthropo-centric.
(v) The state of deprivation with poor quality of life, malnutrition, illiteracy and therefore, low level of development.
Ans: Poverty.
