Class 12 Geography Chapter 21 International Trade The answer to each chapter is provided in the list so that you can easily browse throughout different chapters SCERT Class 12 Geography Chapter 21 International Trade and select need one.
Class 12 Geography Chapter 21 International Trade
Also, you can read the SCERT book online in these sections Solutions by Expert Teachers as per SCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines. These solutions are part of SCERT All Subject Solutions. Here we have given Assam Board/NCERT Class 12 Geography Chapter 21 International Trade Solutions for All Subject, You can practice these here.
| Sl. No. | CONTENTS |
| PART-1 | |
| Chapter 1 | Human Geography Nature & Scope |
| Chapter 2 | The World Population Distribution, Density & Growth |
| Chapter 3 | Population Composition |
| Chapter 4 | Human Development |
| Chapter 5 | Primary Activities |
| Chapter 6 | Secondary Activities |
| Chapter 7 | Tertiary and Quaternary Activities |
| Chapter 8 | Transport and Communication |
| Chapter 9 | International Trade |
| Chapter 10 | Human Settlement |
| PART-2 | |
| Chapter 11 | Population Structure of India |
| Chapter 12 | Migration Pattern in India |
| Chapter 13 | Human Resources Department |
| Chapter 14 | Human Settlement of India |
| Chapter 15 | Land Resource and Agriculture |
| Chapter 16 | India’s Water Resources |
| Chapter 17 | Mineral and Fuel Resources in India |
| Chapter 18 | Manufacturing Industries of India |
| Chapter 19 | Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context |
| Chapter 20 | Transport and Communication in India |
| Chapter 21 | International Trade |
| Chapter 22 | Problems and Issues Geographical Perspective |
| PART-3 | |
| Chapter 23 | Assam Geography |
LONG TYPE QUESTION & ANSWERS (MARKS-5)
Q.1. Discuss tire composition of export and import trade of India.
Ans :- The composition of communities of India’s international trade has been undergoing a change over the years. The share of agriculture and allied products has declined whereas shares of petroleum and crude products and other commodities have increased. The shares of ore minerals and manufactured goods have largely remained constant over the years from 1997-98 to 2003-04. The increase in the share of petroleum products is due to a rise in petroleum prices as well as an increase in India’s refining capacity.
| Commodities | 1997-98 | 1999-2000 | 2000-01 | 2003-04 |
| Agriculture and allied products | 18.93 | 15.27 | 13.55 | 11.8 |
| Ore and Minerals | 3.03 | 2.5 | 2.62 | 3.71 |
| Manufactured goods | 76.83 | 80.93 | 77.9 | 75.96 |
| Petroleum and crude products | 1.01 | 0.08 | 4.29 | 5.59 |
| Other commodities | 1.2 | 1.22 | 1.64 | 2.94 |
The decline in traditional items is largely due to the tough international competition. Amongst the agricultural products there is a great decline in the exports of traditional items such as coffee, spices, tea, pulses etc. though an increase has been registered in floricultural products, fresh fruits, marine products and sugar etc.
Manufacturing sector alone accounted for 75.96 percent of India’s total value of export in 2003-04. Engineering goods have shown a significant growth in the export list.
| Commodities | 2004-05 |
| Agriculture and allied Products | 27,111 |
| Ore and Minerals | 18,842 |
| Leather and manufactures | 10,286 |
| Gems and Jewellery | 61,581 |
| Chemical and related products | 56,961 |
| Engineering goods | 65,543 |
| Electronic goods | 8,106 |
| Textiles | 53,996 |
| Handicrafts | 1,543 |
| Carpets | 2,679 |
| Petroleum products | 30,518 |
Q.2. Examine the direction of India’s foreign trade.
Ans :- Direction of Foreign Trade of India :
(i) India has trade relations with most of the countries and major trading blocs of the world.
(ii) Region-wise and sub-region-wise trade during the period 2003 04 and 2004-05 is shown of the following :
| Region | Imports | |
| 2003-04 | 2004-05 | |
| West Europe | 85,88 | 1,08,71 |
| East Europe | 43 | 85 |
| CIS and Baltic States | 5,79 | 8,32 |
| Asia and Oceania | 1,24,76 | 1,70,28 |
| Africa | 14,69 | 16,80 |
| America | 31,82 | 40,20 |
| Latin American countries | 5,35 | 8,55 |
(iii) Aim of India is to double its share in international trade within the next five years.
•It has already taken suitable measures in this direction like –
(a) Import liberalisation
(b) Reduction in import duties
(c) De-licensing and
(d) Change from process to product patents.
(iv) Asia and Oceania (Australia and New Zealand) accounted for 47.41 percent of India’s export.
(v) Second place of West Europe (23.80 percent) and third of America (20.42).
(vi) India’s imports were highest from Asia and Oceania (35.40 per cent) followed by west Europe (22.60 per cent) and America (8.36 per cent) in 2004-2005.
(vii) U.S.A is India’s largest trading partner and the most important destination of India’s export.
(viii) Other countries in order of significance include the U.K. Belgium, Germany, Japan, Switzerland, Hong-Kong. U.A.EChina, Singapore and Malaysia.
(ix) Most of India’s foreign trade is carried through sea and air routes.
(x) A small portion is also carried through land routes to neighbouring countries like Nepal. Bhutan, Bangladesh and Pakistan.
Q.3. Why are the ports called the gateway of international trade?
Ans :- Same as Q. No. 279.
Q.4. Discuss the role of the major ports situated in the west coast of India in international trade.
Ans :- Kandla Port :
(i) It is situated at the head of Gulf of Kachchh as a major port to cater to the needs of western ports of the country.
(ii) It has also reduced the pressure at Mumbai port.
(iii)The port is specially designed to receive large quantities of petroleum and petroleum products and fertilisers.
(iv) The offshore terminal at Vadinar has been developed to reduce the pressure at Kandla port.
(v) Demarcation of the boundary of hinterland is as it is not fixed over space. In most of the cases hinterland of one port overlaps with that of the other
Mumbai :
(i) It is a natural harbour and the biggest port of the country.
(ii) The port is situated closer to the general routes from the Middle East, Mediterranean countries, North Africa, North America and Europe. Where the major share of a country’s overseas trade is carried out.
(iii) The port is 20 km long and 6-10 km wide with 54 berths and has the country’s largest oil terminal.
(iv) M.P. Maharashtra, Gujarat, U.P. and parts of Rajasthan constitute the main hinterlands of Mumbai ports.
Jawaharlal Nehru Port :
(i) It was developed at Nhava Sheva as a satellite port to relieve the pressure at the Mumbai port.
(ii) It is the largest container port in India.
Mormugao Port :
(i) It is situated at the Zuari estuary.
(ii) It is a natural harbour in Goa
(iii) It gained significance after its remodelling in 1961 to handle iron ore exports to Japan.
(iv) Construction of Konkan Railway has considerably extended the hinterland of this port.
(v) Karnataka, Goa, Southern Maharashtra form its hinterland.
New Mangalore Port :
(i) It is located in Karnataka.
(ii) It is used mainly for export of iron-one and iron-concentrates.
(iii) It also handles fertilisers, petroteur products, edible oils, coffee, tea, wood pulp, yarn, granite stone, molasses, etc.
(iv) Karnataka forms the major hinterland for this port.
Kochchi Port :
(i) It is situated at the head of Vembanad Kayal.
(ii) It is popularly known as the Queen of the Arabian Sea.”
(iii) It is also a natural harbour.
(iv) This port has a suitable location as it is close to the Suez-Colombo route.
(v) It caters to the needs of Kerala, Southern Karnataka and South western Tamil Nadu.
Q.5. Give an account of the ports situated on the East Coast of India.
Ans :- Kolkata Port :
(i) It is located on the Hugli river, 128 km inland from the Bay of Bengal.
(ii) As the Mumbai port this port was also developed by the British.
(iii) Kolkata had the initial advantage of being the capital of British India.
(iv) The port has lost its significance considerably on account of the diversion of exports to the other poets like Vishakhapatna, Paradip and its satellite port, Haldia.
(v) Kolkata port has problems like silt accumulation in the Hugli river. The river provides a link to the sea.
(vi) Its hinterland covers U.P., Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Sikkim and the north-eastern states.
(vii) Besides this, it also extends port facilities to our neighbouring land locked countries like Nepal and Bhutan.
Haldia Port :
(i) It is located 105 km downstream from Kolkata.
(ii) It has been constructed to reduce the congestion at Kolkata port.
(iii) It handles bulk cargo like iron ore, coal, petroleum products, fertilisers, jute, jute products, cotton, cotton yarn, etc.
Paradip Port :
(i) It is situated in the Mahanadi delta, about 100 km from Cuttack.
(ii) It has the deepest harbour specially suited to handle very large vessels.
(iii) It has been developed mainly to handle large-scale export of iron ore.
(iv) Orissa, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand are the parts of its hinterland.
Visakhapatnam Port :
(i) It is a land-locked harbour in Andhra Pradesh connected to the sea by a Channel cut through solid rock and sand.
(ii) An outer harbour handles iron-one, petroleum and general cargo.
(iii) Andhra Pradesh forms the main hinterland for this port.
Chennai Port :
(i) It is one of the oldest ports on the eastern coast.
(ii) It is an artificial harbour built in 1859.
(iii) It is not suitable for large ships because of the shallow waters near the coast.
(iv) Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry form its hinterland.
Ennore :
(i) It is a newly developed port in Tamil Nadu.
(ii) It has been constructed 25 km north of Chennai to relieve the pressure of Chennai port.
Tuticorin Port :
(i) It was also developed to relieve the pressure of Chennai port.
(ii) It deals with a variety of cargo like coal, salt, food grains, edible oils, sugar, chemicals and petroleum products.
Q.6. How are sea ports gateways of International Trade?
Ans : (i) India is encircled by sea from three sides and it has a long coastline.
(ii) Water provides a smooth surface for very cheap transport.
(iii) India has a long tradition of seafaring and developed many ports with place names suffixed with pattan meaning port.
(iv) An interesting fact about ports in India is that its west coast has more ports than its east coast.
(v) Ports and gateways of international trade became important after the coming of the European traders and colonisation of the country by the British.
(vi) This resulted in the variation in the size and quality of ports.
(vii) There are some ports which have vast hinterland and some have limited hinterland.
(viii) At. present, India has12 major ports and 185 minor or intermediate ports.
(a) The Central government decides the policy about major ports and plays regulatory functions.
(b) Minor ports are those whose policy and functions are regulated by state governments.
(c) Major ports handle a larger share of the total traffic.
(d) 12 major ports handle about 75 per cent of the country’s oceanic traffic.
(ix) The British used the ports as suction points of the resources from their hinterlands.
(x) Extension of railways towards the interior facilitated the linking of the local markets to regional markets, regional markets to national markets and national markets to the international markets. This trend continued till 1947.
(xi) It was expected that the country’s independence will reverse the process, but the partition of the country snatched away two very important ports :
(a) Karachi port went to Pakistan.
(b) Chittagong port went to the erstwhile east Pakistan and now Bangladesh.
(xii) To compensate for their loss, many new ports like the Kandla in the west and the Diamond Harbour near Kolkata on river Hugli in the east were developed, after independence.
(xiii) India ports continued to grow after Independence.
(xiv) The Indian ports are handling a large volume of domestic as well as overseas trade.
(xv) Most of the ports are equipped with modern infrastructure.
(xvi) In the past development and modernisation was the responsibility of the government agencies. Now the increase in function and need to bring these ports at per with the international ports have invited private entrepreneurs to modernise ports in India.
(xvii) The capacity of Indian pors increased from 2.000 crore tonnes of cargo handling in 1951 to more than 50 crore tonnes in 2005-06.
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