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SEBA Class 10 Home Science Chapter 2 Child Development and Family Studies
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Child Development and Family Studies
Chapter – 2
| QUESTIONS |
1. How does human life begin?
Ans: Human life begins with the process of fertilization, where a sperm cell from the father fuses with an egg cell from the mother to form a single-cell zygote. This union occurs in the fallopian tube of the female reproductive system. The zygote contains all the genetic information necessary for the development of a unique individual, contributed equally by both parents. The zygote undergoes a series of rapid cell divisions as it travels to the uterus, where it implants into the uterine wall and begins its transformation into an embryo. Over time, the embryo develops into a fetus, marking the initial stages of human life that lead to birth.
2. What do you mean by pregnancy?
Ans: Pregnancy is the time during which one or more offspring develops (gestates) inside a woman’s uterus (womb).
3. What is the meaning of pre-natal life?
Ans: The prenatal period is the period of time before birth. A woman’s nutritional needs are high during this time. Because a woman may not know that she is pregnant, she may be poorly nourished. She may also consume alcohol or caffeine in excess, which may affect the growing embryo or fetus.
4. Describe the different stages of pre-natal life.
Ans: The different stages of pre-natal life are mentioned below:
(i) If the cells don’t get enough nourishment, during their life time, the egg may get spoil.
(ii) Women sometimes show certain abnormalities inside them. inside them. If there is defect in the reproductive organ, then the walls of the uterus cannot hold the fertilised egg as it comes down and as a result, the egg may be damaged. There also may be a risk and some danger if the woman suffers from mental disturbances.
(iii) During the initial stage of the foetal period there may be risk. If there is no nourishment in the mother’s body, then the egg may be damaged.
(iv) If during this period, menstruation continues, then the egg may slip down from the uterus and get damaged.
(v) If the first two stages can be overcome, then risk is less during the later stage. But still, this period is not free from danger. The dangers may be like-excessive temper or anger, too much injury or mental tension may cause the stoppage of heart beat of the focus resulting in death. If the mother has high pressure, there may be a risk and anaemia may cause death of the focus if the supply of blood is less or nil. If the mother has diabetes, the baby’s weight increases, and space may be lessened. in the uterus resulting in death of the baby due to suffocation.
5. What are the dangers that may occur during Pregnancy?
Ans: The dangers that may occur during Pregnancy are mentioned below:
(i) Headache that won’t go away or gets worse over time.
(ii) Dizziness or fainting.
(iii) Thoughts about hurting yourself or your baby.
(iv) Changes in your vision.
(v) Fever.
(vi) Trouble breathing.
(vii) Chest pain or fast-beating heart.
(viii) Severe belly pain that doesn’t go away.
6. What are the preparations required before the birth of a child?
Ans: The preparations required before the birth of a child are mentioned below:
(i) Care of the pregnant mother: The baby in the womb is taken care of by taking care of the mother. Only if the mother is healthy, can she give birth to a healthy baby.
(ii) Diet is an important matter for a pregnant mother because the baby grows by drawing food from the mother’s blood stream. A good balanced diet is required during pregnancy. About 2,500 calories is prescribed in her daily diet. At the same time 50 gms protein, 40 gms iron and 1 gm calcium is required in her daily diet. For that the woman who is non-vegetarian should take fish, meat, eggs along with green leafy vegetables, fruits etc. The one who is vegetarian should take pulses along with milk and milk products, cereals for strength and drink lots of water. Water helps to remove the waste products from the body.
(iii) Exercise is necessary during this period if pregnancy is proceeding normally. Walking in the fresh air in the morning and evening and light household-work are good exercises. Some exercises can be done during pregnancy, but no exercise should be done without the permission of an experienced doctor.
(iv) Personal hygiene: It is important to take a daily bath in the morning and in the evening with luke-warm water. Clean clothes should be put on after a bath. Nails, nose and eyes should be kept clean. Hair should be kept clean all the time.
7. How can you take care of an infant?
Ans: Caring for an infant involves meeting their basic needs with love, patience, and attentiveness. Proper feeding is essential, whether through breastfeeding or formula, ensuring the baby is fed every 2-3 hours and burped afterward to prevent discomfort. Maintaining hygiene is crucial, which includes regular diaper changes to avoid rashes and gentle bathing a few times a week. Infants need plenty of sleep, and it’s vital to create a safe sleeping environment by laying them on their back in a crib free of pillows and toys. Keeping the baby dressed in comfortable clothing appropriate for the weather is important to regulate their temperature. Regular pediatric check-ups and vaccinations are necessary to monitor their health and development. Bonding through skin-to-skin contact, soothing when they cry, and engaging with them through talking and singing fosters emotional security and stimulates their cognitive growth. Safety should always be a priority—never leave them unattended, use a proper car seat for travel, and ensure the environment is baby-proofed. Finally, supervised tummy time strengthens their muscles and encourages healthy physical development. Providing consistent care and responding to their needs with affection lays the foundation for a happy and healthy infant.
8. “Timely evacuation of the bowel is necessary for good health.” Do you agree to this? If yes, write how you can make a habit of that.
Ans: Do yourself.
9. How can immunity save a child from diseases?
Ans: Immunity is the body’s defense system that protects against harmful pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and other disease-causing organisms are:
(i) Provide a healthy, balanced diet: A wholesome, balanced diet is one of the main building blocks of good health. To help your child eat well through every stage of growth and development, fill a significant portion of their daily plate with an array of colorful fruits and vegetables, many of which are excellent sources of immune-boosting antioxidants and phytonutrients. Then, fill the rest of their daily plate with whole grains, lean proteins, healthy fats, and low-fat milk and milk products. While eating for optimal immunity also means limiting processed foods and added sugars, the occasional treat isn’t harmful.
(ii) Make sure they get enough sleep: Getting enough restorative sleep is vital at any age, but it’s especially important for growing kids. When it comes to immune system function, not getting enough quality sleep can have a pronounced negative impact by reducing natural killer cells, or the immune system cells that attack invading microbes. The amount of sleep your child needs depends on their age (from an average of 12-16 hours a day for infants to 8-10 hours for adolescents) and their disposition. (Some kids just need more sleep than others.) Encourage healthy sleep habits by maintaining a regular schedule and shutting down screens at least 2 hours before bedtime.
(iii) Keep your child physically active: From building strength and managing body weight to boosting energy and preventing chronic illness, physical activity has numerous well-known health benefits for people of all ages. In addition to giving your child a fitter, healthier body that’s more prepared to handle an illness, daily exercise helps regulate their production of stress hormones like cortisol. (Too much can suppress immune system function.) It also boosts their circulatory system, making it easier for immune cells and other infection-fighting molecules to travel throughout their body.
(iv) Practice infection prevention: Infection prevention strategies won’t technically build up your child’s immunity, but they can potentially reduce the amount of stress your child’s immune system experiences especially during germy cold and flu season when many kids encounter illness-causing microbes on an almost daily basis. To help your child limit the spread of germs, encourage the same hand hygiene precautions you’ve practiced with them since they first learned how to wash their hands: Have them wash up when they arrive home from school or the park, after they use the bathroom, and after they blow their nose.
(v) Keep up with routine vaccinations: Immunizations provide protection against all sorts of vaccine-preventable illnesses. Routine childhood vaccines like the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) series and the DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis) series, as well as seasonal vaccinations like the flu shot and COVID-19 booster, help your child’s immune system develop tools to effectively fight off an infection from that specific contagion.
(vi) Help them manage stress and anxiety: Even before the pandemic, children and adolescents were feeling stressed and anxious; these days, heightened levels of stress and anxiety are reaching epidemic proportions among our youth. Ongoing stress is unhealthy: It can alleviate stress hormones, trigger inflammation, and suppress immune response across the board (to both vaccination and infection). To reduce stress and bolster immunity, give your child plenty of downtime to play, engage in activities they like, and get together with people who make them happy. Spend time together as a family each day, and provide space for your child to talk about their worries and stresses.
10. What are the advantages of breast milk?
Ans: The advantages of breast milk are mentioned below:
(i) It saves time and energy because we don’t need to prepare it.
(ii) All the essential nutrients needed for the baby’s development are present.
(iii) It has the right temperature.
(iv) It increases the child’s capacity to fight against diseases.
(v) The child has a feeling of security when it is being breast fed.
11. What are the advantages and disadvantages of breast feeding?
Ans: The advantages and disadvantages of breast feeding are mentioned below:
(i) It saves time and energy because we don’t need to prepare it.
(ii) All the essential nutrients needed for the baby’s development is present.
(iii) It has the right temperature.
(iv) It increases the child’s capacity to fight against Diseases.
(v) The child has a feeling of security when it is being breast fed.
Disadvantages of breast-feeding:
(i) Working women cannot feed their babies timely.
(ii) If the mother suffers from infectious diseases, breast feeding is not safe.
(iii) If the mothers’s diet lacks essential nutrients the child’s health may deteriorate.
(iv) If the mother does not have the required nutrients in sufficient amount, her heath may suffer as the child will not get some amount of nutrients from her.
12. How should an infant’s clothes be?
Ans: An infant’s clothes should be soft, lightweight, and made from breathable fabrics like cotton to keep the baby comfortable and prevent skin irritation. They should be free from tight elastics, harsh seams, or scratchy tags that could irritate the baby’s sensitive skin. The clothes should be easy to wear and remove, featuring simple designs with snap buttons or wide neck openings for convenience, especially during diaper changes. It is important to choose clothes appropriate for the weather—light and airy for warm days, and layered or slightly thicker fabrics for cooler temperatures. Additionally, all clothes should be washed with mild, baby-friendly detergents to ensure they are free from allergens or harsh chemicals. Comfort, practicality, and safety should always be prioritized when selecting clothing for an infant.
| QUESTIONS: |
1. What is the role family in child development?
Ans: The roles of family in child development are mentioned below:
(i) Emotional Support: Families offer emotional security and love, which are vital for building a child’s confidence, self-esteem, and emotional well-being. Positive family relationships help children develop strong emotional regulation skills.
(ii) Socialization: The family is the first socializing agent. It teaches children basic social values, manners, and how to interact with others, forming their understanding of society and relationships.
(iii) Cognitive Development: Families contribute significantly to intellectual development by encouraging learning, reading, and problem-solving. Parental involvement in education, such as reading together or providing learning opportunities, enhances cognitive skills.
(iv) Behavioral Guidance: Families help children develop self-discipline, manage behaviors, and understand the consequences of their actions. Parents’ approach to discipline plays a significant role in shaping a child’s values and behavior patterns.
(v) Physical Care: A family ensures that children’s physical needs are met, including nutrition, hygiene, and healthcare. Proper care during early childhood promotes physical growth and development.
2. Write about the parent-child relationship.
Ans: A child depends on his mother and father for peace, happiness and security, because after birth the child first comes in touch with his parents. Parents have a great responsibility in developing a child’s personality and character and they should devote at least some time during the day for their child. A child’s personality development depends upon the love, care and security and pampering that he/she gets from his/her parents and people around. Broken relationship among parents or the death of one parent or broken marriages or homes naturally deprives a child of the love he should get. Children brought up in such an unhealthy home environment have emotional stress and spend their days with evil thoughts in their mind. The personality and exposed behaviour of parents also plays an important role in the development of character in a child. When the child sees respect for each other and understanding among parents, it is quite natural that he will behave in a positive way when he grows up. If the relationship between the mother and father is not good, it will have an impact on the child’s personality. Also when parents themselves give more importance to the male child than the female one, then a kind of jealousy develops between the two siblings. The girl child feels neglected which hampers the development of self confidence.
If a boy child on the other hand does not have emotional bonding with his father, then he faces problems in imitating male worthy or masculine characters which are regarded as special to the gender. On the other hand, if the mother is a working woman and expresses disinterest in bringing up children or solely depends on her helper, the child feels neglected. The mother also has a guilty feeling thinking that she has neglected her child. This mentality of the mother hampers in shaping the personality of the child. The child becomes emotionally attached to other family members. Children brought up under the guidance of grandparents are never deprived of love and care. They learn certain behaviour by imitating their grandparents. If the relationship between the parents and grandparents is healthy, then children brought up in such an environment are generally seen to have a healthy mental and emotional growth. It is very essential That an intimate relationship exists between parents and other members of the family, so that the child develops emotions which are strong.
3. How can parents fulfil the emotional needs of the child?
Ans: Catering to the emotional needs of children: Emotion is a natural feeling of an individual. All our activities are directed and controlled by our emotions. A pleasant and healthy environment is needed for the healthy emotional development of a child. A home environment should be such that a child can happily learn various experiences. It is important to see that the child gets emotional security and freedom of self expression in the home environment. There should be an exchange of love and affection, a feeling of under-standing among all in the family and also a beautiful environment should be created where every child gets emotional security.
Emotion has two aspects, a positive aspect and a negative one. If positive emotion has its impact on an individual’s life then, a healthy personality develops. If parents bring up children in an environment of love and affection, then children will learn positive emotions. But it is also true that both positive and negative emotions are present in every individual. Just after birth, if the child feels secure in the environment, emotions will take shape in a better way. Just as the feelings of love, happiness, delight etc. gives us pleasure, in the same way the feelings of sadness, anger, fear, jealousy, hatred etc. gives us displeasure. Not knowing well about the psy-
(i) Children’s emotions are short-lived. There may be spontaneity in expressing emotions but it does not last for a long time. This is because with age, as the emotional control develops, socially accepted emotional behaviour has to be expressed.
(ii) A child has more emotional power. Whether the situation is simple or complicated, the power of expression is same in both.
(iii) A child’s emotions are temporary. In other words, they change emotions frequently. For example, quarrelling at the moment and again friendly the next moment; angry at one moment and suddenly in a joyous mood the next moment etc.
(iv) Emotions of a child appear frequently.
(v) Children show various emotions in the same situation.
(vi) A child’s emotion can be known from his behaviour.
(vii) Emotions change with age. For example a child who is afraid of darkness at a young age feels shy to express it when he grows up.
(viii) The way of expressing emotions changes with age.
