Class 12 Geography Chapter 20 Transport and Communication in India The answer to each chapter is provided in the list so that you can easily browse throughout different chapters SCERT Class 12 Geography Chapter 20 Transport and Communication in India and select need one.
Class 12 Geography Chapter 20 Transport and Communication in India
Also, you can read the SCERT book online in these sections Solutions by Expert Teachers as per SCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines. These solutions are part of SCERT All Subject Solutions. Here we have given Assam Board/NCERT Class 12 Geography Chapter 20 Transport and Communication in India Solutions for All Subject, You can practice these here…
Transport and Communication in India
Chapter: 20
PART-2
GEOGRAPHY
TEXTUAL QUESTION & ANSWER
Q.1. In how many railway zones India is divided?
(a) 9
(b) 16
(c) 12
(d) 14
Ans :- (b) 16
Q.2. Which one of the following is the longest highway in India?
(a) N.H -1
(b) N.H. – 6
(c) N.H.-7
(d) N. H. – 37
Ans :- (c) N.H. – 7
Q.3. In which of the following years, the first radio programme was broadcasted?
(a) 1911
(b) 1923
(c) 1927
(d) 1936
Ans :- (b) 1923
Q.4. Which one of the following is the cheapest means of transport?
(a) Roadways
(b) Railways
(c) Waterways
(d) Airways
Ans :- (c) Waterways
VERY SHORT TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER
Q.5. What are the major means of transport?
Ans :- Three major means of transportation are :
(i) Roads
(ii) Railways
(iii) Waterways
Q.6. What are the two types of water transport?
Ans :- Inland and Seaways.
Q.7. What is the East-West corridor?
Ans :- Expressway connecting Silchar (in Assam) with Porbandar (in Gujarat) is East-West Corridor.
Q.8. What is the North-South corridor?
Ans :- Expressing connecting Srinagar with Kanyakumari is known as North-South Corridor.
Q.9. What is Expressway National Highways?
Ans :- Roads with 4 to 6 lanes to meet requirements of fast traffic in the country are called Expressway National Highways.
SHORT TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER : (MARKS – 3)
Q.10. Discuss the importance of Means of Communication.
Ans :- Devices used to talk, or to send messages from one end to another, or from one person to another are called means of communication. Means of Communication are the most necessary part of modern lifestyle. In the modern age, there are many types of means of communications like News Paper. Telephone, Mobile, TV, Internet etc. They play a very important role in our daily life activities. There is great Importance of Means of Communications in everyone’s life, in this age.
Q.11. Write main features of road transport in India.
Ans :- The roads are the connecting links between the various parts of a country.
The characteristics of road transport are :
(i) They require a relatively small investment by the government,
(ii) They are cheaper,
(iii) Construction and maintenance is cheaper,
(iv) Road transport saves time,
(v) It is the only means of transport that offers to the whole community alike.
(vi) Road transport or road transportation is the transport of passengers or goods on roads.
Q.12. Discuss National Highway Development Project.
Ans :- The National Highways Development Project is a project to upgrade, rehabilitate and widen major highways in India to a higher standard. The project was implemented in 1998 under the leadership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee. “National Highways” account for only about 2% of the total length of roads, but carry about 40% of the total traffic across the length and breadth of the country. This project is managed by the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) under the Ministry of Road, Transport and Highways. The NHAI has implemented US$ 71 billion for this project, as of 2006.
The project is composed of the following phases :
(i) Phase I: The Golden Quadrilateral (GQ; 5,846 km) connecting the four major cities of Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. This project connecting four metro cities, would be 5,846 km (3,633 mi). Total cost of the project is Rs.300 billion (US$6.8 billion), funded largely by the government’s special petroleum product tax revenues and government borrowing. In January 2012, India announced the four lane GQ highway network as complete.
(ii) Phase II: North-South and East-West corridor comprising national highways connecting four extreme points of the country. The North-South and East-West Corridor (NS-EW: 7300 km) connecting. Srinagar in the north to Kanyakumari in the south, including spur from Salem to Kanyakumari (Via Coimbatore and Kochi) and Silchar in the east to Porbandar in the west.
Total length of the network is 7,300 km (4,500 mi). As of April 2012, 84.26% of the project had been completed and 15.7% of the project work is currently at progress. It also includes Port connectivity and other projects – 1,157 km (719 mi). The final completion date to February 28, 2009 at a cost of Rs.350 billion (US$8 billion), with funding similar to Phase 1.
(iii) Phase III: The government recently approved NHDP-III to upgrade 12.109 km (7,524 mi)of national highways on a Build, Operate and Transfer (BOT) basis, which takes into account high-density traffic, connectivity of state capitals via NHDP Phase I and II, and connectivity to centres of economic importance contracts have been awarded for a 2.075 km (1,289 mi).
(iv) Phase IV: The government is considering widening 20.000 km (12,000 mi) of highway that were not part of Phase I, II, or III. Phase IV will convert existing single lane highways into two lanes with paved shoulders. The plan will soon be presented to the government for approval.
(v) Phase V: As road traffic increases over time, a number of four lane highways will need to be upgraded/expanded to six lanes. The current plan calls for an upgrade of about 5.000 km (3,100 mi) of four lane roads, although the government has not yet identified the stretches.
(vi) Phase VI: The government is working on constructing express ways that would connect major commercial and industrial townships. It has already identified 400 km (250 mi) of Vadodara (car- lier Baroda)-Mumbai section that would connect to the existing Vadodara (carlier Baroda)-Ahmedabad section. The World Bank is studying this project. The project will be funded on BOT basis. The 334 km (208 mi) Expressway between Chennai, Bangalore and 277 km (172 mi) Expressway between Kolkata – Dhanbad has been identified and feasibility study and DPR contract has been awarded by NHAI.
(vii) Phase VII: This phase calls for improvements to city road networks by adding ring roads to enable easier connectivity with national highways to important cities. In addition, improvements will be made to stretches of national highways that require additional flyovers and bypasses given population and housing growth along the highways and increasing traffic. The government has not yet identified a firm investment plan for this phase. The 19 km (12 mi) long Chennai Port– Maduravoyal Elevated Expressway is being executed under this phase.
Q.13. Why is the rural road density very low in hilly, plateau and forested areas?
Ans :- Reasons for the low rural road density are :
(i) Construction of roads is very difficult in hilly, plateau and forested areas.
(ii) During the rainy season landslides cause tremendous damage to roads in hilly and plateau areas.
(iii) The sparse population has hampers road development in these areas.
Q.14. Who built the GT Road? Write a short note on GT Road and its present status.
Ans :- Grand Trunk Road was built by Sher Shah Suri.
The Grand Trunk Road is one of Asia’s oldest and longest major roads. For more than two millennia, it has linked the eastern and western regions of the Indian subcontinent, connecting South Asia with Central Asia. It runs from Chittagong, Bangladesh west to Howrah, West Bengal in In India, running across Northern India into Lahore in Pakistan, further up to Kabul in Afghanistan. Its former names include UttaraPatha (“Road to North”), Shah Rah-e-Azam (“Great Road”) or Sadak-e-Azam or Badshahi Sadak.
The route spanning the Grand Trunk (GT) road existed during the Maurya Empire, extending from the mouth of the Ganges to the north-western frontier of the Empire. The predecessor of the modem road was rebuilt by Sher Shah Suri, who renovated and extended the ancient Mauryan route in the 16th century. The road was considerably upgraded in the British period between 1833 and 1860.
Today, the Grand Trunk Road (GT Road) remains a continuum that covers a distance of over 2,500 kilometres (1.600 mi), From its origin at Chittagong, it traverses to Sonargaon in the Narayanganj District of central Bangladesh, it reaches India, passing through Howrah, Bardhaman, Panagarh (where it passes Ramnabagan Wildlife Sanctuary), Durgapur, Asansol. Dhanbad. Aurangabad, Dehri-on-sone, Sasaram, Mohania, Mughalsarai, Varanasi, Allahabad, Kanpur, Kalianpur, Kannauj, Etah, Aligarh, Ghaziabad, Delhi, Panipat, Karnal, Ambala, Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Amritsar.
Within India, the major portion of the road – the stretch between Howrah to Kanpur is NH-2 and Kanpur to Delhi – is known as NH-91 and that between Delhi and Wagah, at the border with Pakistan, is known as NH-1. From the Pakistan border the Grand Trunk Road (part of the N-5) continues north through Lahore, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock District, Nowshera, Peshawar and Landi Kotal. It then enters Afghanistan through the Khyber pass and continues west through Jalalabad, Surobi and ends at Kabul, a large part of the Afghan leg of Grand Trunk Road is today part of the Jalalabad-Kabul Road.
The Grand Trunk Road continues to be one of the major arteries of India and Pakistan Pakistan has further developed its own extensive and large network of controlled access Motorways and Expressways. The Indian section is part of the ambitious Golden Quadrilateral project. For over four centuries, the Grand Trunk Road has remained, in the words of author Rudyard Kipling: “such a river of life as nowhere else exists in the world”.
Q.15. Explain satellite communication.
Ans :- Satellites are a mode of communication in themselves as well as they regulate the use of other means of communication. However, use of satellites in getting a continuous and synoptic view of a larger area has made satellite communication very vital for the country due to the economic and strategic reasons. Satellite images can be used for the weather forecast, monitoring of natural calamities, surveillance of border areas, etc.
Q.16. Give a description on the Development of Railways in India.
Ans :- Indian Railways has launched an extensive programme to convert the metre and narrow gauges to broad gauge. Moreover, steam engines have been replaced by diesel and electric engines. This step has increased the speed as well as the haulage capacity.
The replacement of steam engines run by coal has also improved the environment of the stations.
Metro rail has revolutionised the urban transport system in Kolkata and Delhi, replacement of diesel buses by CNG run vehicles along with introduction of metro is a welcome step towards controlling the air pollution in urban centres. The most significant development has been the development of Konkan Railway along the western coast providing a direct link between Mumbai and Mangalore.
Q.17. Give a note on the National Highway Development Project.
Ans :- The National Highways Development Project is a project to upgrade, rehabilitate and widen major highways in India to a higher standard. The project was implemented in 1998 under the leadership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee. “National Highways” account for only about 2% of the total length of roads, but carry about 40% of the total traffic across the length and breadth of the country. This project is managed by the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) under the Ministry of Road, Transport and Highways. The NHAI has implemented US$ 71 billion for this project, as of 2006.
The project is composed of the following phases :
(i) Phase I: The Golden Quadrilateral (GQ; 5,846 km) connecting the four major cities of Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. This project connecting four metro cities, would be 5,846 km (3,633 mi). Total cost of the project is Rs.300 billion (US$6.8 billion), funded largely by the government’s special petroleum product tax revenues and government borrowing. In January 2012, India announced the four lane GQ highway network as complete.
(ii) Phase II: North-South and East-West corridor comprising national highways connecting four extreme points of the country. The North-South and East-West Corridor (NS-EW: 7300 km) connecting. Srinagar in the north to Kanyakumari in the south, including spur from Salem to Kanyakumari (Via Coimbatore and Kochi) and Silchar in the east to Porbandar in the west. Total length of the network is 7,300 km (4,500 mi). As of April 2012, 84.26% of the project had been completed and 15.7% of the project work is currently at progress. It also includes Port connectivity and other projects – 1,157 km (719 mi). The final completion date to February 28, 2009 at a cost of Rs.350 billion (US$8 billion), with funding similar to Phase 1.
(iii) Phase III: The government recently approved NHDP-III to upgrade 12.109 km (7,524 mi)of national highways on a Build, Operate and Transfer (BOT) basis, which takes into account high-density traffic, connectivity of state capitals via NHDP Phase I and II, and connectivity to centres of economic importance contracts have been awarded for a 2.075 km (1,289 mi).
(iv) Phase IV: The government is considering widening 20.000 km (12,000 mi) of highway that were not part of Phase I, II, or III. Phase IV will convert existing single lane highways into two lanes with paved shoulders. The plan will soon be presented to the government for approval.
(v) Phase V: As road traffic increases over time, a number of four lane highways will need to be upgraded/expanded to six lanes. The current plan calls for an upgrade of about 5.000 km (3,100 mi) of four lane roads, although the government has not yet identified the stretches.
(vi) Phase VI: The government is working on constructing express ways that would connect major commercial and industrial townships. It has already identified 400 km (250 mi) of Vadodara (car- lier Baroda)-Mumbai section that would connect to the existing Vadodara (carlier Baroda)-Ahmedabad section. The World Bank is studying this project. The project will be funded on BOT basis. The 334 km (208 mi) Expressway between Chennai, Bangalore and 277 km (172 mi) Expressway between Kolkata – Dhanbad has been identified and feasibility study and DPR contract has been awarded by NHAI.
(vii) Phase VII: This phase calls for improvements to city road networks by adding ring roads to enable easier connectivity with national highways to important cities. In addition, improvements will be made to stretches of national highways that require additional flyovers and bypasses given population and housing growth along the highways and increasing traffic. The government has not yet identified a firm investment plan for this phase. The 19 km (12 mi) long Chennai Port– Maduravoyal Elevated Expressway is being executed under this phase.
| Sl. No. | CONTENTS |
| PART-1 | |
| Chapter 1 | Human Geography Nature & Scope |
| Chapter 2 | The World Population Distribution, Density & Growth |
| Chapter 3 | Population Composition |
| Chapter 4 | Human Development |
| Chapter 5 | Primary Activities |
| Chapter 6 | Secondary Activities |
| Chapter 7 | Tertiary and Quaternary Activities |
| Chapter 8 | Transport and Communication |
| Chapter 9 | International Trade |
| Chapter 10 | Human Settlement |
| PART-2 | |
| Chapter 11 | Population Structure of India |
| Chapter 12 | Migration Pattern in India |
| Chapter 13 | Human Resources Department |
| Chapter 14 | Human Settlement of India |
| Chapter 15 | Land Resource and Agriculture |
| Chapter 16 | India’s Water Resources |
| Chapter 17 | Mineral and Fuel Resources in India |
| Chapter 18 | Manufacturing Industries of India |
| Chapter 19 | Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context |
| Chapter 20 | Transport and Communication in India |
| Chapter 21 | International Trade |
| Chapter 22 | Problems and Issues Geographical Perspective |
| PART-3 | |
| Chapter 23 | Assam Geography |
Q.18. What measures do you suggest to streamline the National Highways?
Ans :- Measures to Streamline the National Highways :
(i) About 20% of the National Highways need widening from single to double lanes.
(ii) 70% of the two lane National Highways are to be strengthened.
(iii) Selected corridors on National Highways are to be converted into Express Highways.
This task is not an easy one and involves a lot of money which our Government finds difficult to manage. Hence to cope with the situation the following measures have been taken by the Central Government :
(i) National Highway Act has been amended to enable the Government to levy fees on certain sections of the National Highways.
(ii) The amendment will enable the private sector to undertake the construction, maintenance and operation of roads on “Build, Operate and Transfer (BOT) basis. This will complement the efforts made by Public Works Departments.
(iii) Measures formulated to encourage private sector participation in the road sector include :
(a) Permission to National Highway Authority of India to fund equity in private or public companies.
(b) Central Government’s cash support in selected projects.
(c) Compensation to entrepreneurs where collection of toll tax is hampered.
(d) Land acquisition procedure has been simplified to enable private entrepreneurs to set up metals, hotels, restaurants etc. on the highways.
(iv) In order to modernise the sector our Government has signed MOU’s with the governments of Malaysia and Canada to facilitate technical cooperation in road construction, maintenance and management.
The Central Government also constructs and maintains the border roads for the defence of the country. The Border Road Development Board constructs new roads, maintains the existing ones and surfaces them. The Northern and North Eastern Hilly States have been made more accessible through the development of these roads. Major achievements of the Board include building of the world’s highest roads from Manali in Himachal Pradesh to Leh of Ladakh in Jammu and Kashmir. This road negotiates three major passes namely, Bara Lacha, Longchungia and Tanglangla lying between 4,875 and 5,485 metres altitude. The average height of the terrain is 4,270 metre. Now the interstate bus service has started between Leh and Manali.
See Next Page No Below…
Hi, I’m Dev Kirtonia, Founder & CEO of Dev Library. A website that provides all SCERT, NCERT 3 to 12, and BA, B.com, B.Sc, and Computer Science with Post Graduate Notes & Suggestions, Novel, eBooks, Biography, Quotes, Study Materials, and more.
