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Class 12 Geography Chapter 11 Population Structure of India
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Population Structure of India
Chapter: 11
PART-2
GEOGRAPHY
TEXTUAL QUESTION & ANSWER
Q.1. The percentage figure of India’s geographical area of the world is
(a) 2.2%
(b) 4.31%
(c) 16%
(d) 22%
Ans :- (a) 2.2%
Q.2. The total population of India as per 2001 Census is
(a) 1027 million
(b) 201 million
(c) 7201 million
(d) 127 million
Ans :- (a) 1027 million.
Q.3. Which one of the following Indian states has the highest density of population?
(a) Assam
(b) West Bengal
(c) Punjab
(d) Kerala
Ans :- (b) West Bengal
Q.4. Which one of the following states records the highest proportion of urban population?
(a) Arunachal Pradesh
(b) Bihar
(c) Maharashtra
(d) Gujarat
Ans :- (c) Maharashtra
Q.5. Which one of the following is the largest linguistic group of India?
(a) Austric
(b) Indo-Aryan
(c) Sino-Tibetan
(d) Dravidian” r
Ans :- Indo-Aryan
VERY SHORT TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER
Q.6. Name two states of India, which have more than 30 districts.
Ans :- Maharashtra and Bihar.
Q.7. Name two states of India experiencing very wet climates.
Ans :- Meghalaya and Sikkim.
Q.8. Name two very cold regions of India.
Ans :- Kashmir and Tawang.
Q.9. Name the two union territories, which have geographical area more than 1000 square kilometers.
Ans :- Delhi and Goa.
Q.10. Name the two union territories, which have geographical areas less than 200 square kilometers.
Ans :- Chandigarh and Daman and Dice.
Q.11. Why could India have not emerged as a strong economic power?
Ans :- India has not emerged as a strong economic power because of its increased population growth rate.
Q.12. How is India a land of villages? What are its implications?
Ans :- India is a land of villages because over 72.2% of the population lives in more than 58% lakh villages of different sizes.It is a gigantic task to provide social services and amenities to all these village settlements.
SHORT TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER : (MARKS -3)
Q.13. Give a note on the population growth in India.
Ans :- Growth of population is the change in the number of people living in a particular area between two points of time. Its rate is expressed in percentage. It has two components, namely natural and induced. The growth of population in India is both very high and steadily increasing overtime. The annual growth rate of the country’s population is 2.4 percent. At this current rate of increase it is estimated that the country’s population will double itself in another 36 years and even surpass the population of China. The growth rate of population in India over the last one century has been caused by annual birth rate and death rate and rate of migration and thereby shows different trends. There are four distinct phases of growth identified within this period.
Phase – I : The period from 1901- 1921, is referred to as a period of stagnant or stationary phase of growth of India’s population, since in this period growth rate was very low even recording a negative growth rate during 1911-1921.
Phase – II : The decades 1921-1951, are referred to as the period of steady population growth.
Phase – III : The decades 1921-1951, are referred to as the period of population explosion in India.
Phase – IV : In the post 1981 till present the growth rate of the country’s population though remained high, has started slowing down gradually.
Q.14. Discuss in short the working population of India.
Ans :- It is observed that in India, the proportion of workers (both main and marginal) is only 39 percent (2001) leaving a vast majority of 61 percent as non-workers. This indicates an economic status in which there is a larger proportion of dependent population, further indicating possible existence of a large number of unemployed or underemployed people.
The proportion of working population of the states and Union Territories show a moderate variation from about 25 percent in Goa to about 53 percent in Mizoram.
About 58.2 percent of total working population are cultivators and agricultural labourers, whereas only 4.2% of workers are engaged in household industries and 37.6% are other workers including non-household industries, trade, commerce, construction and repair and other services.
Q.15. Give a note on the population density pattern in India.
Ans :- Density of population is expressed as man-land ratio or number of persons per unit area. It helps in getting a better understanding of the spatial distribution of population in relation to land. Density of population in India (2001, census) is 324 persons per sq. km. There has been a steady increase of about 200 persons per sq. km over the last 50 years as the density of population increased from 117 person / sq. km in 1951 to 324 persons / sq. km in 200%.
Q.16. Give a brief note on the population growth pattern of India.
Ans :- Growth of population is the change in the number of people living in a particular area between two points of time. Its rate is expressed in percentage. It has two components, namely natural and induced. The growth of population in India is both very high and steadily increasing overtime. The annual growth rate of the country’s population is 2.4 percent. At this current rate of increase it is estimated that the country’s population will double itself in another 36 years and even surpass the population of China. The growth rate of population in India over the last one century has been caused by annual birth rate and death rate and rate of migration and thereby shows different trends. There are four distinct phases of growth identified within this period.
Phase – I : The period from 1901- 1921, is referred to as a period of stagnant or stationary phase of growth of India’s population, since in this period growth rate was very low even recording a negative growth rate during 1911-1921.
Phase – II : The decades 1921-1951, are referred to as the period of steady population growth.
Phase – III : The decades 1921-1951, are referred to as the period of population explosion in India.
Phase – IV : In the post 1981 till present the growth rate of the country’s population though remained high, has started slowing down gradually.
Q.17. Give an account of state wise proportion of workers.
Ans :- State-wise proportion of workers :
(i) Proportion of workers is about 25% in Goa.
(ii) It is 53% in Mizoram.
(iii) The states with larger percentages of workers are Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Chattisgarh. Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and Meghalaya.
(iv) Among the Union Territories, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Woman and Diu have higher participation rates.
The work participation rate tends to be higher in the areas of lower levels of economic development since a number of manual workers are needed to perform the subsidence or near subsistence economic activities.
(IV) About 58.2% of the total working population are cultivators and agricultural labourers.
Q.18. Give a note on the urban-rural differences.
Ans :- It may be noted that contrary to rural population, the proportion of urban population (27.8%) in India is quite low but its showing a much faster rate of growth over the decades. In fact since 1931, the growth rate of urban population has accelerated due to enhanced economic development and improvement in health and hygienic conditions. People from rural areas migrate to urban areas in large numbers. Hence growth has always been lower in rural areas as compared to urban areas.
LONG TYPE QUESTION & ANSWERS (MARKS-5)
Q.1. Discuss the density variation pattern of population in India
Ans :- India is the second largest populous country in the world. The total population of the country is 1,028(2001). But the population of the country is highly uneven in spatial pattern of density. According to the 2001 census, the density of population in India is 313 persons per square km.
On the variation on spatial density of population, some factors play dominant role among them the following are notable:
A. Physical factors
B. Socio – economic factors
C. Historical factors.
A. Physical factors : Physical factors are the dominant factors on the uneven density of population in India and also all over the world. It includes –
(i) The nature of topography in those areas which are plains, the density is obviously very high than the uneven hilly or mountainous areas.
(ii) Climate is another noted factor on the high density of population. All the suitable climatic areas are thickly populated, then the very hot or very cold areas.
(iii) Soil conditions are also a factor of high density of population. The areas are thickly populated where soils are more fertile, but have found very thin populations where soils are sandy o mproductive.
(iv) National resources also play a key role on population density.
B. Socio-economic factors : Socio-economic factors includes.
(i) Agricultural development.
(ii) Pattern of human settlement.
(iii) Development of transport network.
(iv) Industrialization.
(v) Urbanization.
C. Historical factors or historically : Some areas are thickly populated.
The state wise density of population is also highly variable, such as –
(i) The hilly states are very thinly populated. For example Arunachal Pradesh (13) Sikkim (76) Meghalaya, Mizoram (42) Nagaland Manipur the density is relatively low.
(ii) The bordering states such as Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh the density of population is relatively low
(iii) West Bengal (903), Bihar (880) Uttar Pradesh (690) Kerala (819) are the states having high density areas.
(iv) The states are highly populous which are relatively high urbanisation such as Maharustra Tami: Nadu, Punjab etc.
(v) Among the union territories the density of population is high in Delhi (9,340) and Chandigarh.
| Sl. No. | CONTENTS |
| PART-1 | |
| Chapter 1 | Human Geography Nature & Scope |
| Chapter 2 | The World Population Distribution, Density & Growth |
| Chapter 3 | Population Composition |
| Chapter 4 | Human Development |
| Chapter 5 | Primary Activities |
| Chapter 6 | Secondary Activities |
| Chapter 7 | Tertiary and Quaternary Activities |
| Chapter 8 | Transport and Communication |
| Chapter 9 | International Trade |
| Chapter 10 | Human Settlement |
| PART-2 | |
| Chapter 11 | Population Structure of India |
| Chapter 12 | Migration Pattern in India |
| Chapter 13 | Human Resources Department |
| Chapter 14 | Human Settlement of India |
| Chapter 15 | Land Resource and Agriculture |
| Chapter 16 | India’s Water Resources |
| Chapter 17 | Mineral and Fuel Resources in India |
| Chapter 18 | Manufacturing Industries of India |
| Chapter 19 | Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context |
| Chapter 20 | Transport and Communication in India |
| Chapter 21 | International Trade |
| Chapter 22 | Problems and Issues Geographical Perspective |
| PART-3 | |
| Chapter 23 | Assam Geography |
Q.2. Give an account of the occupational structure of India’s population.
Ans :- India is a very large country from an aerial point of view as well as a population point of view. The country is the homeland of 1028 million (2001) population.
The various occupations of the people of India can be divided into :
(a) Primary : 58.2%
(h) Secondary : 4.2%
(c) Tertiary : 37.6%
Again, the economic status point of view, the workers are divided into three groups viz :
(ii) Main workers
(ii) Marginal workers
(iii) Non- workers.
In India more than 50 per cent of main workers are engaged in agricultural activities.
The share of workers is as follows :
(a) Cultivators : 31.71%
(b) Agricultural labourers : 26,69%
(c) People engaged in non- agricultural activities are:41.6%
Occupational classification of the people in India can be groups as the following manner :
(a) Cultivator
(b) Agricultural labourer
(c) Livestock, forestry, fishing, plantation and allied activities.
(d) Mining and quarrying
(e) Manufacturing
(f) Construction
(g) Trade and Commerce
(h) Transport
(i) Other activities
Q.3. Examine the rural composition of Indian population.
Ans : Rural Composition in Indian Population :
(i) Places of residence are an important indicator of social and economic characteristics.
(ii) 72% of its total population lives in villages.
(iii) India has 638, 588 villages according to the Census 2001 out of which 593,731 (93%) are inhabited villages.
(iv) The distribution of the rural population is not uniform throughout the country.
(v) Dadra and Nagar Haveli (77.1%) have the highest proportion of niral population.
(vi) Andaman and Nicobar Islands (67.33%) have the highest proportion of rural population.
(vii) The size of villages varies considerably. It is less than 200 persons in the hill states of north eastern India, western Rajasthan and Rann of kachchh and as high as 17 thousand persons in the stalies of kerala and in parts of Maharashtra.
(viii) Each village consists of hamlets.
(viii) Rural population is highly scattered.
Q.4. Discuss the composition of urban population.
Aus :- Urban Composition in Indian Population :
(i) It may be noted that contrary to rural population, the proportion of urban population (27.8%) in India is quite low but it is showing a much faster rate of growth over the decades.
(ii) In almost all the states and union Territories, there has been a considerable increase of urban population. Urban population is one that lives in large size settlements i.e. towns and cities.
(iii) Urban area is one where three-fourths or above of its population is engaged in non-agricultural activities such as manufacturing, trade. transport communication, banking and social services like health education, administration etc.
(iv) Consequently the proportion of urban population to total population has been increasing slowly but steadily. It was as low as 10.8% in 1901 and rose to 27.8 by 2001
(v) In contrast to an average growth rate of about 21.34% in 2001 the urban population has registered a growth rate of 31.13 percent.
(vi) Half of the total urban population of India lives only in five states These five states are Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu. West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh Gujarat, Karnataka. Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and Union Territory of Delhi, have about 32 per cent of the urban population of the country. Rest of the urban population (about 18%) is spread over the remaining states and Union Territories
(vii) According to the 2001 census, 35 cities have more than 1000000 population cach. They are called the metro-politan or million plus cities. These 35 metropolitan cities alone account for 37.8% of the total population.
(viii) About 27.2% of the total population of India lives in urban areas.
(ix) The proportion of urban population to the total has been increasing steadily at a faster pace.
(x) The rate of growth of urban population in the country is higher than the rate of growth of rural population.
(xi) Almost 45% of the world’s population is urbanised.
(xii) The urban population of India increased from 2.58 crore to 28.53 crore, from 1901 to 2001.
(xiii) Although the growth rate of urban population started falling from the 1980s, it grew up by 31.13% only during 1991-2001.
(xiv) Goa is the most urbanised state in India having 49.77% urbanised population.
(xv) States like Chandigarh, Delhi, Haryana, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Nagaland and Tamil Nadu have higher rate of growth of urbanisation
Q.5. Examine the linguistic composition of the population of India.
Ans :- The linguistic composition of population of India are :
(i) India is a Land of linguistic diversity,
(ii) According to the Linguistic Survey of India, 1903-1928. there were 179 languages and 544 dialects in the Country
(iii) According to the 1991 census, there are about 18 scheduled languages and a number of non-schedule languages.
(iv) 18 languages are printed on a ten Rs. note.
(v) The speakers of Hindi have the highest percentage (40.42).
(vii) The smallest language groups are Kashmiri and Sanskrit speakers (0.01% each).
There are four language families, which have their sub-families and branches or groups, which can be better understood from the table :
| Family | Sub-Family | Branch/Group | Speech Areas |
| Austric (Nishada) 1.38% | Austro-Asiatic Austro-Nesian | Mon-Khmer Munda | Meghalaya. Nicobar IslandsWest Bengal, Bihar. Orissa, Assam Madhya Pradesh MaharashtraOutside india. |
| Dravidian(Dravida)20% | South-Dravvidian Central-Dravidian North-Dravidian | Tamil Nadu, Karnataka. Kerala Andhra Pradesh. M.P Orissa Maharashtra Bihar Or West Bengal Madhya Pradesh | |
| Sino-Tibetan(Kirata)0.85% | Tibet – MyanmarSiamese-Chinese | Tibeto-Himalayan North Assam Assam-Myanmar | Jammu & Kashmir Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam. Nagaland. Manipur. Mizoram Tripura, Meghalaya. |
| Indo-European(Aryan) 73% | Indo-Aryan | Iranian Dardic Indo-Arya | Outside Indu Jammu & KashmirJammu & Kashmir, Punjab Himachal Pradesh UP. Rajasthan, Haryana, MP. Bihar. Orissa. West Bengal. Assam. Gujarat, Maharashtra. Goa. |
Q.6. Give an account of the religious composition of Indian population.
Ans :- Religion is one of the most dominant forces affecting the cultural and political life of most Indians. Religion virtually permeates into almost all the aspects of people’s family and community lives.
(a) India is a secular country and observance of various religions and its rituals play a significant role in every aspect of life in the country.
(b) According to Census 2001: It is the birthplace of Hinduism. Buddhism. Sikkim and Jainism. It has nourished Zoroastrianism, Bahaism, Judaism. Islam and Christianity have flourished alongside other religions and faiths.
RELIGIOUS OF INDIA
| Religion | Number | % |
| All religious communities | 1,028,610,328 | 100.0 |
| Hindus | 827,578,868 | 80.5 |
| Muslims | 138,188,240 | 134 |
| Christians | 24,080,016 | 2.3 |
| Sikhs | 19,215,730 | 1.9 |
| Buddhists | 7,955,207 | 0.8 |
| Jains | 4,225,053 | 0.4 |
| Others | 6,639,626 | 0.6 |
| Religion not stated | 727,588 | 0.1 |
According to census of India 2001, out of 1028 million population :
- little over 827 million (80.5%) follow Hinduism
- 138 million (13.4%) follow Islam
- 24 million (2.3%) are Christians
- 19 million (1.9%) are Sikh
- 8 million (0.80%) follow Buddhism
- 4 million (0.4%) are Jainism
In addition, over 6 million profess “other” religions and faiths including Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Bahaism, tribal religions, different from six main religions.
Proportion of various religions in population
| Religion | 1961 | 1971 | 1981 | 1991 | 2001 |
| All Hindus Muslims Christians Sikhs Buddhists Jains Other | 100 83.4 10.7 2.4 1.8 0.7 0.5 0.3 | 100 82.7 11.2 2.6 1.9 0.7 0.5 0.4 | 100 82.6 11.4 2.4 2 0.7 0.5 0.4 | 100 82 12.1 2.3 1.9 0.8 0.4 0.4 | 100 80.5 13.4 2.3 1.9 0.8 0.4 0.6 |
Distribution :
(a) Hindu : Hindus are most numerous in 27 states/Uts except in Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Lakshadweep, Nagaland Meghalaya, Jammu & Kashmir and Punjab.
(b) Muslim : Muslims are in majority in Lakshadweep and Jammu & Kashmir. Sizeable in Assam (30.9%), West Bengal (25.2%), Kerala (24.7%), Uttar Pradesh (18.5%) and Bihar (16.5%).
(c) Christian : Christians are a majority in North-eastern states of Nagaland, Mizoram, and Meghalaya- upto 80%. Among other states Uts, Manipur (34.0%), Goa (26.7%), Andaman & Nicobar Islands (21.7%), Kerala (19.0%), and Arunachal Pradesh (18.7%) have considerable percentage of Christian population to the total population of the State/UT.
(d) Sikh : Sikhs Punjab accounts for more than 75% of the total Sikh population in the country. Chandigarh (16.1%), Haryana (5.5%), Delhi (4.0%), Uttaranchal (2.5%) and Jammu & Kashmir (2.0%)
(e) Buddhism : Maharashtra largest concentration of Buddhism (58.3%). 73.4% of the total Buddhists in India reside here. Kamataka (3.9 lakh), Uttar Pradesh (3.0 lakh), west Bengal (2.4 lakh) and Madhya Pradesh (2.0 lakh) are other states having large Buddhist population. Sikkim (28.1%). Arunachal Pradesh (13.0%) and Mizoram (7.9%)
(f) Baha’is : The roots of the Baha’is Faith in India go back to the first days of the Bábi religion in 1844, Zoroastrianism: A small religious community, which exists mostly in Mumbai, is Zoroastrianism. The follower is called Parsi because the religion arrived in India from Persia. This religion was established by Zarathustra in 6th or 7th century BC.
(g) Judaism : In 1948, India had a Jewish population of approximately 30,000. Since then 20,000 have migrated to Israel and elsewhere. leaving a community of 7 to 8 thousand, according to the official estimates. Most of Bene’ Israel origin, concentrated in Mumbai. Calcutta, Delhi, Cochin, Poona and a few villages in Maharashtra State.
Q.7. Discuss the regional difference in urban growth in India.
Ans :- Regional differences in Urban Growth in India :
Growth of Urban population has remained higher than that of the population.
Dadra and Nagar Haveli has the highest growth (330.33 percent) of that population in the country.
Among major states, Arunachal Pradesh (101.29 percent) has the highest growth.
On the other hand, Andhra Pradesh (14.63 percent) and Kerala (7.64 percent) have growth of urban population Jow and sluggish.
High and very high growth in urban population is attributed to extension of urban boundaries, recognition of new towns and influx of immigrants mainly from rural areas.
Q.8. How is India better than its neighbors in respect of gender?
Ans :- Women don’t seem to be doing too badly in India, when we consider just South Asia. India’s gender-related development index (GDI) rank is 96 out of 177 countries, one of the best in the region if we do not count Sri Lanka, way ahead at rank 68. But, as always, the ranking hides more than it reveals about gender equality.
While Sri Lanka soars ahead on most counts, when it comes to women’s political participation, it is behind most countries in the region and so is India. Pakistan leads the way with 20.4%, highest percentages of women in Parliament. In Sri Lanka, the figure is 4.9% and in India 9.2% Bangladesh too, is better off with 14.8% of seats in Parliament held by women.
If female life expectancy in India is 65 3, Bangladesh is not too far behind at 612 years. Sri Lanka is way ahead with a female life expectancy of 71 3 and its adult female literacy rates than Pakistan and Nepal. In gross school enrolment of women too, India’s percentage is just 58, same as Bangladesh. On most counts, including the GDI ranking China (rank 64) is far ahead of all the countries in South Asia.
The estimated earned income of women in India, $ 1471 per capita in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms, might be high in the region, but again Sri Lankan women earn almost twice as much and Chinese women three times the amount.
Yet again, Bangladesh is close behind India with it’s women earning $1,170, while in Pakistan and Nepal, they earn less than $1,000 per capita. Interestingly, when it comes to the proportion of females involved in economic activity, Sri Lanka and India are almost equally badly off. India’s rate is 34% and Sri Lanka’s is 35%. Here, Bangladesh does a lot better with 52.9% and Nepal with 49.7%. What is really revealing in terms of gender disparity is a comparison of the time spent by men and women on market-oriented activity as opposed to non-market activities, which would mean work that is not paid for Women in India spend 35% of their time on market activity and the rest on non-market activity.
This figure in itself is not too shocking because there is a similar diode, and sometimes a sharper one, even in the developed countries, between time spent by women on market and non-market activities.
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