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SEBA Class 10 Home Science Chapter 1 Food and Nutrition
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Food and Nutrition
Chapter – 1
| QUESTIONS |
1. What is food?
Ans: Food may be defined as anything eaten or drunk which can be absorbed by the body to keeps it healthy. Food supply energy and produce heat in our body, help in the formation as well as repairing of cells, protects our body against disease and helps to maintain body processes regularly. Food contains various elements.
2. What is nutrition? Write about the importance of nutrition in our body.
Ans: Nutrition is the study of food and how it affects the health and growth of the body.
The main nutrients present in food are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and water. Water acts both as food and as nutrient.
3. What are nutrients?
Ans: Nutrients are chemical compounds in food that are used by the body to function properly and maintain health. Examples include proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals.
4. What is malnutrition? How many ways malnutrition can occur?
Ans: Malnutrition refers to deficiencies, excesses, or imbalances in a person’s intake of energy and/or nutrients.
Malnutrition (undernutrition) is caused by a lack of nutrients, either as a result of a poor diet or problems absorbing nutrients from food.
5. What is balanced diet?
Ans: A balanced diet is one that provides the body with all the important and essential nutrients in order to function appropriately.
6. What are the food groups that help in planning balanced diet?
Ans: A balanced diet is essential for maintaining overall health and well-being, and it includes a variety of food groups that provide the necessary nutrients for the body. Carbohydrates are a primary source of energy and can be found in foods like rice, bread, and pasta. Proteins are crucial for the growth, repair, and maintenance of body tissues and are found in foods such as meat, fish, eggs, and legumes. Fats also play an important role by providing energy and aiding in the absorption of vitamins, with sources including oils, butter, and fatty fish. Vitamins and minerals are vital for various bodily functions like immune support and bone health, and they are abundant in fruits, vegetables, dairy products, and meat. Fiber is important for digestive health and maintaining a healthy weight, and it is found in foods like fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Lastly, water is essential for hydration, temperature regulation, and cellular function, and it can be obtained from both drinking water and hydrating foods like fruits and vegetables. Incorporating all these food groups in the right proportions ensures a well-rounded and nutritious diet.
7. What do you mean by Five Food Group?
Ans: Five food groups are mentioned below:
(i) Cereals and grains: Provide energy through carbohydrates.
(ii) Vegetables: Supply vitamins, minerals, and fiber.
(iii) Fruits: Provide vitamins, particularly Vitamin C, and natural sugars.
(iv) Proteins (meat, eggs, legumes, and nuts): Help in growth, repair, and maintenance of body tissues.
(v) Dairy (milk and its products): Provide calcium and Vitamin D for bone health.
8. What are the important aspect of planning of balanced diet?
Ans: Planning a blanched diet is necessary to meet the nutrition requirements by each member of family. The meal panning pf a family should be acceptable by all its members. The important aspect to be emphasized while planning meal for the family are age sex, occupation, income, family size climate, activity and special physical condition etc.
(i) Age: In the family there are members of different age groups. The required amount of food also differs according to different age levels. A child needs food containing more calories and proteins in his rapid growing age. On the other hand, the aging process slowly reduces the amount of required nutrients of an individual.
(ii) Sex: Difference in Sex also influences the nutritional requirements. Men are physically stronger than women. They can do more hard work than women. So, men need more energy than women. Nutrient requirement of children also vary after nine years of age.
(iii) Occupation: The type of physical work done by an individual depends upon his or her occupation. Thus how much calorie a person needs is determined by his occupation.
(iv) Income: Family income also influence in planning a balanced diet. In a large family, the amount of money spent on food also increases. On the other hand, a small family needs less money to be spent on food. In this regard seasonal availability and foods produced in the kitchen garden of a family help to reduce its cost.
(v) Climate: It has been observed that calorie requirement for each degree below 30oC is increased by 0.5 percent. In warm climate, calorie requirement is reduced by the tendency to consume less energy giving food. On the other hand, in winter season, more calorie giving foods is needed and in summer season, less calorie giving foods should be included in our meal planning. The more calorie giving foods, include fats and oils, ghees, eggs, meat, fish, spices etc. Which produce more heat in our body. These foods are suitable for winter season. But, fruit, squash, curd, lassi, sour curry without spices etc. bring cool feelings in our body during summer.
9. What is meal planning?
Ans: Meal planning is the process of organizing meals in advance to ensure they are balanced, nutritious, and cater to the dietary needs of individuals or families. It helps save time, reduces waste, and ensures a variety of foods are included in the diet. A family should be done with an aim to meet the nutritional requirement of family members of different age Levels.
10. What are the objectives of meal-planning?
Ans: The objectives of meal-planning are mentioned below:
(i) To meet the nutritional requirement of every member of a family.
(ii) To keep expenditure within the limit of family’s food budget.
(iii) To decide what foods should be included from each food group.
(iv) To give emphasis on locally available foods.
(v) To Consider family composition and size.
(vi) To know about the stage space and its consideration before buying different types of foods.
11. What are the principles of meal planning?
Ans: The principles of meal planning are mentioned below:
(i) Fulfilment of nutritional needs: Nutrients like calories, proteins fats, vitamins and minerals are required for proper nutrition od all members of a family. To supply these nutrients of all members of family. To supply these nutrients energy giving food, body building foods and protective foods should be included in the meal planning of a family.
(ii) Fulfilment of dietary needs: In a family, there are members of all ages, eg. infants, children, school children, adolscents, male-femal adults, old age people etc. The types of food and its requirements for each member are different. An infant need mashed diet, a child needs protein rich food and a pregnant woman requires more greenleafy vegetables. A member of a family doing hard work needs more energy giving and B-vitamin containing foods. Thus type and amount of food required by each family member differ according to age, activity and life style.
(iii) Meal Planning should save time and energy: Foods from Five Food Group should be included in meal planning to save time and energy. Methods used in cooking should be simple enough to retain its food value.
(iv) Economic aspects should be exphasized: Some foods are very costly and some are very cheap or easily available in our locality. We should consider our economic conditions while planning meal. We also believe that costly foods have high nutritive value. It is a wrong belief. Easily available fruits such as amla, guava, mango and many green leafy vegetables like ‘manimuni’, ‘khutura’, ‘matikaduri’ are also equally riched in vitamins and minerals. Thus locally available and seasonal foods should be included in meal planning which help the family’s economic aspect indirectly.
(v) Foods included must supply maximum nutrients: Attention should be paid to reduce nutrient loss during pre-cooking (washing, cutting etc) and cooking of food. Sprouted whole legumes, malted cereals and fermented.
12. What do you mean by deficiency diseases? Prepare a list of some common deficiency diseases occured in our country.
Ans: Deficiency disease is a disease caused by a lack of essential dietary elements and especially a vitamin or mineral.
List of some common deficiency diseases occured in our country.
(i) Vitamin A Deficiency:
(a) Disease: Night blindness.
(b) Cause: Lack of vitamin A in the diet.
(c) Symptoms: Difficulty seeing in low light, dryness of eyes, and increased risk of infections.
(ii) Vitamin D Deficiency:
(a) Disease: Rickets (in children) and Osteomalacia (in adults).
(b) Cause: Insufficient vitamin D, leading to poor calcium absorption.
(c) Symptoms: Weak bones, bone pain, deformities in children (bowed legs), and muscle weakness.
(iii) Vitamin C Deficiency:
(a) Disease: Scurvy.
(b) Cause: Lack of vitamin C.
(d) Symptoms: Bleeding gums, joint pain, skin rashes, and weakness.
13. Write about the symptoms and preventions of deficiency diseases occured in our country.
Ans: The symptoms and preventions of deficiency diseases occured in our country are mentioned below:
(i) Anaemia: According to the World Health Organisation’s Statistics, anaemia is quite prevalent in developing countries. Small children, pregnant women and lactating women mostly suffer from this deficiency disease. Haemoglobin present in our blood carries oxygen and this oxygen helps in the process of energy production of our body. Generally, this deficiency disease is quite common among children, adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women. The required amount of haemoglobin of adolescent girls and women is 12-15.5 gm per 100 ml of blood. If this amount is reduced to 5-9 gms per 100 ml of blood, then the adolescent girl or the pregnant woman is said to be suffering from anaemia. Anaemia causes a very serious condition to a pregnant woman. She faces many problems like tiredness, short breathes, sleeplessness, spoon shaped nails, pale skin and oedema in ankles. If haemoglobin content per 100ml of blood is 5-9 gm in children, then they become weak, pale, inactive, don’t want to eat food and as a result, their growth and development process.
(ii) Scurvy: Scurvy occurs due to deficiency of vitamin C in our diet. Vitamin C is available in green leafy vegetables, citrous fruits(oranges, lemon, grapes), amla, guava, ripe tomatoes, pineapple etc. Amla and guava are the richest sources of vitamin C.
The symptoms of scurvy in adults are:
(a) Reduction of body weight.
(b) Feeling of tiredness and weakness.
(c) Lack of hunger.
(d) Irritation.
(e) Darkening of under eyes.
(f) Fowl smelling of mouth.
(g) Swelling of gums and bleeding from the gums.
(h) Root of teeth becomes loose.
(i) Infection in any part of the body.
(j) There may be bleeding in joints, underskin and under nails portions.
(iii) Goitre: lodine present in our body help in the formation of thyroxine hormone in thy-roid glands which are situated on both sides of respi-ratory tract. Thyroxine hor-mone helps in the regulation of all major body processes. In pregnancy, deficiency of io-dine, causes newborn baby abnormal both physically and mentally. Iodine is usually available in water and all foods produced on soil containing iodine. Goitre is the name of disease occured due to deficiency of iodine in the diet and it has been observed in several countries of the world. In this deficiency disease, the thyroid glands are swollen and its weight becomes 200-500 grams instead of the normal weight of 25 grams. Goitre is prevalent in most of the tribal areas of India, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka and plains of Himalayas etc. Government of India introduced a scheme to eradicate this disease in 1993. It was made compulsory to have iodized salt (1 part potassium iodide per 1,00,000 part salt) by all people of the country.
(iv) Rickets: Calcium and phosphorus are not absorbed in our body if deficiency of vita-min D occurs and it is excreted through urine and stool. As a result, bones become weak and fragile due to deficiency of the basic elements which are necessary for formation and strengthening of bones. The disease thus caused by the dificiency of vitamin D is known as Ricket.
The symptoms of Rickets are:
(i) Rib bones and other bones becomes thinner.
(ii) Ribs of the chest bulge outwards.
(iii) Bow-legs and knock knees.
(iv) Delayed teething and teeth become thinner. There are cracks in teeth due to improper formation of enamel on them.
(v) The bones of the head of a child do not join properly. So, the upper front side of the head is not filled up and head appears to be long and bulges outwards.
(vi) Symptoms of tetany appears due to reduction of calcium in blood. To prevent ricket, balanced diet with milk products, egg, liver should be supplied to children. They should be made to play in the sunlight so that vitamin D may be formed in the bodies.
14. Discuss about protein-calorie malnutrition.
Ans: Protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM) is a condition that occurs when an individual does not consume an adequate amount of protein and calories, which are essential for proper growth, development, and overall health. It is most commonly observed in developing countries, particularly among children, and is often associated with poverty, insufficient food availability, and poor dietary habits. PCM can lead to stunted growth, weakened immune systems, and increased vulnerability to infections. There are two primary forms of PCM: kwashiorkor and marasmus. Kwashiorkor is characterized by a severe deficiency of protein despite adequate caloric intake, leading to symptoms such as edema, enlarged liver, and skin changes. Marasmus, on the other hand, results from a deficiency of both protein and calories, leading to extreme weight loss, muscle wasting, and weakness. Treatment typically involves improving nutrition by providing adequate protein and calories, along with vitamins and minerals to restore health.
15. Write short notes on–
(a) Balanced diet.
Ans: Eating a healthy, balanced diet is an important part of maintaining good health, and can help you feel your best. This means eating a wide variety of foods in the right proportions, and consuming the right amount of food and drink to achieve and maintain a healthy body weight.
(b) Scurvy.
Ans: Scurvy occurs due to deficiency of vitamin C in our diet. Vitamin C is available in green leafy vegetables, citrous fruits(oranges, lemon, grapes), amla, guava, ripe tomatoes, pineapple etc. Amla and guava are the richest sources of vitamin C.
The symptoms of scurvy in adults are:
(a) Reduction of body weight.
(b) Feeling of tiredness and weakness.
(c) Lack of hunger.
(d) Irritation.
(e) Darkening of under eyes.
(f) Fowl smelling of mouth.
(g) Swelling of gums and bleeding from the gums.
(h) Root of teeth becomes loose.
(i) Infection in any part of the body.
(j) There may be bleeding in joints, underskin and under nails portions.
(c) Goitre.
Ans: lodine present in our body help in the formation of thyroxine hormone in thy-roid glands which are situated on both sides of respi-ratory tract. Thyroxine hor-mone help in the regulation of all major body process. In pregnancy, deficiency of io-dine, causes newborn baby abnormal both physically and mentally. Iodine is usually available in water and all foods produced on soil containing iodine. Goitre is the name of disease occured due to deficiency of iodine in the diet and it has been observed in several countries of the world. In this deficiency disease, the thyroid glands are swelled and its weight becomes 200-500 grams instead of the normal weight of 25 grams. Goitre is prevalent in most of the tribal areas of India, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka and plains of Himalayas etc. Government of India introduced a scheme to irradicate this disease in 1993. It was made compulsory to have iodized salt (1 part potassium iodide per 1,00,000 part salt) by all people of the country.
(d) Anaemia.
Ans: According to the World Health Organisation’s Statistics, anaemia is quite prevalent in developing countries. Small children, pregnant women and lactating women mostly suffer from this deficiency disease. Haemoglobin present in our blood carries oxygen and this oxygen helps in the process of energy production of our body. Generally, this deficiency disease is quite common among children, adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women. The required amount of haemoglobin of adolescent girls and women is 12-15.5 gm per 100 ml of blood. If this amount is reduced to 5-9 gms per 100 ml of blood, then the adolescent girl or the pregnant woman is said to be suffering from anaemia. Anaemia causes a very serious condition to a pregnant woman. She faces many problems like tiredness, short breathes, sleeplessness, spoon shaped nails, pale skin and oedema in ankles. If haemoglobin content per 100ml of blood is 5-9 gm in children, then they become weak, pale, inactive, don’t want to eat food and as a result, their growth and development process slows down. Anaemia occurs due to deficiency of iron, folic acid and vitamin B₁. These nutrients are found in green leafy 12 vegetables, liver, egg. kidney, fish, meat, dry fruits, wheat, oatmeal, amla etc. Vitamin C helps in the absorption of iron in our body.
(e) Rickets.
Ans: Calcium and phosphorus are not absorbed in our body if deficiency of vita-min D occurs and it is excreted through urine and stool. As a result, bones become weak and fragile due to deficiency of the basic elements which are necessary for formation and strengthening of bones. The disease thus caused by the dificiency of vitamin D is known as Ricket.
The symptoms of Rickets are:
(i) Rib bones and other bones becomes thinner.
(ii) Ribs of the chest bulge outwards.
(iii) Bow-legs and knock knees.
(iv) Delayed teething and teeth become thinner. There are cracks in teeth due to improper formation of enamel on them.
(v) The bones of the head of a child do not join properly. So, the upper front side of the head is not filled up and the head appears to be long and bulges outwards.
(vi) Symptoms of tetany appears due to reduction of calcium in blood. To prevent ricket, balanced diet with milk products, egg, liver should be supplied to children. They should be made to play in the sunlight so that vitamin D may be formed in the bodies.
(f) Pellagra.
Ans: Deficiency of Niacin or Nicotiric acid, a member of vitamin B complex leads to a disease called Pellagra. In the first stage of the disease, skin lesions are observed and slowly diarrhoea develops. In the course of time, if deficiency continues, then many other symptoms like dizziness, sleeplessness, anger, fear, depression, memory loss etc. May appear. In acute cases, the person losses mental ability and as a result causes death. Fish meat, egg, milk, soyabean, groundnut, dry fruits, cashewnut should be included in our daily diet to prevent pellagra. Persons suffering from pellagra needs more rest to recover.
16. Answer in short-
(a) What is balanced diet?
Ans: A balanced diet is one that provides the body with all the important and essential nutrients in order to function appropriately. A diet is a regimen of food and drink that a person follows. A balanced diet should include fresh vegetables and fruits, whole grains, lean proteins, legumes, and nuts.
(b) What is nutrition?
Ans: Nutrition is the study of food and how it affects the health and growth of the body.
(c) What are nutrients?
Ans: Nutrients are the constituents in food that must be supplied to the body in suitable amounts. These include carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins, water and fibre. We need a wide range of nutrients to keep ourselves healthy. Most foods contain more than one nutrient such as milk has proteins, fats, etc.
(d) What do you mean by meal planning?
Ans: Mean planning refers to the process of organizing and managing resources effectively to achieve specific goals, often in the context of food and nutrition, ensuring that all dietary requirements are met efficiently.
(e) How Scurvy/ Beri-beri/ Ricket/goitre occur?
Ans: Scurvy occurs due to a deficiency of vitamin C (ascorbic acid), which is essential for collagen synthesis and maintaining healthy skin, blood vessels, and bones. When the body lacks vitamin C, it cannot properly form collagen, leading to symptoms such as bleeding gums, weakness, fatigue, swollen joints, and skin bruising. Scurvy is commonly seen in people with poor nutrition, especially those who do not consume enough fruits and vegetables.
Beri-beri is caused by a deficiency of vitamin B1 (thiamine). This vitamin is crucial for energy metabolism, and its lack can affect the nervous system and cardiovascular health. There are two main forms of beri-beri: “wet” and “dry.” Wet beri-beri affects the cardiovascular system, causing fluid retention and swelling, while dry beri-beri affects the nervous system, leading to muscle weakness, numbness, and paralysis.
Rickets occurs due to a deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate, which are necessary for healthy bone development. Vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium, and a deficiency impairs bone mineralization, leading to soft and weak bones, especially in children. Rickets is characterized by bowed legs, growth disturbances, and pain in the bones.
Goitre is caused by a deficiency of iodine in the diet, which is essential for the production of thyroid hormones. When iodine levels are low, the thyroid gland enlarges in an attempt to produce more hormones, leading to a visible swelling in the neck, known as goitre. Iodine deficiency can also result in symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, and developmental delays in children.
17. Answer in very short:
(a) What is the relation between food and health?
Ans: Food provides essential nutrients needed for growth, energy, and the overall maintenance of body functions, directly impacting health and well-being.
(b) What do you mean by malnutrition?
Ans: Malnutrition refers to a condition that occurs when the body does not get the right amount of nutrients, either due to undernutrition (deficiency) or overnutrition (excess).
(c) Why balanced diet is necessary for good health?
Ans: A balanced diet is necessary for good health as it provides all the essential nutrients in appropriate amounts, supporting growth, immunity, and the proper functioning of the body.
(d) Write the names of food that give energy/help in the formation of cells/protects body.
Ans: Foods that provide energy, aid in the formation of cells, and protect the body are essential for maintaining good health. Energy-giving foods like rice, whole grains (such as oats and wheat), and potatoes are rich in carbohydrates, providing a steady supply of energy. Fruits like bananas, apples, and oranges also help boost energy levels with their natural sugars and vitamins. For cell formation, protein-rich foods such as eggs, meat, poultry, and fish play a vital role in building and repairing tissues. Leafy greens like spinach and kale, which are high in folate, also support cell growth. Additionally, dairy products like milk and cheese provide the necessary protein and calcium for cell formation. To protect the body, foods like citrus fruits, especially oranges and lemons, are rich in vitamin C, strengthening the immune system. Berries, such as strawberries and blueberries, offer antioxidants that help protect the body from free radicals. Garlic has immune-boosting properties, while vegetables like carrots and tomatoes, rich in beta-carotene and lycopene, provide protection for skin and eyes. Green tea is another protective food, packed with antioxidants that help in overall body defense. Together, these foods ensure energy, cellular health, and body protection.
18. Fill in the blanks:
(a) The basic components of food are called ____________.
Ans: Nutrients.
(b) ____________ occurs due to deficiency of niacin in our diet.
Ans: Pellagra.
(c ) Deficiency of ____________ in our diet causes ____________.
Ans: Vitamin A, night blindness.
(d) ____________ influences in the planning of balanced diet.
Ans: Age, gender, and activity level.
