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NIOS Class 12 Tourism Chapter 9 Culture and Heritage in India – I Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism
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Culture and Heritage in India – I Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism
Chapter: 9
| TEXTUAL QUESTION ANSWER |
INTEXT QUESTIONS 9.1
(i) Describe the significance of Banaras for Hindus.
Ans: It is the place where Hindus like to die to attain moksha (Salvation). It is also known for temple of Lord Vishwanath (Shiva) as well as the centre of education.
(ii) Describe the sacred value of Mathura.
Ans: It is the birth place of Lord Krishna.
(iii) Describe the religious heritage values of Dwarka, Puri and Somnath.
Ans: These are mathas established by Aadi Shankaracharya.
INTEXT QUESTIONS 9.2
1. Describe the main sects of Jainism.
Ans: There are two sects in Jainism (1) Digambara (2) Swetambara.
2. Describe the significance of Jain heritage site of Parsvanatha in Bihar.
Ans: it is assumed that no less than twenty of the twenty-four Tirthankara have left their last early bodies at Mount Parsvanatha and attained moksha.
3. Why is the Jain temple at Mount Abu, Rajasthan famous?
Ans: Mount Abu, Rajasthan is famous for Dilwara Jain Temples which are masterpieces of Jain architecture.
INTEX QUESTIONS 9.3
1. Describe the four noble truths of a Buddhist philosophy.
Ans: Right belief, right conduct, right speech and right knowledge.
2. According to Buddhism, how can a person attain Nirwana?
Ans: By following Eight Fold Paths one reaches the highest goal of Moksha.
| Terminal Exercise |
1. Point out the striking difference between Jainism and Buddhism.
Ans: Jainism:
Vardhaman Mahavira was acknowledged as Jainism’s founder. He was 24th and the last of the Jains’ Thirthankara (teachers). In Vaishali, the capital of the Vaji tribe, he was born. His father, Siddhartha, was the leader of the Kshatriya clan.
Buddhism:
The founder of the religion, Gautama Buddha, belonged to the tribe of Shakya. The chief of that tribe was his father. In 567 B.C., Gautama was born near the Lumbini (garden) at Kapilavastu.
2. Explain the significant values of Hindu culture.
Ans: In all respects, the Hindu way of life is very versatile, as it welcomes nearly every god and all devotees into its fold. There is no dogma, and no deity or religious leader is single. They have colorful ceremonies and very active festivities. Hindus communicate closely through their practices with the sacred images that are mostly housed in temples. It is essential to see divine images. With equal regard and care, even the gods look back at the devotee. Hindus also travel for pilgrimages to holy rivers, mountains, and temples in all corners of the World to see these sacred images and to have direct personal contact with them. Hindus name them holy sites or Tirtha, and Tirtha-yatra is the act of going on a pilgrimage. The word tirtha means the ford of the river, steps to a river, or pilgrimage spot. Visiting the sacred places is an act of immense religious merit for the Hindus, once in a lifetime for the attainment of salvation. Adi Shankaracharya, a great saint, founded four of the holy places or Mathas. Since it is located in the four corners of India, it demonstrates socio-cultural integration and makes India a country in the long run.
3. Discuss any ten Hindu religious heritage sites in India.
Ans: Ten Hindu religious heritage sites in India are:
(i) Dwaraka: Dwaraka is a very significant shrine associated with Lord Krishna in Gujarat. The city is situated on India’s western coast. It was the capital of the kingdom of Krishna and has some very significant temples. Popularly known as Jagat Mandir, the main temple is.
(ii) Puri and the Holy Chariots: Puri has Lord Jagannath’s magnificent temple, which is Odisha’s guardian deity. It is one of the important centers selected in the 8th century A.D. by Adi Shankaracharya. To propagate Hinduism’s eternal ideals.
(iii) Sringeri: Sringeri is known as one of South India’s most sacred Hindu pilgrimages. It is in the Mysore district of Kadur, located on the left bank of the Tunga river. Saraswati, or Saradamba, or Sarad Amma, is the principal goddess.
(iv) Jai Vishal Badri: ‘Jai Badri Vishal’ is part of the pilgrimage to Badrinath, Lord Vishnu’s home. It is situated in Uttarakhand province. According to legend, Vishnu and his wife went to meditate on the right bank of the Alaknanda river.
(v) Gaya: Gaya is the location where it is believed that the soul of the dead is expected to gain redemption if rituals are performed here. Gaya is visited by many Hindus those who wish to obtain Moksha from their ancestors.
(vi) Haridwar: It is located in Uttarakhand in the foothills of the Himalayas and is the location where the Ganga joins the plains. The Gateway of the Ganga’ is also called.
(vii) Ayodhya: One of the main holy cities of the Hindus is Ayodhya. In the ancient Indian epic, Ramayana, whose protagonist is God, Lord Rama, incarnated as the prince of Ayodhya on Earth, it has a central role.
(viii) Kanchipuram: In Tamil Nadu, Kanchipuram is one of the seven Indian cities that are visited to attain final achievement
(ix) Kedarnath: The most remote of Char Dham sites are Kedarnath, in Uttarakhand. It is situated near Chorabari Glacier in the Himalayas, at the head of the Mandakini River. It hosts one of the holiest temples in Hinduism.
(x) The Somnath Temple: On the western coast of Gujarat, India, the Somnath Temple is situated in the Prabhas Kshetra. It is one of Lord Shiva’s twelve Jyotirlinga shrines.
4. Discuss the various teachings of Jainism.
Ans: The various teachings of Jainism are:
(i) In the presence of God, Mahavira did not believe and had no faith in yagna, sacrifices, and rituals.
(ii) He had little faith and preached the dignity of all human beings in the caste system.
(iii) He made four promises to his followers: (a) not to damage life, (b) not to tell lies, (c) not to own money, (d) not to steal.
(iv) Mahavira also asked people to follow Right Belief, Right Knowledge, and Right Conduct’s threefold course. According to him, this was the road to Siddha Sila and Moksha’s highest goal, i.e., liberation from cycle of birth and rebirth. Ahimsa and non-violence were one of the most essential concepts of the teachings of Mahavira.
5. Throw light on the major Jain heritage sites of India.
Ans: In India, there are many places that are of particular significance to Jains because of past connections with holy people.
(i) Mount Parsvanatha, Bihar Mount Parsvanatha or Sametsikhara in Bihar is one of the Jain Heritage’s greatest places of unequaled sanctity. No less than twenty of the twenty-four Tirthankara are believed to have left their last earthly bodies and attained moksha here.
(ii) In Rajasthan, Jaisalmer is the place that draws many scholars to its famous Jain manuscript library as well as many thousands of religious books.
(iii) Dilwara Temples on Mount Abu, Rajasthan are undoubtedly the masterpieces of Jain architecture and, for the elegance and delicacy of carving, almost unmatched in India.
(iv) It is so rich in temples and shrines that Girnar in Gujarat has been identified as a temple city. It is celebrated as the place where moksha was attained by Tirthankara Neminatha. One prominent temple is over a thousand years old at the top of Mount Girnar.
(v) Satrunjaya, Gujarat Satrunjaya is an ancient Jain pilgrimage site of heritage value as it was here that moksha was accomplished by the first Tirthankara, Risabha, as well as his chief follower.
(vi) Sixty-two miles away from Mysore is Sravana Belgola. Here stands the massive statue of Bahubali on a hill 470 feet high and reached by almost five hundred steps, which is fifty-seven feet high and twenty-six feet across the shoulders. It was carved out around the year 980 A.D. from solid rock.
(vii) Ranakpur Temple in Rajasthan, Ranakpur is a small village. The Ranakpur temple, which has some splendid carvings and architecture, is evidence of the Jain faith’s profound piety and wealth. It is a famous center for Jain pilgrimages.
6. Discuss the main characteristics of Buddhist culture.
Ans: The main characteristics of Buddhist culture are:
(i) Buddha taught that desire is the source of all human suffering. Controlling and overcoming desire is critical.
(ii) This could be accomplished by following the Eightfold Path, which means right behavior, right speech, right action, right livelihood meanings, right effort, right mindfulness, right meditation, right resolution, and right view.
(iii) Buddha also preached, i.e., Pali and Prakrit, in the language of the common people and stressed e life of virtues and morals.
7. List any ten most popular Buddhist heritage sites in India.
Ans: Ten of lndia’s most popular Buddhist heritage sites are:
(i) Bodh Gaya, Bihar: The Mahabodhi Temple Complex of Bodh Gaya is an important site and the most sacred place for Buddhists in India. A UNESCO World Heritage Site, Mahabodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya is one of the world’s top four tourist destinations for Buddhists.
(ii) Sarnath, Uttar Pradesh: In Uttar Pradesh, 10 km from Varanasi, near the confluence of the Ganges and Varuna rivers, Sarnath is an important pilgrimage site. Together with Chaukhandi Stupa, Sarnath Archaeological Museum, and the 80 Ft Standing Buddha Statue in Sarnath, the impressive structure of Dhamek Stupa are popular tourist attractions.
(iii) Kushinagar, Uttar Pradesh: One of the most significant international Buddhist pilgrimage sites in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh is Kushinagar. No popular tourism in Kushinagar is Parinirvana Stupa, Ramabhar Stupa, Nirvana Chaitya, the colossal statue of Lord Buddha, and the reclining Buddha statue.
(iv) Shravasti, Uttar Pradesh: The ancient city of Shravasti is located in Uttar Pradesh near the Rapti River and is associated with Gautama Buddha’s life. Jetavana Monastery is located outside Savatthi City and is listed as one of ancient India’s most famous Buddhist monasteries.
(v) Nalanda, Bihar: Nalanda was a famous learning center in Bihar and is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Nalanda Mahavihara ruins are a top-rated tourist destination and a significant stop on India’s Buddhist tourism circuit as well.
(vi) Vaishali, Bihar: In the Buddhist religion, Vaishali city has an important place, home to Ashoka Pillars, Ashoka Lion Capital, and many important sites and places of pilgrimage with the life of the Buddha.
(vii) Sankassa, Uttar Pradesh: Sankassa’s ancient city houses temple ruins, a stupa, and one of Ashoka’s famous pillars with elephants. The Uttar Pradesh town of Sankissa has located about 250 km from Kanpur.
(viii) Amaravathi, Andhra Pradesh: Named after the ancient Amaravati Stupa, Amaravati is located on the banks of the Krishna River in Andhra Pradesh. The historical Buddhist town is now part of the statue of Dhyana Buddha,
(ix) Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh: Dharamshala, along with the suburbs of McLeod Ganj, is an essential Buddhíst tourist destination in India. It is winter capital of Himachal Pradesh and also one of the famous bird-watching spots in India, located in Kangra Valley and part of the Tea Tourism industry known as Kangra tea.
(x) Deekshabhoomi, Maharashtra: A sacred monument and also a pilgrimage center of Buddhism in India is the Deekshabhoomi stupa in Nagpur. Deekshabhoomi and Chaitya Bhoomi are famous in Maharashtra for their historical importance and architectural beauty.
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