Class 12 Political Science Chapter 16 Rise of Popular Movements The answer to each chapter is provided in the list so that you can easily browse through different chapters Assam Board HS Class 12 Political Science Chapter 16 Rise of Popular Movements and select needs one.
Class 12 Political Science Chapter 16 Rise of Popular Movements
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VERY LONG ANSWER
Q.1. Why did the Narmada Bachao Andolan oppose the dam projects in the Narmada Valley ?
Ans : Narmada Bachao Aandolan, a movement to save Narmada, opposed the construction of the mega dams and questioned the nature of ongoing developmental projects in the country. The NBA opposed the dam projects in the Narmada valley because of following reason :
(i) It would destroy the ecological habitual of that particular area.
(ii) The project would lead to large scale displacement of people around that belt.
(iii) There would be a serious loss of their livelihood and cultural and depletion of ecological resources.
(iv) There would be social implications of this project like the social cost of rehabilitation of the project affected people.
(v) The NBA opposed the dam project also because it saw that in the name of national development, few people had to sacrifice.
Q. 2. Do movements, protests in a country strengthen democracy? Justify your answer with example.
Ans : The movement and protest can strengthen
democracy in a positive way. The movement and protest represent popular discontent and dissatisfaction. Various new social groups like women, students, Dalits and farmers could express their grievances against the government in 1970’s through movements and protests.
The movement and protest focus on the issues of economic injustice, social injustice and inequality. The movement and protest are important part of democratic exercise. The movement and protest have broadened the scope of participation of common people into the democratic politics. The movements and protest provide a channel of communication between government and mass people.
Q. 3. Write an essay on women’s Movement.
Ans : Women in India had done a tremendous job in organising social movements. They are individual part of each and every popular movement. For example in Chipko Movement the women also take part a lot with men by hugging the trees to prevent them from being cut down. The forest contractors of the region usually doubled up as suppliers of alcohol to men. Women held sustained agitations against the habit of alcoholism and broadened the agenda of the movement to cover other social issues. Again, the role of women in anti-arrack movement cannot be denied. The women spread this movement initially in Andhra Pradesh and later on to the whole country. It also touched other important issues.
Q. 4. How do public or social movements in India, strengthen democracy ? What are their limitations ?
Ans : Public or social movements in India strong then Indian Democracy making people aware of their rights and this in turn leads to expansion in democratic institution of the country. These movement came up to rectify some problems in the functioning of party politics and should be seen as integral part of our democratic politics.
They represented new social groups whose economic and social grievances were not redressed in the realm of electoral politics. Public or social movements ensured effective representation of diverse groups and their demands.However critics pointed some limitation of these movement.
These can be mentioned like :
(i) The real life impact of there movement on the public policies seems to be very limited. This is partly because more of the contemporary movements forms on a single issue and represent the interest of one section of society. Thus it becomes possible to ignore their reasonable demands.
(ii) Democratic politics requires a broad alliance of various disadvantaged social groups. Such an alliance does not seem to be shaping under the leadership of these movements.
(iii) Political parties are required to bring together different sectional interests, but they also seem to be unable to do so. Parties do not seem to be taking up issues of marginal social groups. The movements that take up these issues operate in a very restrictive manner.
(iv) The relationship between social movements and political parties has grown maker over the years, creating a vacuum in politics, which is regarded as a major problem of Indian polities. Thus social Movement suffer from various negative characteristics or limitations which prevent the movement to become relevant for the oppressed and the poor people.
Q. 5. What was Narmada Bachao Andolan? What was the criticism against it.
Ans : The Narmada Bachao Andolan was a type of social movement headed by Medha Patkar which sustained agitation for more than twenty years against the construction of big dams, to be constructed on the Narmada river and its tributaries. It opposed the dam projects because it would lead to the displacement of several lakhs of people. It raised the issues about the relocation and rehabilitation of project affected people. But NBA also not free from criticism. Many criticism can be cited against NBA.
These are like :
(i) It was criticised by many as abstracting the process of development.
(ii) It was criticised on the point that it denied the access of water.
(iii) It is said to have been hindering the nation’s economic development and by doing this, it was hampering many to become developed.
(iv) It stands as a obstacle in many more subsidiary benefits like effective flood and drought control in the region were linked it.
Q.6. Mention main features of Non-Political Movements ?
Ans : Non party political movements are the voluntary organisations with constructive programmes among rural poor. Main features of non-political movement are :
(i) These organisations chose to remain outside party politics.
(ii) They did not contest elections at the local or regional level nor did they support any one political party.
(iii) Most of these groups believed in politics and wanted to participate in it, but not through political parties.
(iv) These movement hoped that direct participation by people will reform the nature of democratic government.
(v) Non-party political movements also hoped that direct and active participation by local groups of citizens would be more effective in resolving local issues than the political parties.
(vi) In recent times, they have been funded by external agencies, due to this local initiative have wakened as a result of large scale funding.Such non-party political movement still continue their work in rural and urban areas.
Q. 7. The Anti-Arrack Movement in Andhra Pradesh drew attention of the country to some serious issues. What are these issues ?
Ans : Anti-arrack movement refers to movement led by rural women in Andhra Pradesh. The rural women fought against the alcoholism. They led a movement against government and against the mafias. This was known as anti-arrack movement. This movement was able to creat an awareness against the alcoholism specially among the women section of the rural society in Andhra Pradesh. The women in the villages united can came together in spontaneously to protest against arrack. They took initiative to forcefully close the wine shop. The women openly discussed various issues which they faced because of alcoholism. They also discussed about the issues of domestic violence, the practice of dowry, sexual abuse etc. This movement led to a realisation that women are facing injustice and exploitation. Thus, this movement led to the increasing awareness about the issues affecting the women.
Q. 8. What do you understand by social movement? Distinguish between social movement and political movement.
Ans : Social movements are directed towards the achievement of dance specific goals. Such movements are organised to bring some changes or to protest against some wrong policy of government. It often arises with the aim of bringing about changes on a public issue. Most of the social movements emerged as a corrective to new social maladies like environment degradation, violation of status of women destruction of tribal cultures and violation of human rights. Social Movement and Political Movement are differ from each other.
Their differences can be mentioned like following :
(i) Social Movements are basically non-institutional, deliberate and collective effort to express various demands on the issues of economic and social injustices.
Political Movement are basically referred to party movement which aim to bring political change.
(ii) Social Movement aims to bringing changes in the society whereas political movements have got political backing and tries to bring some change.
(iii) The basic aim of a political movement is to transform the society which can ensure equality, justice and development.
Q. 9. Write few lines about Farmers and Peasants groups. Describe their role in India.
Ans : Formers Movements have taken place since pre-colonial days. Between 1914-1958 these movements more localised. The Bardoli Satyagraha (1928), All India Kisan Sabha (1928) Tebhaga Movement (1946-47), Telangana Movement (1946-47) etc. were some popular peasant movement. Those Movements demanded land reformer, zamindari abolition, public-credit system facilities for laws and irrigation to farmers.
At times these movements were even violent. Farmers used method like blocking of road and railways, refusing politicians and bureaucracy entry to villages etc. to protect. One such movement was also organised by Bharatiya Kisan Union led by Mahendra Singh.Tikait. Agrarian struggles of the 1980’s was a well organised protest against the state.
Q. 10. What were the economic issues raised by the B.K.U ?
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No.15. (Short Answer)
Q. 11. “What do you mean by B.K.U ? What were their main demands? Which activities did they adopt for success ?
Ans: B.K.U.means Bharatiya Kisan Union. It was established in 1980’s to protect the interest of the farmers.
The main demands of Bharatiya Kisan Union:
(i) Higher government floor price for sugarcane and wheat.
(ii) Abolition of restrictions on the interstate movement of furm product.
(iii)Guaranteed supply of electricity at reasonable costs.
(iv) Waiving of repayments due to loans to farmers:
(v) The provision of a government pension for farmers.
Q. 12. What is Feminism? Discuss its main features.
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 3. (Very Long Answer)
Q. 13. Distinguish between Social Movement and Political Movement ?
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 8. (Long Answer)
Q. 14. Write an essay on Farmers or Peasant Movement in India ?
Ans : Same as Ans of Q. No. 9. (Long Answer)
Q. 15. Explain briefly about Adidharma Movement.
Ans : Adidharma Movement started in 1925 perceived its first aim to be the creation of a new religion. The basic ideological theme which spurred the movement was to build a system of religious ideals and symbols. In fact it was not the creation but the realisation that their religion and their community existed since times immemorial. Now the emphasis was upon distinctiveness from Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs.
At the time of the Movement’s inception, Master Gurbanta Singh, belonging to a village in Jalandhar District, was just eighteen years old. Mangoo Ram who was the main inspirational force came from a village in Hoshiarpur District. Under his guidance, the basic manifesto of the Movement was prepared. The manifests clearly stated:
“We are the original people of this country, and our religion is Ad Dharm. The Hindu qaum came from outside and enslaved us. When the original sound from the conch was sounded, all the brothers came together-chamar, chuhra, sainsi, bhanjre, bhil, all the Untouchables-to make their problems known. Brothers, there are seventy million of us 31 listed as Hindus, separate us, and make us free. We trusted the Hindus, but they turned out to be traitors. Brothers, the time has come: wake up, the government is listening to our cries. Centuries have passed, but we were asleep, brothers.
Look at the lines that Manu has written, but he is a murderer, There was a time when we ruled India, brothers, and the land used to be ours. The Hindus came from Iran and destroyed out qaum. They became the owners, and them called us foreigners, disinheriting seventy million people. They turned us into nomads. They destroyed our history, brothers. The Hindus rewrote our history, brothers. There is hope from God (bhagwan) and help from the king. Send members to the councils and start the qaum anew, brothers. Come together to form a better life”.
Analysing the manifesto, Jeurgensmeyer writes that this was a myth of power addressed to a people without power. It was intended to communicate the sense of strength that Mango Ram felt belonged to his caste fellows by right. As he explained, partly stating a fact, partly expressing a hope, “The Untouchables have three powers: communal pride(qaumiat), religion (mazhab), and organization (majlis)”. The Ad Dharm leaders had hoped that these powers could be fostered and sheltered through force of ideology. They endeavored to convince their followers that they were part of a great qaum, and not simply village Chamars, by projecting a mythical past. In so doing they borrowed from other Adi”movements of the early 1920s the idea that untouchables were the original people of India.
It was heartening to note that the persons who gave leadership to the Ad Dharm Movement were all literate. Though they were not highly educated, yet most of them were teachers in the schools, hence honourable figures. Master Gurbanta Singh was one them who started his career as a school master in an Arya School at Jalandhar. He came into contact with Mangoo Ram quite early and joined the hand wagon of Ad Dharm is not as a follower but as a leader which his education warranted. The educated leaders of the movement studied and analysed the existing situation and carefully charted the independent course of action.
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