NIOS Class 12 Tourism Chapter 8 Indian Architecture as Tourism Attraction

NIOS Class 12 Tourism Chapter 8 Indian Architecture as Tourism Attraction Solutions to each chapter is provided in the list so that you can easily browse throughout different chapters NIOS Class 12 Tourism Chapter 8 Indian Architecture as Tourism Attraction Notes and select need one. NIOS Class 12 Tourism Chapter 8 Indian Architecture as Tourism Attraction Question Answers Download PDF. NIOS Study Material of Class 12 Tourism Paper Code 337.

NIOS Class 12 Tourism Chapter 8 Indian Architecture as Tourism Attraction

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Also, you can read the NIOS book online in these sections Solutions by Expert Teachers as per National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) Book guidelines. These solutions are part of NIOS All Subject Solutions. Here we have given NIOS Class 12 Tourism Chapter 8 Indian Architecture as Tourism Attraction Solutions, NIOS Senior Secondary Course Tourism Solutions for All Chapter, You can practice these here.

Indian Architecture as Tourism Attraction

Chapter: 8

INTEXT QUESTIONS 8.1

1. What do you understand by the evolution of Indian architecture?

Ans: The emergence and decay of great empires and dynasties in the subcontinent influenced the growth and shape of Indian culture.

2. How did Harrapans protect their civilization?

Ans: Many thick layers of well baked bricks laid in gypsum mortar were joined together for the purpose of making the whole construction very strong. The strength of the buildings can be seen by the fact that they have successfully survived the ravages of at least five thousand years.

3. How were the engineering skills of Harrapan people evident?

Ans: The Public bath at the site of Mohenjodaro is an evidence of their engineering skills.

4. When was the first temple built in India?

Ans: During Gupta period.

INTEX QUESTIONS 8.2

1. Name two stupas that show the achievement of Mauryan architecture.

Ans: Sanchi stupas and Sarnath stupas.

2. Where were the teachings of Dhamma inscribed in Ashoka is reign?

Ans: On Monolithic stone pillars.

3. Name some schools of sculptural art in India.

Ans: Gandhara School, Mathura School, Amaravati School.

4. Where are Udaygiri caves?

Ans: In Orissa.

5. Who built the Kailash temple of Ellora?

Ans: The Rashtrakutas.

6. Who built the Ratha temples at Mahabalipuram?

Ans: The Pallavas.

7. What is Dravida style of architecture?

Ans: A temple architecture style having vimana or shikara, high walls and the gateway topped by gopuram.

8. Name the temple built by Chola king at Tanjore.

Ans: Brihadeshwara Temple.

9. Define Nagara style of architecture.

Ans: Temples constructed with shikaras (spiral roofs), the garbhagriha (sanctum) and the mandap (Pillared Halls).

10. Who built the Sun temple at Konark?

Ans: Narshimha Deva I.

11. Name the famous Jain temple at Mount Abu, Rajasthan.

Ans: Dilwara Temple.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 8.3

1. What was the style of architecture of the Turks?

Ans: Domes, arches, minarets.

2. Name some of the tombs and mosques constructed during the Sultanate period?

Ans: Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque at Delhi, Qutab Minar – At Delhi Tomb of Mohammad Tuglaq Tomb of Firoz Tuglaq, Tomb of Ibrahim Lodhi – At Delhi Sher Shah Tomb at Sasaram.

3. Which is the largest dome in the world?

Ans: Gol Gumbaz.

4. What is pietra dura?

Ans: Decorative design in inlay work in building constructed during mughal period.

5. Which building reflects the grandeur of the mighty Mughal Empire?

Ans: Buland Darwaza.

INTEX QUESTIONS 8.4

1. Which were the most famous churches in Goa built by the Portuguese?

Ans: Basilica Bom Jesus and the church of Saint Francis.

2. Name the architect who designed the Rashtrapati Bhavan.

Ans: Lutyens.

3. Which architectural style can be observed in buildings built during British Empire in India? 

Ans: Greek and Roman architectural styles.

4. What is contained in the Victoria memorial building in Kolkata these days?

Ans: It houses a museum full of colonial artefacts.

5. Who designed the city of Chandigarh? 

Ans: French architect Corbusier.

6. Name the architect who designed the India International Centre of Delhi. 

Ans: An Austrian architect Stein.

7. Name some famous architects of modern India.

Ans: (i) Raj Rewal. 

(ii) Charles Correa.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 8.5

1. Name 5 cities that came up in the ancient period in India.

Ans: (i) Harappa.

(ii) Mohenjo-Daro. 

(iii) Kalibangam.

(iv) Varanasi.

(v) Ayodhya.

2. Name 5 places where ports were set up by the British.

Ans: (i) Panaji.

(ii) Bombay.

(iii) Nagapattnam.

(iv) Madras.

(v) Kolkata.

3. Name 5 Hill Stations developed by the British

Ans: (i) Mussoorie.

(ii) Shimla.

(iii)Nainital.

(iv) Darjeeling.

(v) Shillong.

4. Who lived in the Civil Lines?

Ans: Civilian Officers.

5. What was the Cantonment meant for?

Ans: Army Officers.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 8.6

1. Name 4 famous places in Chennai.

Ans: Here are the 4 famous places in Chennai:

(i) The High Court Building.

(ii) The Ice House.

(iii) Church of St. John.

(iv) General Post Office.

2. Name 4 famous places in Kolkata.

Ans: Here are the 4 famous places in Kolkata:

(i) Howrah Bridge.

(ii) Marble Palace.

(iii) Writer’s Building.

(iv) Victoria Memorial Hall.

3. Name 4 famous places in Mumbai.

Ans: Here are the 4 famous places in Mumbai:

(i) Secretariat.

(ii) Council Hall.

(iii) Victoria Terminus (modern Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus).

(iv) Gateway of India.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 8.7

1. Match the cities within Delhi with the king who built them:

Ans: 

2. Name 4 famous Sufi saints of the Jahanpanah area.

Ans: Four famous Sufi saints of the Jahanpanah area are:

(i) Qutbuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki.

(ii) Nizamuddin Auliya.

(iii) Sheikh Nasiruddin Mahmud.

(iv) Amir Khusrau.

1.  Describe architectural styles of Harappan civilization.

Ans: The Harappa and Mohenjodaro excavations and several other Indus Valley Civilization sites revealed the presence of a very advanced urban civilization with expert skills in city planning and engineering. Together with well-built roads and buildings, the very advanced drainage system shows that there was a sophisticated and highly developed community in India. Apparently, three kinds of buildings were mostly designed by the Harappan people-dwelling homes, pillared rooms, and public baths.

Harrapan’s architecture’s most significant features are its superior city planning abilities and cities designed on a simple geometric pattern or grid form. Roads were cut at right angles between each other end were very well laid out. As the settlements of the Indus Valley were situated on the river banks, significant floods also destroyed them. Despite this calamity, the people of the Indus Valley founded new settlements on the same sites. Thus, during excavations, layer upon layer of settlements and buildings were found. The collapse and final demise of the civilization of the Indus Valley, sometime around the second millennium B.C.E., remains to this day a mystery. Lothal, a site in Gujarat, also has the remains of a dockyard that indicates that trade flourished by the sea at that time. The Harappans had the understanding and ability to sculpt and design. In Mohenjodaro, the world’s first bronze sculpture of a dancing girl has been discovered. A terracotta figure has also been excavated of a man in a yogic pose. The Pashupati unicorn has also been excavated with exquisite personal ornaments, soft stone seals with a pictorial script, and pictures of humped bulls.

2. Elaborate the contributions of Gupta, Pallavas and Chola rulers to the temple architecture of India.

Ans: In constructing stupas, viharas, and chaityas, Buddhism and Jainism helped to develop India’s early architectural style. Pallavas and Cholas temple architecture flourished during Gupta’s period.

In later times, the temple building activities that started during the Gupta rule continued to flourish. The Pallavas, Cholas, Pandyas, Hoyshalas, and later the rulers of the Kingdom of Vijaynagar were great builders of temples in southern India. At Mahabalipuram, the Pallava rulers founded a coastal temple. The Pallavas also constructed other structural temples at Kanchipuram, such as the Kailashnath temple and Vaikuntha Perumal temples. Many temples were built by the Cholas, the most prominent being the Brihadeshwara temple at Tanjore. A traditional South India temple architecture style called the Dravida style, complete with Vimana or Shikhara, high walls, and the gateway topped by gopuram was built by the Cholas. At Belur, Halebid, where the stone engravings reached even higher heights, magnificent temples were built. The time of Gupta marks the beginning of the building of Hindu temples that are free-standing. The temple in Deogarh (Jhansi district), which had a central shrine or garbhagriha where the image of the deity was mounted, is an example of this. Two fine examples of this time are another temple at Bhitargaon (Kanpur district).

3. What were the different styles of architecture and sculpture found in India?

Ans: In the towns of the Harappan Civilization, which has a peculiar town planning, the earliest and most impressive proof of Indian architecture is found. Architectural styles were categorized as Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain in the post-Harappan era, and the medieval period saw the convergence of Persian and índigenous architectural styles. The colonial-era subsequently introduced the influence of Western styles of architecture to India.

Indian architecture is thus a fusion of indigenous styles and foreign influences that have lent it a distinctive feature of its own. As a student of this fascinating thing, it, therefore, becomes essential for you. Magnificent temples were also built in the north, and eastern India, and the style adopted by them is referred to as Nagara style. The shikaras (spiral roofs), the garbhagriha (sanctum), and the mandapa were several of them (pillared hall). A traditional South India temple architecture style called Dravida style, complete with Vimana or Shikhara, high walls, and the gateway topped by gopuram, was built by the Cholas. In Belur, Halebid, where the stone engravings reached even greater heights, magnificent temples were built. A new architectural technique – the architectural styles of Persia, Arabia, and Central Asia – came with the arrival of the Turks during the thirteenth century. Domes, arches, and minarets were the engineering features of those buildings. Then came the British, who controlled the country for 200 years and left in their buildings a legacy of colonial-style architecture.

4. Buddhism and Jainism had contributed in the architectural development in India – Discuss.

Ans: In constructing stupas, viharas, and chaityas, Buddhism and Jainism helped in the growth of India’s early architectural style. From now on, religion started to influence architecture. The first temple building activity started during the Gupta rule, when Buddhists and Jains began building Stupas, Viharas, and Chaityas.

India entered a significant period in its history in the 6th century B.C.E. Two new religions have also arisen Jainism and Buddhism, which helped to establish early architectural styles. The Buddhist Stupas were constructed at locations where the remains of Buddha were preserved and at the significant sites where significant events took place in the life of Buddha. Stupas were made of enormous mounds of clay, surrounded by carefully burned small standard bricks. One was founded at Lumbini, his birthplace; the second at Gaya, where under the Bodhi Tree he attained enlightenment; the third at Sarnath, where he delivered his first sermon; and the fourth at Kushinagar, where at the age of eighty he died at Mahaparinirvana. As they were critical architectural buildings in the world, Buddha’s burial mounds and places of significant events in his life became significant landmarks for tourists. For Buddha’s order of monks and nuns, these were essential places – the sangha. In these areas, monasteries (viharas) and centers of preaching, teaching, and learning were established. Congregational halls were also constructed (chaitya) for teaching and interaction between the ordinary people and the monks.

5. How would you view the construction of monuments during the regime of Delhi Sultanate?

Ans: The Sultanate of Delhi and the Mughals brought Persian influence with them, and we see an Indo-Persian style of architecture. The palaces, mosques, and tombs constructed by the rulers had features that were combined with the characteristics of indigenous architecture, and a new architectural synthesis was achieved, This occurred because Delhi’s Turkish rulers used the services of local Indian artisans who were very professional and had already built beautiful buildings. As a result, we find the simplicity of the Islamic structure as well as the detailed sculptures and designs they created on their own indigenous structures in the buildings that arose. In the architecture of this era, a middle path was followed in all their designs, i.e., there was a blending of the Islamic with the indigenous styles. This period’s architecture also illustrates how the architects adapted and used indigenous styles. The Turks were still in the process of settling down during those years. The Mongols, who carried out unexpected invasions from the north, challenged the rulers. This is why this period’s buildings are stable, durable, and functional.

6. The architecture during the Mughal period was a synthesis of the Indian, Persian, Mongol and Mughal style. Elaborate:

Ans: During the reign of Akbar (1556-1605), who commissioned palaces, mosques, gardens, and mausoleums, early Mughal architecture first evolved. The architecture was a combination of Hindu and Muslim Persian, Turkic, Timurid Iranian, Central Asian, and Indian styles. In architecture, the arrival of the Mughals brought a new age. During this time, the synthesis of style that started earlier reached its zenith. Humayun’s Tomb in Delhi is a Mughal architectural masterpiece. The architecture of the Mughal style began during Akbar’s reign. Red stone was used in this magnificent house. It has the main entrance, and the grave is situated in the center of a yard. It is considered by many as predecessor of the Taj Mahal. At Agra and Fatehpur Sikri, Akbar constructed forts. The Bulund Darwaza represents the magnificence of the mighty Mughal Empire. After Akbar’s victory over Gujarat, this building was built. The Buland Darwaza Arch is about 41 m tall and is perhaps the world’s most formidable gateway. The tomb of Salim Chishti, Jodha Bai Palace, Ibadat Khana, the House of Birbal, and other Fatehpur Sikri buildings represent a fusion of Persian and Indian elements. The beautiful gardens built around the tombs and other buildings were a unique architectural achievement in the Mughal period. The Kashmir and Lahore Shalimar Gardens were built by Jahangir and Shah Jahan, respectively. The Mughals fostered Indian cultural and architectural development.

7. Narrate the story of Delhi in your own words.

Ans: In 1911, Delhi became the capital of British India. Delhi has a history far older than that, however. There are believed to be seven important ancient cities that have come together to form Delhi. These are possibly Indraprastha, Lal Kot, Mehrauli, Siri, Firozabad, Shahjahanabad and Tughlaqabad. Evidently, it was in 1911 that modern city, now known as New Delhi, appeared. Delhi, however, has a history that is far older than that. There are believed to be seven critical ancient cities that have come together to form Delhi. Yudhishthira, the eldest of the Pandava brothers by the name of Indraprastha, is believed to have founded the first city of Delhi on the right bank of the Yamuna. Delhi was founded by Raja Dhilu, according to folklore. Ptolemy, the geographer, labeled Delhi on his map as Daidala during the 2nd century C.E. Delhi has continued to expand from that time onwards. It has grown so much today that it is now one of the largest cities in the world, and not just in the region. When the Slave Dynasty came into power, Delhi again came into prominence. You can recall reading that Qutb-ud-din had begun to construct the famous Qutub Minar, later completed by Itutmish. It was said that Delhi was home to at least 24 Sufis, the most prominent of whom were from the region of Jahanpanah. The Mughal government collapsed after 1707, and Delhi became a pale shadow of itself. In 1803, upon defeating the Marathas, the British invaded Delhi. The areas around the Kashmere Gate and the Civil Lines became major centers where many buildings were constructed by the British. The British moved their capital to Delhi in 1911 and established an entirely new city called New Delhi.

8. Find out the truth about the saying Dilli hai dil walon ki. Write an essay on it. You can search on the internet or get books from a library.

Ans: Delhi is the location where all the governing bodies and higher authorities live. It is the capital of India as well. There is the Embassy of the States of India. Both states live there and enjoy a standard boundary line together. The people of Delhi are very friendly as well and are always supporting each other.

Although many foreigners visit Delhi from time to tíme, either for some vital work or for tourism and enjoyment purposes, in addition to understanding the language of Delhi cities, It is seen many times at some crossroads and metro or bus stations to help foreigners.

I have found several times that some people in public places such as schools, colleges, and universities, even in parks and public transit, support physically disabled individuals. These citizens have reserved bus and metro seats as well. All these things mean that the people of Delhi have a large heart called Dil. That is why Delhi is known as “Dilwalon ki Dilli.”

Parimol

Hi! my Name is Parimal Roy. I have completed my Bachelor’s degree in Philosophy (B.A.) from Silapathar General College. Currently, I am working as an HR Manager at Dev Library. It is a website that provides study materials for students from Class 3 to 12, including SCERT and NCERT notes. It also offers resources for BA, B.Com, B.Sc, and Computer Science, along with postgraduate notes. Besides study materials, the website has novels, eBooks, health and finance articles, biographies, quotes, and more.