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NCERT Class 12 Geography Chapter 12 Migration: Types, Causes and Consequences
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Migration: Types, Causes and Consequences
Chapter: 12
PART – II INDIA: PEOPLE AND ECONOMY
Very Short Type Questions Answer
1. Which state is having the largest tribal population in the country?
Ans: Madhya Pradesh.
2. Name the three states of India having a large number of scheduled castes population.
Ans: Uttar Pradesh (35,148,377) has the largest Scheduled Caste population, followed by West Bengal (18,452,555) and Bihar (13,048,608).
3. Name two main branches of Austric languages.
Ans: Austric languages, hypothetical language superfamily that includes the Austroasiatic and Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) language families.
4. Which religions came from other lands?
Ans: Islam was first introduced in India through the Arab invasion of Sind in CE 712 and through subsequent invasions of the eleventh and twelfth centuries.
5. Which state has the largest percentage of Hindu population to its total population?
Ans: Himachal Pradesh.
6. What is the percentage of scheduled tribes population in India according to the 1991 census?
Ans: The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes comprise about 16.6% and 8.6%, respectively, of India’s population (according to the 2011 census).
7. How many languages are spoken in India according to the 1961 census?
Ans: When the 1961 census of India was completed, data showed that 1,652 mother tongues were spoken in India.
8. Which language family is predominant in India?
Ans: Indian languages belong to either the Indo-Aryan language family (the largest) or the Dravidian language family (the second largest).
9. Of which four religions is India the birthplace?
Ans: These religions, which include Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, and Sikhism, are also classified as Eastern religions.
10. When and where did Christianity appear in India?
Ans: Located on the Coromandel Coast of Tamil Nadu, the Velankanni Church is known as the National Shrine of India.
Short Type Questions Answer
1. Why are tribal communities mainly concentrated in forest regions and hilly tracks?
Ans: The tribal people mostly lived in forests, hills and deserts. They chose such places to live, as it was difficult for others to reach those places because of the severity of the terrain.
2. Why are scheduled castes mainly concentrated in the alluvial and the coastal plains of the country? Give three reasons.
Ans: Scheduled Caste i.e. SC is called such class, which is a victim of untouchability and oppression. who are kept isolated from the mainstream. In common parlance, they are also called Dalits or Harijans. According to the 2011 census, the scheduled castes population in India is 16.6 crore.
3. There is a highly uneven distribution of tribal population in Indian states. Give three reasons.
Ans: Climate, terrain and water availability are three major physical factors that account for the uneven pattern of population distribution.
4. Why do people of India display a high degree of diversity in their languages and dialects? Give three reasons.
Ans: People adapted to the geographical location in which they live. People’s search to find new places for settlement and trade, led to intermixing of cultures.
5. Why is work participation rate high among the scheduled tribes?
Ans: They live in very harsh conditions such as inaccessible, hilly and forested regions where they work a whole day to earn their bread.
6. The tribal community of India displays an interesting profile in the contrast of ethnic diversity. Comment.
Ans: Recognition of the indigenous knowledge system of the Tribals and its promotion to help support retention of tribal culture. Documentation of tangible and intangible tribal culture, tradition and practices.
Long Type Questions Answer
1. Discuss the distribution of scheduled castes population in India.
Ans: Scheduled Castes (SCs), also known as Dalits, are historically marginalised communities in India who have faced social, economic, and political discrimination for centuries. The distribution of Scheduled Castes population in India is not uniform and varies significantly across different states and regions.
(i) Uttar Pradesh: It is significant that the OBC Hindus are the single largest bloc in Uttar Pradesh, estimated to be between 40 and 45% of the population. In 2024, the sex ratio of the total population in Uttar Pradesh will be 108.635 males per 100 females. There are 124,332,000, or 124.33 million, or 12.43 crore, males and 114,542,000, or 114.54 million, or 11.45 crore, females in Uttar Pradesh. Uttar Pradesh has 9,788,000, or 9.79 million, more males than females.
(ii) West Bengal: The tribal population in the state stood at 5.29 million during the 2011 census, accounting for about 5.8% of the total population. The SC population, according to the Union ministry of social justice and empowerment, stood at 21.4 million, or 23.51 % of the state’s population.
(iii) Tamil Nadu: The Scheduled Castes (SCs) constitute 23.7% and Denotified Communities (DNCs) and the General Categories constitute 3% each of the total population, according to the Summary Report of TNHPS-PBS 2018-19 released earlier this week. The Scheduled Tribes (STs) constitute 0.7% of the population.
(iv) Punjab: The Scheduled Caste population in Punjab is 88.60 lac which is 31.94% of the total population (277.43 lac) of the State. Punjab accounts for 2.3% of the total population and 4.3% Scheduled Caste population of India.
(v) Rajasthan: The Scheduled Caste (SC) which has the highest population as a group in Rajasthan comprises almost 18% or over 1.20 crore head count of the state’s total population. They enjoy reservation of assembly seats in 34 out of the total 200 constituencies.
(vi) Maharashtra: The current share of these categories in Maharashtra is General (78.8%), SC (11.8%), and ST (9.4%). The Marathas comprise 32%; OBCs form 33.8% of the population in Maharashtra.
(vii) Andhra Pradesh and Telangana: In Andhra Pradesh, the BCs constitute nearly 50 per cent of the population, with 139 subcastes. The SCs make up around 19 per cent, and STs comprise about 5.6 per cent.
(viii) Karnataka: The total number of tribal people recognized by the Government in Karnataka is about 42,48,978 which is 6.95 per cent of the total population of the State. There has been a 6 per cent increase in the tribal population during the last decade.
(ix) Madhya Pradesh: As per the census- 2011, the scheduled caste population in Madhya Pradesh is 1,13,42,320 is 15.60% of the total population of the state.
2. Name four language families of India and discuss their geographical distribution.
Ans: Here are four prominent language families in India along with their geographical distribution:
(i) Indo-European Family:
(a) Geographical Distribution: The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the overwhelming majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent.
(b) Variations: Geographical variation refers to differences among populations in genetically based traits across the natural geographic range of a species. Understanding the factors that give rise to and maintain geographical variation helps elucidate the causes and consequences of evolution.
(ii) Dravidian Family:
(a) Geographical Distribution: Dravidian is a language family of around 80 varieties spoken mainly in southern and central India, as well as in a handful of locations in northern India (Kurukh, Malto), Nepal (Kurukh) and Pakistan and Afghanistan (Brahui) (figure 1).
(b) Variations: The Dravidian peoples, also known as Dravidians, represent an ethnolinguistic family of people who primarily live in Southern India and parts of Sri Lanka. There are numerous Dravidic ethnic groups classified into subgroups based on geographic regions, such as the north subgroup Brahui and the central subgroup Gond.
(iii) Austroasiatic Family:
(a) Geographical Distribution: The two main branches that represent the Austro-Asiatic linguistic family in India are:
(i) The Mundari, spoken mostly in and around Chota-Nagpur plateau. and
(ii) The Mon-Khmer spoken in northeast and in the Andaman and Nicobar islands.
(b) Variations: Geographical variation refers to differences among populations in genetically based traits across the natural geographic range of a species. Understanding the factors that give rise to and maintain geographical variation helps elucidate the causes and consequences of evolution.
(iv) Sino-Tibetan Family:
(a) Geographical Distribution: The Sino-Tibetan family comprises about 500 languages spoken across a wide geographic range, from the west coast of the Pacific to Nepal, India, and Pakistan. Speakers of these languages have played a major role in human prehistory, giving rise to early high cultures China, Tibet, Burma, and Nepal.
(b) Variations: The Sino-Tibetan family is generally seen as split in two branches, viz., Sinitic and Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff, 2003; Thurgood, 2017). However, there is no clear consensus on the definition of the family, or on its internal structure and on the affiliated languages (Handel, 2008, p. 423).
3. Discuss the religious composition of the Indian population and its spatial distribution.
Ans: The religious composition of the Indian population is as follows:
(i) Hinduism: Hinduism is an ancient religion with the largest religious grouping in India, with around 966 million adherents as of 2011, composing 79.8% of the population. Hinduism is diverse, with monotheism, henotheism, polytheism, panentheism, pantheism, monism, atheism, animism, agnosticism, and gnosticism being represented.
(ii) Islam: The religious obligations of all Muslims are summed up in the Five Pillars of Islam, which include the profession of faith in God and his Prophet, prayer, charity pilgrimage and fasting.
(iii) Christianity: Christianity is broadly split into three branches: Catholic, Protestant and (Eastern) Orthodox. The Catholic branch is governed by the Pope and Catholic bishops around the world.
(iv) Sikhism: Sikhism is an ethical monotheism fusing elements of Hinduism and Islam. It was founded by Nanak (1469-1539), a mystic who believed that God transcends religious distinctions.
(v) Buddhism: Buddhism is one of the world’s largest religions and originated 2,500 years ago in India. Buddhists believe that human life is one of suffering, and that meditation, spiritual and physical labour, and good behaviour are the ways to achieve enlightenment, or nirvana.
(vi) Jainism: Jainism is considered an eternal dharma with the tirthankaras guiding every time cycle of the cosmology. The three main pillars of Jainism are ahimsa (non-violence), anekantavada (non-absolutism), and aparigraha (asceticism).
(vii) Other religions: Religious syncretism is the blending of two or more religious belief systems into a new system, or the incorporation into a religious tradition of beliefs from unrelated traditions.
The spatial distribution of religious communities in India is influenced by historical, cultural, and geographical factors:
(i) Hinduism developed over many centuries from a variety of sources, cultural practices, sacred texts, and philosophical movements, as well as local popular beliefs. The combination of these factors is what accounts for the varied and diverse nature of Hindu practices and beliefs.
(ii) Ehrman attributes the rapid spread of Christianity to five factors:
(a) The promise of salvation and eternal life for everyone was an attractive alternative to Roman religions.
(b) stories of miracles and healings purportedly showed that the one Christian God was more powerful than the many Roman gods.
(c) Christianity.
(iii) The Seven Factors of Awakening are seven mental capacities so valued as part of Buddhist practice that they are known as “inner wealth.” These factors are mindfulness, investigation, energy, joy, tranquillity, concentration, and equanimity.
4. Give the spatial distribution of tribal population in India.
Ans: Here is an overview of the spatial distribution of tribal population in India:
(i) Northeast India:
(a) It is followed by Nagaland with 86.5 percent of ST population in the state, Meghalaya with 86.1 per cent, Arunachal Pradesh with 68.8 per cent, Manipur with 40.9 per cent, Sikkim with 33.8 per cent and Tripura with 31.8 per cent.
(b) Tribes such as the Bodos, Khasis, Garos, Mizos, Nagas, and various smaller tribes inhabit this region.
(ii) Central India:
(a) More than half of the Scheduled Tribe population is concentrated in Central India, i.e., Madhya Pradesh (14.69%), Chhattisgarh (7.5%), Jharkhand (8.29%), Andhra Pradesh (5.7%), Maharashtra (10.08%), Orissa (9.2%), Gujarat (8.55%) and Rajasthan (8.86%).
(b) States like Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh have a high proportion of tribal inhabitants, with tribal communities such as the Santhals, Gonds, Bhils, Oraons, and Munda tribes being prominent.
(iii) Western India:
(a) Scheduled Tribes (ST) account for approximately 8.6% of India’s population or approximately 10.4 crore people. Over 730 Scheduled Tribes have been notified under Article 342 of the Indian Constitution. 97% of them live in rural areas, while 10% live in cities.
(iv) Southern India:
(a) South India Region comprising the states of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala. The tribes inhabiting this region are the Chenchus, Irulas, Paniyans, Kurumbas, Kadars, Todas, Badagas, Kotas, etc.
(b) The tribal communities in these states include the Irulas, Todas, Kurumbas, and others.
(vi) Eastern India:
(a) The tribes of Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha and Bihar come under this zone. The tribes of Odisha are Juang, Kharia, Khond and Bhumij. The tribes of Jharkhand are Munda, Oraon, Santhal, Ho and Birhor. They are of the Austric language family and speak Kol and Munda languages.
(b) Tribes such as the Santals, Oraons, and Mundas are found in parts of West Bengal, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh.
(vii) Islands:
(a) Foothills area of Nagaon and Kamrup districts while the Dimasa Kacharis are mainly found in the North Cachar district. Besides, Hajong, Hmar, Rengma, Naga, Kuki, garo are also dominant groups inhabited in the hills of Assam.
5. What is the difference between Buddhists of Ladakh and those of Maharashtra?
Ans: (i) Geographical and Cultural Context:
(a) Ladakh: Ladakh covers about 45,000 square miles (117,000 square km) and contains the Ladakh Range, which is a southeastern extension of the Karakoram Range, and the upper Indus River valley. Ladakh is one of the highest regions of the world. Its natural features consist mainly of high plains and deep valleys.
(b) Maharashtra: Maharashtra with a total area of 307,713 km2 (118,809 sq mi), is the third-largest state by area in terms of land area and constitutes 9.36 per cent of India’s total geographical area. The State lies between 15°35′ N to 22°02′ N latitude and 72°36′ E to 80°54′ E longitude.
(c) Religious Practices and Traditions: Geography can affect culture and religion in that its natural barriers separated people into certain areas, where they formed their own religion. It can also show the overlap of religious traditions in some religions as well.
(d) Maharashtra: Maharashtra, state of India, occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan plateau in the western peninsular part of the subcontinent. Its shape roughly resembles a triangle, with the 450-mile (725-km) western coastline forming the base and its interior narrowing to a blunt apex some 500 miles (800 km) to the east.
(ii) Historical Background:
(a) Ladakh: The ancient inhabitants of Ladakh were Darts, an Indo-Aryan race. Immigrants of Tibet, Skardo and nearby parts like Purang, Guge settled in Ladakh, whose racial characters and cultures were in consonance with early settlers. Buddhism travelled from central India to Tibet via Ladakh leaving its imprint in Ladakh.
(b) Maharashtra: Maharashtra was ruled by the Mauryan Empire in the 4th and 3rd century BCE. One of the Major Rock Edicts of the Maurya king Ashoka was located at Sopara, near present-day Mumbai. Around 230 BCE, the Maharashtra region was taken over by the Satavahana dynasty, which ruled the area for the next 400 years.
6. Name the 18 major languages which have been specified in the eighth schedule of the Indian constitution. Also mention the regions they belong.
Ans: Here are the 22 languages specified in the Eighth Schedule along with the regions they belong to:
(a) Assamese: Assam.
(b) Bengali: West Bengal, Tripura.
(c) Gujarati: Gujarat, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu.
(d) Hindi: National language of India; spoken widely across the country.
(e) Kannada: Karnataka.
(f) Kashmiri: Jammu and Kashmir.
(g) Konkani: Goa, parts of Maharashtra.
(h) Karnataka, Kerala.
(i) Malayalam: Kerala, Lakshadweep.
(j) Manipuri (Meitei): Manipur.
(k) Marathi: Maharashtra, Goa.
(l) Nepali: Sikkim, parts of West Bengal.
(m) Odia (Oriya): Odisha.
(n) Punjabi: Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana.
(o) Sanskrit: No specific region (considered a classical language).
(p) Sindhi: Sindh region of Pakistan, parts of Gujarat and Rajasthan.
(q) Tamil: Tamil Nadu, Puducherry.
(r) Telugu: Andhra Pradesh, Telangana.
(s) Urdu: Urdu is spoken widely across India, but it is primarily associated with the Muslim community and is commonly spoken in states with significant Muslim populations, including Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Jammu and Kashmir.
(t) Bodo: Assam.
(u) Santhali: Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha, Bihar.
(v) Maithili: Bihar, Jharkhand.
(w) Dogri: Jammu and Kashmir.
Other Textual Questions & Answer
1. Choose the right answers of the following from the given options:
(i) Which one of the following is the main reason for male migration in India?
(a) Education.
(b) Business.
(c) Work and employment.
(d) Marriage.
Ans: (c) Work and employment.
(ii) Which one of the following states receives the maximum number of immigrants?
(a) Uttar Pradesh.
(b) Delhi.
(c) Maharashtra.
(d) Bihar.
Ans: (c) Maharashtra.
(iii) Which one of the following streams is dominated by male migrants in India?
(a) Rural-rural.
(b) Urban-rural.
(c) Rural-urban.
(d) Gujarat.
Ans: (c) Rural-urban.
(iv) Which one of the following urban agglomerations has the highest share of in-migrant population?
(a) Mumbai UA.
(b) Delhi UA.
(c) Bangalore UA.
(d) Chennai UA.
Ans: (a) Mumbai UA.
(v) Which state has maximum migrants?
(a) Maharashtra.
(b) Tamil Nadu.
(c) Kerala.
(d) Gujarat.
Ans: (a) Maharashtra.
(vi) Which state has maximum emigrants?
(a) Punjab.
(b) Uttar Pradesh.
(c) Bihar.
(d) Madhya Pradesh.
Ans: (b) Uttar Pradesh.
(vii) Which is not a push factor?
(a) Poverty.
(b) Pressure of population.
(c) Entertainment.
(d) Disaster.
Ans: (c) Entertainment.
(viii) How many migrants are in India on the basis of the last census?
(a) 31.5 crore.
(b) 30 crore.
(c) 25 crore.
(d) 10 crore.
Ans: (a) 31.5 crore.
(ix) How many people have migrated to India from neighbouring countries?
(a) 50 lakh.
(b) 1 crore.
(c) 30 lakh.
(d) 20 lakh.
Ans: (a) 50 lakh.
(x) What is the reason for migration from India to the Middle East?
(a) agriculture.
(b) mining.
(c) increase in oil.
(d) favourable climate.
Ans: (c) increase in oil.
(xi) From which country maximum migration has taken place?
(a) Bangladesh.
(b) Pakistan.
(c) Sri Lanka.
(d) Nepal.
Ans: (a) Bangladesh.
(xii) How many percent of women migrate after marriage?
(a) 45
(b) 50
(c) 60
(d) 65
Ans: (d) 65.
(xiii) The causes of migration are known as:
(a) Push and pull factors.
(b) Hunger.
(c) Rainfall.
(d) Drought.
Ans: (a) push and pull factors.
(xiv) What work has been done by Indian migrants in the West Indies?
(a) Mining.
(b) Plantation farming.
(c) Agriculture.
(d) Industries.
Ans: (b) Plantation farming.
2. Give one word answer:
(i) Number of languages recognised in India.
Ans: 18.
(ii) The dominant religion in India.
Ans: Hinduism.
(iii) The state with the greatest concentration of Buddhists and Jain in India.
Ans: Maha-rashtra.
(iv) The ethnic division of population in India in ancient times.
Ans: Varnas.
(v) Total number of castes falling in scheduled caste group of population in India.
Ans: 542.
(vi) The criteria on the basis of which states were recognised in India after Independence.
Ans: Languages.
(vii) The script of Hindi language.
Ans: Devanagari.
(viii) The oldest religion of the world.
Ans: Hinduism.
(ix) In terms of followers, it is the second most important religion in India.
Ans: Islam.
(x) The state with the largest number of Muslim population in India.
Ans: Uttar Pradesh.
(xi) The state with the largest concentration of Christians in India.
Ans: Kerala.
(xii) The second most commonly spoken language in India.
Ans: Bengali.
