Class 12 Geography Chapter 21 International Trade

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Class 12 Geography Chapter 21 International Trade

Also, you can read the AHSEC book online in these sections Solutions by Expert Teachers as per AHSEC (CBSE) Book guidelines. These solutions are part of AHSEC All Subject Solutions. Here we have given Assam Board/NCERT Class 12 Geography Chapter 21 International Trade Solutions for All Subject, You can practice these here.

International Trade

Chapter: 21

PART-2

GEOGRAPHY

TEXTUAL QUESTION & ANSWER

Q.1. Which one of the following is a landlocked harbor?

(a) Mumbai 

(b) Visakhapatnam 

(c) Error 

(d) Haldia

Ans :- (b) Vishakhapattnam

Q.2. Trade between two countries is termed as

(a) Internal trade 

(b) International trade 

(c) External trade

(d) Local trade

Ans :- (b) International trade

Q.3. Most of India’s foreign trade is carried through

(a) Land and air

(b) Land and sea

(c) Sea and air

(d) Sea

Ans :- (d) Sea

Q.4. Which one of the following is India’s largest trading partner(2004-2005)

(a) U. K. 

(b) U.S.A. 

(c) China  

(d) Germany

Ans :- (b) U.S.A.

VERY SHORT TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER

Q.5. Mention the characteristics of India’s foreign trade.

Ans :- The noted characteristics of India’s foreign trade are – India’s foreign trade increase in total volume of imports and exports.

(ii) India imports more items than its exports.  

(iii) Due to the rise in prices of crude petroleum in the international market. India’s trade deficit increases which is another characteristic of India’s foreign trade.

Q.6. Explain the meaning of hinterland.

Ans :- The area of a port from where the export items moves to the particular port. The area of that particular port is known as the hinterland Example : The cotton growing areas of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka. All these regions are supplied cotton to Mumbai port.

Q.7. Name the ports of India located on the east coast. 

Ans :- The ports of India which are located on the east coast are –

(a) Tuticorin 

(b) Chennai 

(c) Ennore 

(d) Visakhapatnam 

(e) Paradip

(f) Haldia

(g) Kolkata.

Q.8. Distinguish between port and harbor.

Ans : Port :

(i) Port is a place where there are all facilities like landing boarding, loading and unloading of the ships is known as port. Example – Mumbai,

(ii) Ports are termed as the gateways of trade.

Harbour :

(i) Harbour is a shallow sea region along the coast and port where ships are anchored for landing boarding, loading and unloading is

known as harbour. Example – Mumbai harbour. 

(ii) Harbours are not called as the gateways of trade.

Q.9. Give the names of important items which India imports from different countries.

Ans :- The following table shows the important items which India imports from different countries.

Commodities	2004-05
Fertilisers	5,53
Edible oil	10.75
Pulp and waste paper	2.12
Paper board and manufactures	3,04
Newsprint	1,70
Non-ferrous metals	5,63
Metalliferous ores and metal scrap	10.65
Iron and steel	11.67
Petroleum crude and products	42,34
Machinery	48,12
Pulses	12,58
Coal, Coke and briquettes	2.03
Non-metallic minerals manufactures	23,97
Medicinal and Pharma products	6,27
Chemical products	2,46
Other textile yam, fabrics, etc	3,98
Professional instruments, etc.	43,75
Gold and silver	48,63
Pearls,precious and semi precious stones	1,34,09

Q.10. What do you understand about the Unfavourable Balance of Trade? 

Ans :- Balance of trade, or net exports as it is sometimes called, is the difference between the monetary value of exports and imports of an economy over a certain period of time measured in the currency of that economy. It is the relationship between a nation’s imports and exports. A positive balance is known as a trade surplus if it consists of exporting more than is imported; a negative balance is referred to as a trade deficit or, informally, a trade gap. The balance of trade is sometimes divided into a goods and a services balance.

Q.11. Give two major parts of East Coast of India

Ans :- Students Do Yourself.

SHORT TYPE QUESTION & ANSWER : (MARKS – 3)

Q.12. Give a note on the changing pattern of India’s import. 

Ans :- Changing Pattern of the Composition of India’s Import :

(i) India faced a serious food shortage during the 1950s and 1960s.

(ii) Major items of import at that time were foodgrain, capital goods, machinery and equipment. 

(iii) Balance of payment was adverse as imports were more than export despite our best efforts of important substitution.

(iv) After the 1970s food grain import stopped due to the success of the green revolution but the energy crisis of 1973 pushed the prices of petroleum, and the import budget was also pushed up.

(v) Foodgrain import was replaced by fertilisers and petroleum.

(vi) Machine and equipment, special steel, edible oil and chemicals largely make the import basket.

India Composition of Import 1997-2004

Commodities	1997-98	2000-01	2003-04	2004-05	2005-06
Petroleum crude and product	19.68	31.32	26.32	29.6	32.1
Capital goods	19.18	11:48	13.99	13.0	15.8
Chemical and related products	11.33	7.71	7.99	6.2	7.4
Textile yarn and fabrics	0.99	1.19	1.61	1.61	1.75
Food and related items	4.04	3.37	4.36	3.5	4.5
Pearls and semi-precious stones	8.06	9.62	9.12	8.4	6.1
Gold and Silver	7.64	9.28	8.77	10.0	7.6
others	29.08	25.53	27.84	27.69	24.84

Q.13. Discuss briefly the changing nature of India’s International Trade.

Aus :- The nature of India’s international trade has changed over the years. Though there has been an increase in the total volume of import and export the value of import and continued to be higher than that of exports. There is also an increase in trade deficit over the last several years. This increase in deficit is attributed to the price rise of crude petroleum which forms a major component of India’s import items.

Year	Exports	Imports	Total Trade	Trade  Deficit
1994-95	826.740	899,710	1,72,6450	-72,970
2000-01	2,03,5710	2,30,8730	4,34.4440	-273,020
2004-05 (P)	3,56,0890	4,81.0640	8,37,1330	-1,24,9950

India faced a serious food shortage during the 1950s and 1960s. The major item of import at that time was foodgrain, capital goods, machinery and equipment. After the 1970s, foodgrain import was discontinued due to the success of the green revolution but the energy crisis of 1973 pushed the prices of petroleum and the import budget was also pushed up. Machines and equipment, special steel, edible oil and chemicals make the import items.

The following table shows the India’s composition of import items during 1997-2004

Controodities	1997-98	2000-01	2003-04
Petroleum crude and products	19.68	31.32	26.32
Capital goods	19.18	11,48	13.99
Chemical and related products	11.33	7.71	7.99
Textile yarn and fabrics	0.99	1.19	1.61
Food and related items	4.04	3.37	4.36
Pearls and semi-precious stones	8.06	9.62	9.12
Gold and Silver	7.64	9.28	8.77
Others	29.08	25.53	27.84

Q.14. Write a note on the airports of India.

Ans :- Air transport plays an important role in the international trade. It has the advantage of taking the least time for carriage and handling high value or perishable goods over long distances It is very costly and unsuitable for carrying heavy and bulky commodities. This ultimately reduces the participation of this sector in the international trade as compared to the oceanic routes.

At present, there are 13 international airports and 112 domestic airports functioning in the country. They are – Ahmedabad. Amritsar, Bangalore Chennai, Delhi, Goad, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Kochchi, Kolkata, Mumbai and Thiruvananthapuram.

You have already studied about air transport in the previous chapter. You consult the chapter on transport to find out the main features of ais transport in India.

Q.15. What is the contribution of India in World Trade? 

Ans :- international trade has undergone a sea change in recent years in terms of volume, composition as well as direction. Although India’s contribution in world trade is as low as one percent of the total volume, yet it plays a significant role in the world economy.

In 1950-51, India’s external trade was worth Rs. 1,2140 million, which rose to Rs. 8,37.1330 million in 2004-05. There are numerous reasons for this sharp rise in overseas trade, such as, the momentum picked up by the manufacturing sectors, the liberal policies of the government and the diversification of markets. 

Though there has been an increase in the total volume of import and export, the value of import continued to be higher than that of exports. There has also been an increase in trade deficit over the last couple of years. This increase in deficit is attributed to the price rise of crude petroleum which forms a major component of India’s import list.

Q.16. Describe the changing Pattern of India’s International Trade.

Ans :- The nature of India’s international trade has changed over the years. Though there has been an increase in the total volume of import and export the value of import and continued to be higher than that of exports. There is also an increase in trade deficit over the last several years. This increase in deficit is attributed to the price rise of crude petroleum which forms a major component of India’s import items.

Sl. No.	CONTENTS
	PART-1
Chapter 1	Human Geography Nature & Scope
Chapter 2	The World Population Distribution, Density & Growth
Chapter 3	Population Composition
Chapter 4	Human Development
Chapter 5	Primary Activities
Chapter 6	Secondary Activities
Chapter 7	Tertiary and Quaternary Activities
Chapter 8	Transport and Communication
Chapter 9	International Trade
Chapter 10	Human Settlement
	PART-2
Chapter 11	Population Structure of India
Chapter 12	Migration Pattern in India
Chapter 13	Human Resources Department
Chapter 14	Human Settlement of India
Chapter 15	Land Resource and  Agriculture
Chapter 16	India’s Water Resources
Chapter 17	Mineral and Fuel Resources in India
Chapter 18	Manufacturing Industries of India
Chapter 19	Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Chapter 20	Transport and Communication in India
Chapter 21	International Trade
Chapter 22	Problems and Issues Geographical Perspective
	PART-3
Chapter 23	Assam Geography

LONG TYPE QUESTION & ANSWERS (MARKS-5)

Q.1. Discuss tire composition of export and import trade of India.

Ans :- The composition of communities of India’s international trade has been undergoing a change over the years. The share of agriculture and allied products has declined whereas shares of petroleum and crude products and other commodities have increased. The shares of ore minerals and manufactured goods have largely remained constant over the years from 1997-98 to 2003-04. The increase in the share of petroleum products is due to a rise in petroleum prices as well as an increase in India’s refining capacity.

Commodities	1997-98	1999-2000	2000-01	2003-04
Agriculture and allied products	18.93	15.27	13.55	11.8
Ore and Minerals	3.03	2.5	2.62	3.71
Manufactured goods	76.83	80.93	77.9	75.96
Petroleum and crude products	1.01	0.08	4.29	5.59
Other commodities	1.2	1.22	1.64	2.94

The decline in traditional items is largely due to the tough international competition. Amongst the agricultural products there is a great decline in the exports of traditional items such as coffee, spices, tea, pulses etc. though an increase has been registered in floricultural products, fresh fruits, marine products and sugar etc. 

Manufacturing sector alone accounted for 75.96 percent of India’s total value of export in 2003-04. Engineering goods have shown a significant growth in the export list.

Commodities	2004-05
Agriculture and allied Products	27,111
Ore and Minerals	18,842
Leather and manufactures	10,286
Gems and Jewellery	61,581
Chemical and related products	56,961
Engineering goods	65,543
Electronic goods	8,106
Textiles	53,996
Handicrafts	1,543
Carpets	2,679
Petroleum products	30,518

Q.2. Examine the direction of India’s foreign trade. 

Ans :- Direction of Foreign Trade of India :

(i) India has trade relations with most of the countries and major trading blocs of the world.

(ii) Region-wise and sub-region-wise trade during the period 2003 04 and 2004-05 is shown of the following :

Region	Imports
	2003-04	2004-05
West Europe	85,88	1,08,71
East Europe	43	85
CIS and Baltic States	5,79	8,32
Asia and Oceania	1,24,76	1,70,28
Africa	14,69	16,80
America	31,82	40,20
Latin American countries	5,35	8,55

(iii) Aim of India is to double its share in international trade within the next five years.

•It has already taken suitable measures in this direction like –

(a) Import liberalisation 

(b) Reduction in import duties

(c) De-licensing and

(d) Change from process to product patents.

(iv) Asia and Oceania (Australia and New Zealand) accounted for 47.41 percent of India’s export. 

(v) Second place of West Europe (23.80 percent) and third of America (20.42).

(vi) India’s imports were highest from Asia and Oceania (35.40 per cent) followed by west Europe (22.60 per cent) and America (8.36 per cent) in 2004-2005.

(vii) U.S.A is India’s largest trading partner and the most important destination of India’s export.

(viii) Other countries in order of significance include the U.K. Belgium, Germany, Japan, Switzerland, Hong-Kong. U.A.EChina, Singapore and Malaysia.

(ix) Most of India’s foreign trade is carried through sea and air routes.

(x) A small portion is also carried through land routes to neighbouring countries like Nepal. Bhutan, Bangladesh and Pakistan.

Q.3. Why are the ports called the gateway of international trade?

Ans :- Students Do Yourself.

Q.4. Discuss the role of the major ports situated in the west coast of India in international trade. 

Ans :- Kandla Port :

(i) It is situated at the head of Gulf of Kachchh as a major port to cater to the needs of western ports of the country. 

(ii) It has also reduced the pressure at Mumbai port.

(iii)The port is specially designed to receive large quantities of petroleum and petroleum products and fertilisers.

(iv) The offshore terminal at Vadinar has been developed to reduce the pressure at Kandla port.

(v) Demarcation of the boundary of hinterland is as it is not fixed over space. In most of the cases hinterland of one port overlaps with that of the other

Mumbai :

(i) It is a natural harbour and the biggest port of the country.

(ii) The port is situated closer to the general routes from the Middle East, Mediterranean countries, North Africa, North America and Europe. Where the major share of a country’s overseas trade is carried out.

(iii) The port is 20 km long and 6-10 km wide with 54 berths and has the country’s largest oil terminal. 

(iv) M.P. Maharashtra, Gujarat, U.P. and parts of Rajasthan constitute the main hinterlands of Mumbai ports.

Jawaharlal Nehru Port :

(i) It was developed at Nhava Sheva as a satellite port to relieve the pressure at the Mumbai port.

(ii) It is the largest container port in India.

Mormugao Port : 

(i) It is situated at the Zuari estuary.

(ii) It is a natural harbour in Goa

(iii) It gained significance after its remodelling in 1961 to handle iron ore exports to Japan.

(iv) Construction of Konkan Railway has considerably extended the hinterland of this port. 

(v) Karnataka, Goa, Southern Maharashtra form its hinterland.

New Mangalore Port :

(i) It is located in Karnataka.

(ii) It is used mainly for export of iron-one and iron-concentrates. 

(iii) It also handles fertilisers, petroteur products, edible oils, coffee, tea, wood pulp, yarn, granite stone, molasses, etc.

(iv) Karnataka forms the major hinterland for this port.

Kochchi Port :

(i) It is situated at the head of Vembanad Kayal.

(ii)  It is popularly known as the Queen of the Arabian Sea.” 

(iii) It is also a natural harbour.

(iv) This port has a suitable location as it is close to the Suez-Colombo route.

(v) It caters to the needs of Kerala, Southern Karnataka and South western Tamil Nadu.

Q.5. Give an account of the ports situated on the East Coast of India.

Ans :- Kolkata Port :

(i) It is located on the Hugli river, 128 km inland from the Bay of Bengal.

(ii) As the Mumbai port this port was also developed by the British. 

(iii) Kolkata had the initial advantage of being the capital of British India. 

(iv) The port has lost its significance considerably on account of the diversion of exports to the other poets like Vishakhapatna, Paradip and its satellite port, Haldia. 

(v) Kolkata port has problems like silt accumulation in the Hugli river. The river provides a link to the sea. 

(vi) Its hinterland covers U.P., Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Sikkim and the north-eastern states.

(vii) Besides this, it also extends port facilities to our neighbouring land locked countries like Nepal and Bhutan.

Haldia Port :

(i) It is located 105 km downstream from Kolkata.

(ii) It has been constructed to reduce the congestion at Kolkata port.

(iii) It handles bulk cargo like iron ore, coal, petroleum products, fertilisers, jute, jute products, cotton, cotton yarn, etc.

Paradip Port :

(i) It is situated in the Mahanadi delta, about 100 km from Cuttack. 

(ii) It has the deepest harbour specially suited to handle very large vessels.

(iii) It has been developed mainly to handle large-scale export of iron ore.

(iv) Orissa, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand are the parts of its hinterland.

Visakhapatnam Port :

(i) It is a land-locked harbour in Andhra Pradesh connected to the sea by a Channel cut through solid rock and sand.

(ii) An outer harbour handles iron-one, petroleum and general cargo. 

(iii) Andhra Pradesh forms the main hinterland for this port.

Chennai Port :

(i) It is one of the oldest ports on the eastern coast.

(ii) It is an artificial harbour built in 1859.

(iii) It is not suitable for large ships because of the shallow waters near the coast.

(iv) Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry form its hinterland.

Ennore :

(i) It is a newly developed port in Tamil Nadu.

(ii) It has been constructed 25 km north of Chennai to relieve the pressure of Chennai port.

Tuticorin Port :

(i) It was also developed to relieve the pressure of Chennai port. 

(ii) It deals with a variety of cargo like coal, salt, food grains, edible oils, sugar, chemicals and petroleum products.

Q.6. How are sea ports gateways of International Trade? 

Ans : (i) India is encircled by sea from three sides and it has a long coastline.

(ii) Water provides a smooth surface for very cheap transport.

(iii) India has a long tradition of seafaring and developed many ports with place names suffixed with pattan meaning port. 

(iv) An interesting fact about ports in India is that its west coast has more ports than its east coast.

(v) Ports and gateways of international trade became important after the coming of the European traders and colonisation of the country by the British.

(vi) This resulted in the variation in the size and quality of ports. 

(vii) There are some ports which have vast hinterland and some have limited hinterland. 

(viii) At. present, India has12 major ports and 185 minor or intermediate ports. 

(a) The Central government decides the policy about major ports and plays regulatory functions.

(b) Minor ports are those whose policy and functions are regulated by state governments.

(c) Major ports handle a larger share of the total traffic.

(d) 12 major ports handle about 75 per cent of the country’s oceanic traffic.

(ix) The British used the ports as suction points of the resources from their hinterlands.

(x) Extension of railways towards the interior facilitated the linking of the local markets to regional markets, regional markets to national markets and national markets to the international markets. This trend continued till 1947.

(xi) It was expected that the country’s independence will reverse the process, but the partition of the country snatched away two very important ports :

(a) Karachi port went to Pakistan.

(b) Chittagong port went to the erstwhile east Pakistan and now Bangladesh.

(xii) To compensate for their loss, many new ports like the Kandla in the west and the Diamond Harbour near Kolkata on river Hugli in the east were developed, after independence.

(xiii) India ports continued to grow after Independence.

(xiv) The Indian ports are handling a large volume of domestic as well as overseas trade.

(xv) Most of the ports are equipped with modern infrastructure.

(xvi) In the past development and modernisation was the responsibility of the government agencies. Now the increase in function and need to bring these ports at per with the international ports have invited private entrepreneurs to modernise ports in India.

(xvii) The capacity of Indian pors increased from 2.000 crore tonnes of cargo handling in 1951 to more than 50 crore tonnes in 2005-06.