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NCERT Class 12 Political Science Chapter 7 Environment And Natural Resources
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Environment And Natural Resources
Chapter: 7
POLITICAL SCIENCE
PART – I: CONTEMPORARY WORLD POLITICS
TEXTBOOK QUESTION ANSWER
Q. 1. Which among the following best explains the reason for growing concerns about the environment?
(a) The developed countries are concerned about protecting nature.
(b) Protection of the environment is vital for indigenous people and natural habitats.
(c) The environmental degradation caused by human activities has become pervasive and has reached a dangerous level.
(d) None of the above.
Ans. (c) The environmental degradation caused by human activities has become pervasive and has reached a dangerous level.
Q. 2. Mark correct or wrong against each of the following statements about the Earth Summit:
(a) It was attended by 170 countries, thousands of NGOs and many MNCs.
Ans. True.
(b) The summit was held under the aegis of the UN.
Ans. True.
(c) For the first time, global environmental issues were firmly consolidated at the political level.
Ans. True.
(d) It was a summit meeting.
Ans. True.
Q. 3. Which among the following are TRUE about the global commons?
(a) The Earth’s atmosphere, Antarctica, ocean floor and outer space are considered as part of the global commons.
(b) The global commons are outside sovereign jurisdiction.
(c) The question of managing the global commons has reflected the North-South divide.
(d) The countries of the North are more concerned about the protection of the global commons than the countries of the South.
Ans. (a) The Earth’s atmosphere, Antarctica, ocean floor and outer space are considered as part of the global commons.
Q. 4. What were the outcomes of the Rio Summit?
Or
Mention any two outcomes of the Rio Summit.
Ans. (i) The Rio Summit produced conventions dealing with climate change, biodiversity, forestry and recommended a list of development practices called “Agenda 21”.
(ii) Herefrom ahead, started environmental issues discussed at the international platform.
(iii) It coined the term global commons and differentiated responsibilities. There was a consensus on combining economic growth with ecological responsibility.
(iv) This approach to development is commonly known as ‘Sustainable development’.
(v) It is focussed on economic growth and ecological conservation holds back seat here.
Q. 5. What is meant by the global commons? How are they exploited and polluted?
Ans. The areas or regions of the world common to all cosmopolitan either real or virtual inside cocoon of globalisation viz. unknown to Human Development- the plenary or all round development. These are the earth’s atmosphere, Antarctica continent, outer space including stock of ozone in stratosphere. These are beyond country frontiers.
Reasons for exploitation:
(i) Impact of Renaissance in Europe during eighteenth century where franchead people began use of machines for large scale production of goods.
(ii) Outer Space is polluted due to formation of Clurofluro carbons (CFC-11) consisting of methane, carbon dioxide, hydro fluro carbons (HFC-23). Pre-industrial concentration of these green house gases was CO₂ (280 ppm), Methane (700 ppb), CFC-11+ HFC-23 (O) in 1750 while it has increased to 368 ppm, 1750 ppb, 316 ppb and 282 ppt till 2000. Jet etc. aircrafts are lethal to outer space or stratosphere.
(iii) Ocean/Sea floors are polluted on account of toxic solid waste or effluents, pesticides fungicides, biocides, herbicides, detergents, fertilisers, radioactive waste. Oil spilled flown into rivers and seas as also.
(iv) Countries like U.K., Argentina, China, Norway, France, Australia and New Zealand claim their right over Antarctica while other countries oppose this view. However, since Antarctic Treaty signed in 1959, only scientific research, fishing and tourism is allowed in this region.
(v) Land degradation has been caused by furnaces, paper industry, steel industries, distilleries and textile mills as these suspend in soil the fly ash, tin etc. particles, cyanides, phenols, potassium salts and chloride ions.
Q. 6. What is meant by ‘Common but differentiated responsibilities’? How could we implement the idea?
Ans. It means all individual or mankind without any barriers of frontier laws can use Antarctica region, outer space, the earth’s.atmosphere and ocean floors for scientific.research, fishing and tourism but none of the country can raise legal claim over these global commons. Further it signifies that countries of Global North would have hear more responsibility for reduction of emission level that countries in global south. This is because the former countries have exploited relentlessly the global environment for two and half century in their gimmick to industrialisation.
Per capita emission in India, China and other developing countries are still lower than countries of the Ist World or Global North countries. On very basis developing countries were exempted from the requirements of the Kyoto Protocol. It was an international agreement that provides for obligations on industrial countries to cut their green house gas emissions. Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, hydro-fluoro carbons and chloro-fluoro carbons are considered one of major factors that have caused global warming.
Q. 7. Why have issue related to global environmental protection become the priority concern of states since the 1990s?
Ans. The issue related to global environmental protection become the priority concern of states since the 1990s due to the following reasons:
(i) There is loss of biodiversity due to destruction of habitat in areas which are rich in spcies. A large number of people have been displaced.
(ii) A study decline in the total amount of Ozone’s in the earth’s stratosphere possess real danger to ecosystem and human health.
(iii) About 1.2 billion people in developing countries have no access to safe drinking water and 2.6 billion have no access to sanitation. This has resulted in death of more than million children every year.
(iv) Due to soil and water pollution and availability of new land for cultivation existing agricultural land is losing fertility, these factors have bad effects on the food production.
(v) The coastal pollution has increased due to land based activities.
So, all above mentioned problems cannot be solved by any one states. These can be solved by states jointly, therefore, they have become a part of ‘world politics’ as well as primary concern of the states.
Q. 8. Compromise and accommodation are the two essential policies required by states to save planet earth. Substantiate the statement in the light of the ongoing negotiations between the North and South on environmental issues.
Ans. (i) Developed countries did not allow environment issues on international platform unless they fell envious of watching LDCs are now on the swing of economic development visa-vis them. In Rio-Summit they preferred merely a consensus on sustainable development with combining economic growth and the ecological responsibility. It did not defined share in responsibility to reduce emissions.
(ii) Agenda 21 was biased in favour of economic growth. Ecological conservation was merely a dish to taste the cuisine of ex parte economic growth.
(iii) Copenhegan Summit of December, 2009 has also failed and developed countries instead of reducing emission 5% from 1990 level in 2007, have increased by 10 percent. They have been told to reduce emission 40% by 2020 and 90% by 2050 but countries like USA accepts responsibility throughout this period not more than 17%. These are some conducts, the developing countries are each time bent to accept from developed countries. They know very well that they are owed several billion dollars to be developed countries and in no position find them square-up account. Our representatives and bureaucrats register there in conferences, conventions and summits only physical presence and “yes boss” in their tongue.
Conclusion: The class rich and poor is named as Global North and Global South in international platform that signifies hegemony of Ist world countries in documentation over passionate minds indulge with chronic hunger for money can’t do even that what Gandhi’s cloth and won cloth silently had done in one go, to the authorities like Winston Churchill, the die hard imperialist premier in U.K.
Q. 9. The most serious challenge before the states is pursuing economic development without causing further damage to the global environment. How could we achieve this? Explain with a few examples.
Ans. The economic development without causing further damage to the global environment can be achieved in the following ways:
(i) The approach to development should be ‘of sustainable development’. For example, there was consensus at the Rio Summit in 1992 on combining economic growth with ecological responsibility.
(ii) There should be more cooperation over the global commons i.e., earth’s atmosphere. Antarctica, the ocean floor and outer space. Some agreements such as the 1959 Antarctic Treaty, the 1987 Montreal Protocol and the 1991 Antarctic Environmental Protocol have been signed to break the deadlock among the states.
(iii) The Kyoto Protocol has set the targets for industrialised countries to cut their greenhouse gas emissions.
(iv) Forest clearing in the Third world which continues at an alarming rate should be stopped.
(v) The mineral industry’s extraction of earth, its use of chemicals and its clearance of vegetations and other activities should be checked.
(vi) The construction of the Mega-dams should be discouraged.
(vii) The use of renewable resources should be encouraged.
