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Class 12 Geography Chapter 20 Transport and Communication in India
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Transport and Communication in India
Chapter: 20
PART-2
GEOGRAPHY
TEXTUAL QUESTION & ANSWER
Q.1. In how many railway zones India is divided?
(a) 9
(b) 16
(c) 12
(d) 14
Ans :- (b) 16
Q.2. Which one of the following is the longest highway in India?
(a) N.H -1
(b) N.H. – 6
(c) N.H.-7
(d) N. H. – 37
Ans :- (c) N.H. – 7
Q.3. In which of the following years, the first radio programme was broadcasted?
(a) 1911
(b) 1923
(c) 1927
(d) 1936
Ans :- (b) 1923
Q.4. Which one of the following is the cheapest means of transport?
(a) Roadways
(b) Railways
(c) Waterways
(d) Airways
Ans :- (c) Waterways
VERY SHORT TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER
Q.5. What are the major means of transport?
Ans :- Three major means of transportation are :
(i) Roads
(ii) Railways
(iii) Waterways
Q.6. What are the two types of water transport?
Ans :- Inland and Seaways.
Q.7. What is the East-West corridor?
Ans :- Expressway connecting Silchar (in Assam) with Porbandar (in Gujarat) is East-West Corridor.
Q.8. What is the North-South corridor?
Ans :- Expressing connecting Srinagar with Kanyakumari is known as North-South Corridor.
Q.9. What is Expressway National Highways?
Ans :- Roads with 4 to 6 lanes to meet requirements of fast traffic in the country are called Expressway National Highways.
SHORT TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER : (MARKS – 3)
Q.10. Discuss the importance of Means of Communication.
Ans :- Devices used to talk, or to send messages from one end to another, or from one person to another are called means of communication. Means of Communication are the most necessary part of modern lifestyle. In the modern age, there are many types of means of communications like News Paper. Telephone, Mobile, TV, Internet etc. They play a very important role in our daily life activities. There is great Importance of Means of Communications in everyone’s life, in this age.
Q.11. Write main features of road transport in India.
Ans :- The roads are the connecting links between the various parts of a country.
The characteristics of road transport are :
(i) They require a relatively small investment by the government,
(ii) They are cheaper,
(iii) Construction and maintenance is cheaper,
(iv) Road transport saves time,
(v) It is the only means of transport that offers to the whole community alike.
(vi) Road transport or road transportation is the transport of passengers or goods on roads.
Q.12. Discuss National Highway Development Project.
Ans :- The National Highways Development Project is a project to upgrade, rehabilitate and widen major highways in India to a higher standard. The project was implemented in 1998 under the leadership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee. “National Highways” account for only about 2% of the total length of roads, but carry about 40% of the total traffic across the length and breadth of the country. This project is managed by the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) under the Ministry of Road, Transport and Highways. The NHAI has implemented US$ 71 billion for this project, as of 2006.
The project is composed of the following phases :
(i) Phase I: The Golden Quadrilateral (GQ; 5,846 km) connecting the four major cities of Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. This project connecting four metro cities, would be 5,846 km (3,633 mi). Total cost of the project is Rs.300 billion (US$6.8 billion), funded largely by the government’s special petroleum product tax revenues and government borrowing. In January 2012, India announced the four lane GQ highway network as complete.
(ii) Phase II: North-South and East-West corridor comprising national highways connecting four extreme points of the country. The North-South and East-West Corridor (NS-EW: 7300 km) connecting. Srinagar in the north to Kanyakumari in the south, including spur from Salem to Kanyakumari (Via Coimbatore and Kochi) and Silchar in the east to Porbandar in the west.
Total length of the network is 7,300 km (4,500 mi). As of April 2012, 84.26% of the project had been completed and 15.7% of the project work is currently at progress. It also includes Port connectivity and other projects – 1,157 km (719 mi). The final completion date to February 28, 2009 at a cost of Rs.350 billion (US$8 billion), with funding similar to Phase 1.
(iii) Phase III: The government recently approved NHDP-III to upgrade 12.109 km (7,524 mi)of national highways on a Build, Operate and Transfer (BOT) basis, which takes into account high-density traffic, connectivity of state capitals via NHDP Phase I and II, and connectivity to centres of economic importance contracts have been awarded for a 2.075 km (1,289 mi).
(iv) Phase IV: The government is considering widening 20.000 km (12,000 mi) of highway that were not part of Phase I, II, or III. Phase IV will convert existing single lane highways into two lanes with paved shoulders. The plan will soon be presented to the government for approval.
(v) Phase V: As road traffic increases over time, a number of four lane highways will need to be upgraded/expanded to six lanes. The current plan calls for an upgrade of about 5.000 km (3,100 mi) of four lane roads, although the government has not yet identified the stretches.
(vi) Phase VI: The government is working on constructing express ways that would connect major commercial and industrial townships. It has already identified 400 km (250 mi) of Vadodara (car- lier Baroda)-Mumbai section that would connect to the existing Vadodara (carlier Baroda)-Ahmedabad section. The World Bank is studying this project. The project will be funded on BOT basis. The 334 km (208 mi) Expressway between Chennai, Bangalore and 277 km (172 mi) Expressway between Kolkata – Dhanbad has been identified and feasibility study and DPR contract has been awarded by NHAI.
(vii) Phase VII: This phase calls for improvements to city road networks by adding ring roads to enable easier connectivity with national highways to important cities. In addition, improvements will be made to stretches of national highways that require additional flyovers and bypasses given population and housing growth along the highways and increasing traffic. The government has not yet identified a firm investment plan for this phase. The 19 km (12 mi) long Chennai Port– Maduravoyal Elevated Expressway is being executed under this phase.
Q.13. Why is the rural road density very low in hilly, plateau and forested areas?
Ans :- Reasons for the low rural road density are :
(i) Construction of roads is very difficult in hilly, plateau and forested areas.
(ii) During the rainy season landslides cause tremendous damage to roads in hilly and plateau areas.
(iii) The sparse population has hampers road development in these areas.
Q.14. Who built the GT Road? Write a short note on GT Road and its present status.
Ans :- Grand Trunk Road was built by Sher Shah Suri.
The Grand Trunk Road is one of Asia’s oldest and longest major roads. For more than two millennia, it has linked the eastern and western regions of the Indian subcontinent, connecting South Asia with Central Asia. It runs from Chittagong, Bangladesh west to Howrah, West Bengal in In India, running across Northern India into Lahore in Pakistan, further up to Kabul in Afghanistan. Its former names include UttaraPatha (“Road to North”), Shah Rah-e-Azam (“Great Road”) or Sadak-e-Azam or Badshahi Sadak.
The route spanning the Grand Trunk (GT) road existed during the Maurya Empire, extending from the mouth of the Ganges to the north-western frontier of the Empire. The predecessor of the modem road was rebuilt by Sher Shah Suri, who renovated and extended the ancient Mauryan route in the 16th century. The road was considerably upgraded in the British period between 1833 and 1860.
Today, the Grand Trunk Road (GT Road) remains a continuum that covers a distance of over 2,500 kilometres (1.600 mi), From its origin at Chittagong, it traverses to Sonargaon in the Narayanganj District of central Bangladesh, it reaches India, passing through Howrah, Bardhaman, Panagarh (where it passes Ramnabagan Wildlife Sanctuary), Durgapur, Asansol. Dhanbad. Aurangabad, Dehri-on-sone, Sasaram, Mohania, Mughalsarai, Varanasi, Allahabad, Kanpur, Kalianpur, Kannauj, Etah, Aligarh, Ghaziabad, Delhi, Panipat, Karnal, Ambala, Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Amritsar.
Within India, the major portion of the road – the stretch between Howrah to Kanpur is NH-2 and Kanpur to Delhi – is known as NH-91 and that between Delhi and Wagah, at the border with Pakistan, is known as NH-1. From the Pakistan border the Grand Trunk Road (part of the N-5) continues north through Lahore, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock District, Nowshera, Peshawar and Landi Kotal. It then enters Afghanistan through the Khyber pass and continues west through Jalalabad, Surobi and ends at Kabul, a large part of the Afghan leg of Grand Trunk Road is today part of the Jalalabad-Kabul Road.
The Grand Trunk Road continues to be one of the major arteries of India and Pakistan Pakistan has further developed its own extensive and large network of controlled access Motorways and Expressways. The Indian section is part of the ambitious Golden Quadrilateral project. For over four centuries, the Grand Trunk Road has remained, in the words of author Rudyard Kipling: “such a river of life as nowhere else exists in the world”.
Q.15. Explain satellite communication.
Ans :- Satellites are a mode of communication in themselves as well as they regulate the use of other means of communication. However, use of satellites in getting a continuous and synoptic view of a larger area has made satellite communication very vital for the country due to the economic and strategic reasons. Satellite images can be used for the weather forecast, monitoring of natural calamities, surveillance of border areas, etc.
Q.16. Give a description on the Development of Railways in India.
Ans :- Indian Railways has launched an extensive programme to convert the metre and narrow gauges to broad gauge. Moreover, steam engines have been replaced by diesel and electric engines. This step has increased the speed as well as the haulage capacity.
The replacement of steam engines run by coal has also improved the environment of the stations.
Metro rail has revolutionised the urban transport system in Kolkata and Delhi, replacement of diesel buses by CNG run vehicles along with introduction of metro is a welcome step towards controlling the air pollution in urban centres. The most significant development has been the development of Konkan Railway along the western coast providing a direct link between Mumbai and Mangalore.
Q.17. Give a note on the National Highway Development Project.
Ans :- The National Highways Development Project is a project to upgrade, rehabilitate and widen major highways in India to a higher standard. The project was implemented in 1998 under the leadership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee. “National Highways” account for only about 2% of the total length of roads, but carry about 40% of the total traffic across the length and breadth of the country. This project is managed by the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) under the Ministry of Road, Transport and Highways. The NHAI has implemented US$ 71 billion for this project, as of 2006.
The project is composed of the following phases :
(i) Phase I: The Golden Quadrilateral (GQ; 5,846 km) connecting the four major cities of Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. This project connecting four metro cities, would be 5,846 km (3,633 mi). Total cost of the project is Rs.300 billion (US$6.8 billion), funded largely by the government’s special petroleum product tax revenues and government borrowing. In January 2012, India announced the four lane GQ highway network as complete.
(ii) Phase II: North-South and East-West corridor comprising national highways connecting four extreme points of the country. The North-South and East-West Corridor (NS-EW: 7300 km) connecting. Srinagar in the north to Kanyakumari in the south, including spur from Salem to Kanyakumari (Via Coimbatore and Kochi) and Silchar in the east to Porbandar in the west. Total length of the network is 7,300 km (4,500 mi). As of April 2012, 84.26% of the project had been completed and 15.7% of the project work is currently at progress. It also includes Port connectivity and other projects – 1,157 km (719 mi). The final completion date to February 28, 2009 at a cost of Rs.350 billion (US$8 billion), with funding similar to Phase 1.
(iii) Phase III: The government recently approved NHDP-III to upgrade 12.109 km (7,524 mi)of national highways on a Build, Operate and Transfer (BOT) basis, which takes into account high-density traffic, connectivity of state capitals via NHDP Phase I and II, and connectivity to centres of economic importance contracts have been awarded for a 2.075 km (1,289 mi).
(iv) Phase IV: The government is considering widening 20.000 km (12,000 mi) of highway that were not part of Phase I, II, or III. Phase IV will convert existing single lane highways into two lanes with paved shoulders. The plan will soon be presented to the government for approval.
(v) Phase V: As road traffic increases over time, a number of four lane highways will need to be upgraded/expanded to six lanes. The current plan calls for an upgrade of about 5.000 km (3,100 mi) of four lane roads, although the government has not yet identified the stretches.
(vi) Phase VI: The government is working on constructing express ways that would connect major commercial and industrial townships. It has already identified 400 km (250 mi) of Vadodara (car- lier Baroda)-Mumbai section that would connect to the existing Vadodara (carlier Baroda)-Ahmedabad section. The World Bank is studying this project. The project will be funded on BOT basis. The 334 km (208 mi) Expressway between Chennai, Bangalore and 277 km (172 mi) Expressway between Kolkata – Dhanbad has been identified and feasibility study and DPR contract has been awarded by NHAI.
(vii) Phase VII: This phase calls for improvements to city road networks by adding ring roads to enable easier connectivity with national highways to important cities. In addition, improvements will be made to stretches of national highways that require additional flyovers and bypasses given population and housing growth along the highways and increasing traffic. The government has not yet identified a firm investment plan for this phase. The 19 km (12 mi) long Chennai Port– Maduravoyal Elevated Expressway is being executed under this phase.
| Sl. No. | CONTENTS |
| PART-1 | |
| Chapter 1 | Human Geography Nature & Scope |
| Chapter 2 | The World Population Distribution, Density & Growth |
| Chapter 3 | Population Composition |
| Chapter 4 | Human Development |
| Chapter 5 | Primary Activities |
| Chapter 6 | Secondary Activities |
| Chapter 7 | Tertiary and Quaternary Activities |
| Chapter 8 | Transport and Communication |
| Chapter 9 | International Trade |
| Chapter 10 | Human Settlement |
| PART-2 | |
| Chapter 11 | Population Structure of India |
| Chapter 12 | Migration Pattern in India |
| Chapter 13 | Human Resources Department |
| Chapter 14 | Human Settlement of India |
| Chapter 15 | Land Resource and Agriculture |
| Chapter 16 | India’s Water Resources |
| Chapter 17 | Mineral and Fuel Resources in India |
| Chapter 18 | Manufacturing Industries of India |
| Chapter 19 | Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context |
| Chapter 20 | Transport and Communication in India |
| Chapter 21 | International Trade |
| Chapter 22 | Problems and Issues Geographical Perspective |
| PART-3 | |
| Chapter 23 | Assam Geography |
Q.18. What measures do you suggest to streamline the National Highways?
Ans :- Measures to Streamline the National Highways :
(i) About 20% of the National Highways need widening from single to double lanes.
(ii) 70% of the two lane National Highways are to be strengthened.
(iii) Selected corridors on National Highways are to be converted into Express Highways.
This task is not an easy one and involves a lot of money which our Government finds difficult to manage. Hence to cope with the situation the following measures have been taken by the Central Government :
(i) National Highway Act has been amended to enable the Government to levy fees on certain sections of the National Highways.
(ii) The amendment will enable the private sector to undertake the construction, maintenance and operation of roads on “Build, Operate and Transfer (BOT) basis. This will complement the efforts made by Public Works Departments.
(iii) Measures formulated to encourage private sector participation in the road sector include :
(a) Permission to National Highway Authority of India to fund equity in private or public companies.
(b) Central Government’s cash support in selected projects.
(c) Compensation to entrepreneurs where collection of toll tax is hampered.
(d) Land acquisition procedure has been simplified to enable private entrepreneurs to set up metals, hotels, restaurants etc. on the highways.
(iv) In order to modernise the sector our Government has signed MOU’s with the governments of Malaysia and Canada to facilitate technical cooperation in road construction, maintenance and management.
The Central Government also constructs and maintains the border roads for the defence of the country. The Border Road Development Board constructs new roads, maintains the existing ones and surfaces them. The Northern and North Eastern Hilly States have been made more accessible through the development of these roads. Major achievements of the Board include building of the world’s highest roads from Manali in Himachal Pradesh to Leh of Ladakh in Jammu and Kashmir. This road negotiates three major passes namely, Bara Lacha, Longchungia and Tanglangla lying between 4,875 and 5,485 metres altitude. The average height of the terrain is 4,270 metre. Now the interstate bus service has started between Leh and Manali.
LONG TYPE QUESTION & ANSWERS (MARKS-5)
Q.1. Describe various types of road in India.
Ans :- National Highway :
(i) The roads constructed and maintained by the Central Government are known as the National Highways.
(ii) They are meant for inter-state transport and movement of defence personnels and material in strategic areas.
(iii) They also connect the state capitals, major cities, important ports. railways junctions ete.
(iv) Length of the National Highways has increased from 19.700 km in 1951 to 65,769 km in 2005.
(v) They constitute only two percent of the total road length but carry 40 percent of the road traffic.
(vi) National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) was set up in 1995.
(vii) It is an autonomous body under the Ministry of Surface Transport.
(viii). Its responsibility is development, maintenance and operation of National Highways.
(ix) NHAI is also the apex body to improve the quality of roads designated as National Highways.
State Highways :
(i) State highways are constructed and maintained by State Governments.
(ii) They join the state capitals with district headquarters and other important towns of the state.
(iii) They are connected to the National Highways.
(iv) They constitute 4 percent of the total road length in the country.
District Roads:
(i) District roads are the connecting link between District Headquarters and the other important nodes in the district.
(ii) They account for 14 percent of the total road length of the country.
Rural Roads :
(i) Rural roads provide vital links in the rural areas.
(ii) Nearly 80 percent of the total road length in India are grouped as rural roads.
(iii) There is regional variation in the density of rural road because these are influenced by the nature of the terrain.
Other Roads :
(i) Other roads include Border Roads and International Highways.
Border Road Organisation (BRO) was established in May 1960 for accelerating economic development and strengthening defence preparedness through rapid and co-ordinated improvement of strategically important roads along the northern and north-eastern borders of the country.
(ii) BRO is a premier multifaceted construction agency.
Q.2. Discuss the problems and prospects of Air Transport in India.
Ans :- The problems and prospect of Air Transport in India are :
(i) Employee shortage : There is clearly a shortage of trained and skilled manpower in the aviation sector as a consequence of which there is cut-throat competition for employees which in turn, is driving wages to unsustainable levels. Moreover, the industry is unable to retain talented employees.
(ii) Regional connectivity: One of the biggest challenges facing the aviation sector in India is to be able to provide regional connectiv- ity. What is hampering the growth of regional connectivity is the lack of airports.
(iii) Rising fuel prices : As fuel prices have climbed, the inverse relationship between fuel prices and airline stock prices has been demonstrated. Moreover, the rising fuel prices have led to increase in the air fares.
(iv) Declining yields : LCCs and other entrants together now command a market share of around 46%. Legacy carriers are being forced to match LCC fares, during a time of escalating costs. Increasing growth prospects have attracted & are likely to attract more players, which will lead to more competition. All this has resulted in lower returns for all operators.
(v) Gaps in infrastructure : Airport and air traffic control (ATC) infrastructure is inadequate to support growth. While a start has been made to upgrade the infrastructure, the results will be visible only after 2 – 3 years.
(vi) Trunk routes: It is also a matter of concern that the trunk routes, at present, are not fully exploited. One of the reasons for inability to realize the full potential of the trunk routes is the lack of genuine competition. The entry of new players would ensure that air fares are brought to realistic levels, as it will lead to better cost and revenue management, increased productivity and better services. This in turn would stimulate demand and lead to growth.
(vii) High input costs : Apart from the above-mentioned factors, the input costs are also high. Some of the reasons for high input costs are:- Withholding tax on interest repayments on foreign currency loans for aircraft acquisition. Increasing manpower costs due to shortage of technical personnel.
Q.3. How is water transport important to us?
Ans :- Water transport is cheap. Capital goods, heavy machinery and bulk raw and finished goods can easily and cheaply be transported from and out of the country to the foreign countries. Its importance can be judged from the following facts.
(i) Increase in Economic Activity : If a country has sufficient and sound infrastructure in the form of ports and waterways, the economic activity increases because many ships with tons of goods move in and out of harbors of the country.
(ii) Increase in Foreign Exchange : Water transport increases the foreign trade, as it increases the imports and exports of merchandise from one to the other parts of the world. International trade flourishes and trading partners are benefited a lot.
(iii) Decrease in Transportation Cost : Transportation cost reduces too much. Thus goods become cheaper which improves the international trade between the various nations of the world.
(iv) Increase in Government Revenue : When foreign trade increases, it not only benefits the general public, but it also becomes a great source of revenue for the government by way of customs duties.
(v) Increase in Employment Opportunities : Too many people get jobs in the shipping industry, as well as in loading the goods from the ships. Thus directly and indirectly lots of jobs are created. This increases the general welfare of the people of the country.
Q.4. Write tire advantages and disadvantages of railway transport.
Ans :- The advantages & disadvantages of railway transport. Railway transport occupies a significant role in the transport system of a country because the development of trade, industry and commerce of a country largely depends on the development of railways.
Advantages :
(i) It facilitates long distance travel and transport of bulky goods which are not easily transported through motor vehicles.
(ii) It is a quick and more regular form of transport because it helps in the transportation of goods with speed and certainty.
(iii) It helps in the industrialization process of a country by easy transportation of coal and raw materials at a cheaper rate.
(iv) It helps in the quick movement of goods from one place to another at the time of emergencies like famines and scarcity.
(v) It encourages mobility of labour and thereby provides a great scope for employment.
(vi) Railway is the safest form of transport. The chances of accidents and breakdown of railways are minimum as compared to other modes of transport. Moreover, the traffic can be protected from the exposure to sun, rain, snow etc.
(vii) The carrying capacity of the railways is extremely large. Moreover, its capacity is elastic which can easily be increased by adding more wagons.
(viii) It is the largest public undertaking in the country. Railways per form many public utility services. Their charges are based on what the traffic can bear principles which helps the poor. In fact, it is a national necessity.
Disadvantages :
(i) The railway requires a large investment of capital. The cost of construction, maintenance and overhead expenses are very high as compared to other modes of transport. Moreover, the investments are specific and immobile. In case the traffic is not sufficient, the investments may mean wastage of huge resources.
(ii) Another disadvantage of railway transport is its inflexibility. It routes and timings cannot be adjusted to individual requirements.
(iii) Rail transport cannot provide door to door service as it is tied to a particular track. Intermediate loading or unloading involves greater cost, more wear and tear and wastage of time. The time cost of terminal operations are a great disadvantage of rail transport.
(iv) As railways require huge capital outlay, they may give rise to monopolies and work against public interest at large. Even if controlled and managed by the government, lack of competition may breed in inefficiency and high costs.
(v) Railway transport is unsuitable and uneconomical for short distances and small traffic of goods.
(vi) It involves much time and labour in booking and taking delivery of goods through railways as compared to motor transport.
(vii) Because of huge capital requirements and traffic, railways cannot be operated economically in rural areas. Thus, large rural areas have no railway even today. This caused much inconvenience to the people living in rural areas.
Q.5. Describe the road transport pattern in India.
Ans :- Road transport is carried by roads. It is done through cars, motors, buses and trucks. Road transport carriers goods and passengers over short distances. The system provides door to door transport services. Roads run a risk of wayside robberies, looting etc. India boasts as having one of the largest road networks in the world with a total length of 33.1% lakh km according to 2005 statistics. Nearly 85% percent of passengers and 70 percent of freight traffic are carried by roads per annum. Road transport is relatively suitable for shorter distances. Roads continue to concentrate in and around urban centres. Rural and remote areas had the least connectivity by road.
Q.6. Describe the characteristics of the distribution of Railway Network in India.
Ans :- Characteristics of the distribution of Railway Network in India: The distribution of railway network in India has the following characteristics :
(i) A dense network of railways has been developed in the Northern India Plain from Amritsar to Howrah with a few focal points like Delhi-Kanpur-Mughal Sarai, Lucknow, Agra and Patna. The whole of the Northern Plain is very well connected. The rail network in this plain is highly linked to the level of agricultural and industrial development. Delhi is the focal point from where railway lines radiate in all directions. It is connected with all parts through super fast trains and other trains.
(ii) Railway network is sparse in the mountainous terrain of the Himalayas. The rugged terrain, hill and valley topography, backward economy and sparse population are the factors responsible for the sparse rail network in this region. The other such region is Western Rajasthan where a few metre gauge railway lines are spread over the arid tract. Brahmaputra valley has two parallel lines but no railway line is found in Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram, Manipur and Nagaland.
(iii) The Peninsular region, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu have a denser rail network as compared to other parts. Trunk routes connect Mumbai with Chennai, Chennai with Kochi (Cochin), Chennai with Delhi, and Chennai with Hyderabad.
(iv) The rail network between East Coastal Plains and West Coastal Plains has a distinct contrast. A long trunk route all along the East Coast but such a rail track is missing along the Western Coast from Mumbai to Cochin due to the outerops of the Western Ghats being very close to the coast. Now Konkan Railway has been built between Mumbai and Mangalore along the West Coast.
Q.7. Write a geographical account of pipeline transport in India.
Ans :- Pipelines are the most convenient and efficient mode of transporting liquids and gases over long distances. Even solids can also be transported by pipelines after converting them into slurry. Another extensive network of pipelines has been constructed in the westem region of India of which Ankleshwar-Koyali, Mumbai High Koyali and Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur (HVJ) are most important. Recently, a 1256 km long pipeline connecting Salaya (Gujarat) with Mathura (U.P) has been constructed. It supplies crude oil from Gujarat to Punjab (Jalandhar) via Mathura. Oil is in the process of constructing a 660 km long pipeline from Numaligarh to Siliguri.
Q.8. Explain the role of the transport network in the development of India.
Ans :- The role of transport network in the development of India :
(i) Lifelines of the country : Efficient and developed means of modern transport provide a helping hand in maintaining the sovereignty and economic unity of a nation. In India, the Central Government controls National Highways and the Railways directly. They act as the arteries of our land transport network. They are all real life lines of our nation and its economy as they connect Leh (J & K) with Kanyakumari (Tamil Nadu) on one side and Sadiya (Assam) with Okha (Gujarat) on the other side.
(ii) Transportation : Transport network carries foodgrains and various manufactured goods from place of origin to place of consumption. They bring industrial raw materials, power fuels like coal and mineral oil and other materials at the sites of industrial units spread all over the country.
(iii) Turning the local market into a national market : Transport networks turn local markets of the previous day into national markets of today. Ships carry exportable surpluses to other countries and import goods of our requirements.
(iv) Help in the development of the economy : The branch road, the feeder railway lines and inland waterways fulfil-local needs of inner regions. Thus they integrate them with the country’s market economy. Development of the transport network leads to commercialisation of agriculture, manufacturing of goods, growth of towns and cities and increase in the mobility of the people.
(v) National integration of the country : Air transport facilitates reach to the remotest corners of the country in no time. Aircraft and helicopter services make the people on high Himalayas, the nomads of the Thar desert and saline wastes of Rajasthan and Kachchha and North-East India feel to be the part and parcel of India. Air transport brings immediate and distant neighbours closer to each other in the present world of trade and commerce.
(vi) Cultural integration: Transport network brings people of different castes, creeds, colours, religions, languages and regions nearer to one another. They act, react and interact with one another and begin to feel as soons of the soil. Thys transport network helps in the cultural and national integration of the country. This is, in short, the role of the transport network in the overall development of the country.
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