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NIOS Class 12 Tourism Chapter 7 Performing Art Heritage of India
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Performing Art Heritage of India
Chapter: 7
| TEXTUAL QUESTION ANSWER |
INTEXT QUESTIONS 7.1
1. Write a short note on Folk music.
Ans: Folk music is the traditional music of the people that reflects the culture, lifestyle, and emotions of a community or region. It is usually passed down orally from one generation to another and is performed using simple, native instruments like dhol, flute, ektara, etc.
2. How is Hindustani music different from the Carnatic music?
Ans: Hindustani music and Carnatic music are two major forms of Indian classical music.
(i) Hindustani music evolved in North India and shows a blend of Indian and Persian/Turkish influences, especially during the Mughal period.
(ii) Carnatic music, on the other hand, developed in South India and is deeply rooted in devotional themes, often sung in praise of Hindu gods and goddesses.
INTEX QUESTIONS 7.2
1. Write a short note on any two folks dances of India.
Ans: Dandiya performed on the occasion of Navratri, kalbelia a tribal dance done on the movements of the snake.
2. Describe Morulem.
Ans: Dance of Goa performed during the shingro festival.
3. Write a note on dance.
Ans: Dance is a natural phenomenon which originates from aesthetic sense and feelings in form of physical action and movements.
We can divide the art of dance in two categories:
(i) Classical dance.
(ii) Folk dance.
INTEX QUESTIONS 7.3
1. Discuss the early evolution of theatre.
Ans: The early evolution of theatre is from the vedic period. The theatre tradition is quite old, and it is linked to the Vedas. The theatre means drama, and there are three main elements of drama, i.e., dialogues, music, and dance. The Words for drama are used in Sanskrit: Nata, Nataka, Natya (actor and drama). Moreover, it is also known that the Sanskrit root Nrit means ‘to dance! Thus, drama emerged from dancing.
2. Write a short note on Nukkad Natak.
Ans: Nukkad Natak is one of the Street Plays’ forms. The tradition of street success continues. For, e.g., Nukkad Natak carries the theme of socio-political problems. The essence and theme are modified. The motive behind Nukkad Natak is to increase people’s awareness of contemporary issues.These are so popular among masses that several academies have been set up by various names, such as Jan Natya Manch, Aatish, and Yog Jyoti India Foundation, among the celebrated members of Nukkad Natak, to advocate the Nukkad Natak, Safdar Hashim. On January 2, 1989, Just for the sake of the art of Nukkad Natak, he lost his life.
3. Write a note on the legend about the origin of the Jarjara.
Ans: To avoid any known Danava or Rakshasa destroying any stage performance, the flag was set up to remain on the stage. Technically, the stage is known as Jarjara. A curious legend about the roots of Jarjara exists. Jarjara is known for setting up Indra’s flag team. It was to prevent the Danava or Rakshasa (demons) in the performance from creating some kind of obstacle or destruction and to give the performers power. Dramas on faith, legends, and historical themes were developed. The oldest and most reliable Indian drama treatise is’ Bharata Natyashastra.’
| Terminal Exercise |
1. Discuss with suitable examples the evolution of various forms of Music in India.
Ans: As music, any melody or raga that your ears enjoy is classified.
Music is categorized broadly into:
(i) Hindustani: Hindustani music is a combination of the styles of Indo-Turko-Persian. The assimilation of different musical traditions began to take place during the Sultanate period. We encountered the citizens of the performing arts in the thirteenth century.
(ii) Carnatic: Carnatic music, in the world of music, has its own history of growth. Music is essentially related to devotion to God in South India.
The three types of performing arts:
(a) Music.
(b) Dance.
(c) To sing, to please God, go together.
(iii) Folk Music: Folk music is part of the traditional culture of the masses and local cultures. Folk music has gained elegance, sophistication, and elite patronage through time. Hindustani and Carnatic music names were given to them. Folk music may, however, be associated with an area or with professional communities. Folk music has a beauty and appeal of its own for individuals.
There are some famous musicians whose names are always going to remain eternal.
They are:
(a) Hazrat Amir Khusrao. and
(b) Miyan Tansen, respectively.
2. Write a descriptive note on different musical instruments in India.
Ans: (i) Flute (Bansuri): In the Vedic texts, the flute seeks parallels. The Flute is a wind instrument that creates sound through an opening from the flow of air. A flute must use larger resonator, a more extensive airstream, or an increased air stream velocity in order to be louder.
(ii) Tambura or Tanpura: It is a long-necked instrument with strings. When it comes to body form, it resembles Sitar. In North India, it is known as the Tambura and has four or five strings of wire that are plucked in a regular pattern one after another to create a harmonic resonance on the fundamental note.
(iii) Tabla: It is a principal Indian percussion instrument with popular and devotional songs, as well as musical mehfils, which is used in Hindustani Classical Music. In 1992, Ustad Zakir Hussain, India’s most popular table player, was awarded the Grammy Award for the best music album.
(iv) Veena: One of the oldest musical instruments referred to in the Vedic texts is Veena. tis South India’s most popular musical instrument, popularly referred to as the Saraswatí Veena.
(v) Sitar: To introduce western audíences to Indian classical music, the Sitar played an important role. In the lute family, it is categorized as a chordophone.
(vi) Shehnai: The Shehnai belongs to the aerophonic instrument group and is a very common musical instrument in India. In North Indian marriages and processíons, it is played.
(vii) Naga Svaram: In size, the Naga Svaram is much longer than the Shehnai. Also known as Nada Svaram, it is considered to be one of Tamil Nadu’s most ancient and unusual musical instruments.
(viii) Sarod: Among the famous Indian classical musical instruments is the Sarod. It is a musical instrument with strings. It is said that the Sarod’s key pillar tends to be the Rebab.
(ix) Sarangi: The Sarangi is a stringed instrument with a bow anda representative of India. The word ‘Sarangi’ comes from two Hindi words, ‘Sau’, meaning a hundred, and ‘Rang’, meaning color.
3. What are the different forms of Classical dances in India? List them.
Ans: Some prevalent dance forms that are prevalent in India are:
(i) Bharatnatyam.
(ii) Mohini Attam.
(iii) Manipuri.
(iv) Odissi.
(v) Kathakali.
(vi) Kathak. and
(vii) Kuchipudi.
4. Discuss the early evolution of dance in India.
Ans: From the Indus Valley Civilization, tradition of dance is traceable. From the two statues, this was clear. One from Harappa shows the torso of a male dancer, and another from Mohenjodaro shows the figure of a dancing female. We come across references to dancers being hired as spies in Kautilya’s Arthashastra. There were two kinds of dances during the medieval era. For the elite class, there were classical dances and traditional mass dancers, i.e, those performing in melas (fairs), streets, and bazaars. It is also known that merchants have kept dancing girls and musicians and organized their performances from place to place and from period of time to time. While there were religious people, dancers were for increasing esoteric feelings and worldly pleasures, who performed the dance for spiritual pleasure. In the following painting from the early seventeenth century, we find such a performance, known as Sama, by the Sufis. There were also dancers in temples known as devadasis, who performed to please God.
Dance is a naturally occurring phenomenon that, in the form of physical action and gestures, emanates from the artistic sense and feelings.
The art of dance can be divided into two categories:
(i) Classical dance.
(ii) Folk dance.
5. What do you understand by Street Theatre? Give the description noted by Tavernier about the street show during his travel from Agra to Surat.
Ans: In places such as street corners, the village square, in front of factories, car parks, shopping centers, etc., street theatre is essentially performed.
Street theater also Includes other roadside performances such as magical shows, Tamasha, imitation, etc. These street shows are very ancient in nature, and the traces of these street shows can be seen even in medieval Indian society. Tavernier, a French traveler from the seventeenth century, mentions an exciting street show by jugglers on his way to Surat from Agra. On arrival one day, when he returned with the English president from Agra to Surat, some jugglers immediately came to asked him if he wanted them to show him some examples of their art; he was curious to see these. The first thing they did was kindle a large fire and heat iron chains to redness; they wound their bodies with these, making them believe that they had some pain but that they did not really get any Injury. Next, they asked one of the companies what fruit he wanted to have after taking a small piece of stick and planting it in the soil. He replied that he wanted mangoes, and then one of the conjures stooped to the ground five or six times, covering himself with a sheet. I was curious to go up to the room to see from above, through the opening of the sheet, what this man was doing, and I saw that he was cutting a razor under his armpit and anointing the piece of wood with his blood. The stick increased under the eye each time he raised himself, and branches and buds were brought forth the third time. The tree was covered with leaves for the fourth time, and we saw flowers for the fifth time.
6. Discuss the different forms of Puppetry in India.
Ans: Puppet is one of the Indian people’s most excellent and impressive creations.
The Puppet’s sources are traced to the Silappadikaram text of the 2nd century BC:
String Puppet: This type of puppet is used to give puppets versatility. They have string-controlled, jointed limbs. In Rajasthan, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka, this type of puppet theatre are more prevalent.
Shadow Puppets: Shadow puppets are leather-carved flat figures. They are pressed against the screen to produce vivid shadows for the audience seated In front of the screen, and light Is placed behind the screen. In Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka, this type of puppet theatre is popular.
Glove Puppet: Glove puppets are also known as puppets of the hand or palm. These are controlled by the puppeteer’s hand. The two arms of the puppet are the first finger inserted into the head, the middle finger, and the thumb. The movement keeps the puppet alive through those fingertips.
Rod Puppet: The rods from below power this puppet type. It is like a glove puppet, but its size is much more significant. In West Bengal and Odisha, this type of puppetry is found.
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