Class 12 History Important Chapter 8 Peasants, Zamindars and the States Agrarian Society and the Mughal Empire

Class 12 History Important Chapter 8 Peasants, Zamindars and the States Agrarian Society and the Mughal Empire Solutions English Medium As Per The New Syllabus to each chapter is provided in the list so that you can easily browse through different chapters ASSEB Class 12 Elective History Important Solutions in English and select need one. AHSEC Class 12 Elective History Additional Notes Download PDF. HS 2nd Year History Additional Solutions.

Class 12 History Important Chapter 8 Peasants, Zamindars and the States Agrarian Society and the Mughal Empire

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Peasants, Zamindars and the States Agrarian Society and the Mughal Empire (c. sixteenth-seventeenth centuries)

Chapter: 8

Themes in Indian History Part – II

IMPORTANT QUESTION AND ANSWER

Short Type Question and Answer:

1. What term did Mughal sources use for peasants who cultivated their own village lands?

Ans: They called them khud-kashta, meaning resident cultivators who lived in the village where they farmed.

2. How were non-resident cultivators distinguished in Mughal records?

Ans: They were known as pahi-kashta, peasants who worked land in other villages under contract.

3. What role did the village panchayat’s funds play in agricultural communities?

Ans: They financed communal needs entertaining revenue officials, disaster relief, and even digging canals or bunds for irrigation.

4. How did artisans typically receive payment for their services in the village?

Ans: They were often paid in kind given a share of the harvest or allotted cultivable land (watan) rather than cash.

5. What two major cropping seasons structured Mughal agriculture?

Ans: The kharif (monsoon-sown, autumn harvest) and rabi (winter-sown, spring harvest) cycles, allowing most areas to grow two crops annually.

6. Which crops did the Mughal state call jins-i kamil and why?

Ans: “Perfect crops” like cotton and sugarcane, because they yielded high revenue and were encouraged by the state.

7. How did Mughals assess land revenue when payment was made in kind?

Ans: They used methods such as kankut (estimating grain in three quality grades), batai (dividing actual harvest), and lang batai (heap division after cutting).

8. What was the main function of the amil-guzar in revenue administration?

Ans: To collect the assessed jama, striving for cash payments but also arranging kind-based collections when needed.

9. Why did peasants sometimes desert their villages as a form of protest?

Ans: Abandonment of fields was a powerful tactic against excessive taxation or forced labour, leveraging the availability of uncultivated land elsewhere.

10. What innovation did peasants and officials introduce to irrigate orchards and fields?

Ans: They used Persian wheel rope-and-pitcher systems turned by bullocks and bucket-and-roller arrangements at wells.

Fill in the blank:

1. The term which Indo-Persian sources most frequently used to denote a peasant was ___.

Ans: Raiyat.

2. Seventeenth-century sources refer to two kinds of peasants: khud-kashta and ___.

Ans: Pahi-kashta.

3. The revenue collector or ___ was instructed to allow payment both in cash and in kind.

Ans: Amil-guzar.

4. One method of kind-payment, called ___, involved estimating grain by cutting and sorting it into three quality grades.

Ans: Kankut.

5. After harvesting, peasants sometimes used ___ batai, forming grain into heaps and dividing it among themselves.

Ans: Lang.