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NCERT Class 12 Political Science Chapter 4 South Asia And The Contemporary World
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South Asia And The Contemporary World
Chapter: 4
POLITICAL SCIENCE
PART – I: CONTEMPORARY WORLD POLITICS
TEXTBOOK QUESTION ANSWER
Q. 1. Identify the country.
(a) The struggle among pro-monarchy, pro-democracy groups and extremists created an atmosphere of political instability.
Ans. Nepal.
(b) A landlocked country with multi-party competition.
Ans. Nepal.
(c) The first country to liberalise its economy in the South Asian region.
Ans. Sri Lanka.
(d) In the conflict between the military and pro-democracy groups, the military has prevailed over democracy.
Ans. Pakistan.
(e) Centrally located and shares borders with most of the South Asian countries.
Ans. India.
(f) Earlier the island had the Sultan as the head of state. Now, it is a republic.
Ans. Maldives.
(g) Small savings and credit cooperatives in the rural areas have helped in reducing poverty.
Ans. Bangladesh.
(h) A landlocked country with a monarchy
Ans. Bhutan.
Q. 2. Which among the following statements about South Asia is wrong?
(a) All the countries in South Asia are democratic.
(b) Bangladesh and India have signed an agreement on river-water sharing.
(c) SAFTA was signed at the 12th SAARC Summit in Islamabad.
(d) The US and China play an influential role in South Asian politics.
Ans. (a) All the countries in South Asia are democratic.
Q. 3. What are some of the commonalities and differences between Bangladesh and Pakistan in their democratic experiences?
Ans. (a) Commonalities:
(i) There is a majority of muslim population in both countries.
(ii) There have been military take over in both countries from time to time.
(iii) There have been pro-democracy movements in both the countries.
(b) Differences:
(i) The United States and the Western countries have encouraged military’s authoritarian rule in Pakistan in the past, for their own reasons. It is not so in case of Bangladesh.
(ii) Pakistan is a nuclear power but Bangladesh is not.
(iii) Pakistan is considered to be protector of western interests in West Asia and South Asia.
(iv) Bangladesh has declared its faith in secularism, democracy and socialism in its constitution. The representative democracy based on multi-party elections has been working in Bangladesh since 1991. In Pakistan democratic government has been functioning since the fall of President Parvez Musharaff.
Q. 4. List three challenges to democracy in Nepal.
Ans. The three challenges to democracy in Nepal are:
(i) Maoist spread throughout Nepal. They believe in armed insurrection.
(ii) Restoration of Parliament and election of a popular government.
(iii) Writing of a constitution for Nepal.
Q. 5. Name the principal players in the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka. How do you assess the prospects of the resolution of this conflict?
Ans. The principal players in the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka are the Sinhala Community and Tamils who had migtrated from India to Sri Lanka and settled there. The Sinhala nationalists are in majority and they do not want to give any concessions to Tamils who are in minority. This has led to militant Tamil nationalism. The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) has been fighting an armed struggle with the army of Sri Lanka since 1983. Their main demand to Tamil Eelam or a separate country for the Tamil of Sri Lanka.
Q. 6. Mention some of the recent agreements between India and Pakistan. Can we be sure that the two countries are well on their way to a friendly relationship?
Ans. (a) (i) The two countries have agreed to undertake confidence building measures to reduce the risk of war.
(ii) A number of bus routes have been opened up between the two countries.
(iii) A train service have started operating between two countries.
(b) No doubt efforts are being made to have a durable peace but there is little possibility of friendly relationship because Kashmir continues to be the main problem between the two countries. Pakistan is also responsible for terrorist activities in India such as Bombay blasts. Such actions on the part of Pakistan are obstacles in the way of friendly relations between the two countries.
Q. 7. Mention two areas each of cooperation and disagreement between India and Bangladesh.
Ans. Two areas of cooperation:
(i) Bangladesh is a part of India’s Look East Policy that wants to link up with Southeast Asia via Myanmar.
(ii) On disaster management and environmental issues, the two states have cooperated regularly.
Two areas of disagreement:
(i) Dispute over sharing of the Ganga and Brahmaputra river waters.
(ii) The Indian government has been unhappy with Bangladesh’s denial of illegal immigration to India.
Q. 8. How are the external powers influencing bilateral relations in South Asia? Take any one example to illustrate your point.
Ans. No region exists in a vacuum or isolation. It is influenced by outside powers. China and the United States are the key players in South Asian politics. America has been influencing the bilateral relations in South Asia since the end of the Cold War in the following ways:
(i) The US has good relations with both India and Pakistan since the end of the Cold War. It works as a moderator in Indo-Pakistan relations.
(ii) Economic reforms and liberal economic politics in both the countries have increased the American participation.
(iii) A large number of people from South Asia are working in USA and this gives America an added stake in the future of regional security and peace.
Q. 9. Write a short note on the role and the limitations of SAARC as a forum for facilitating economic cooperation among the South Asian countries.
Ans. Role of SAARC: As its nomenclature implies (viz. the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) it was established with a view to evolve cooperation through multilateral means. Member countries to SAARC signed the South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) which promised the formation of a Free Trade Zone for the whole South Asia consisting of seven countries including India. It was signed in 2004 and care into effect on 1st January, 2006. It has so far reduced tariff by 20 percent from the transactions done mutually by its member countries. Following countries have given it effect:
(i) India has executed bilateral agreements with Bhutan, Nepal and Sri Lanka.
(ii) By virtue of SAARC, India and Pakistan are practising CBMs to bring normally in relations. Both countries are attending summits held by SAARC regularly.
Limitations:
(i) USA and China’s undue interference with internal affairs of SAARC countries has almost created deadlocks.
(ii) A few member countries, due to their self-centred approach understand SAARC’s efforts only favourable to India as she may invade their markets and influence their societies and politics (especially Pakistan).
Q. 10. India’s neighbours often think that the Indian government tries to dominate and interfere in the domestic affairs of the smaller countries of the region. Is this a correct impression?
Ans. No, this is not a correct impression. India never wanted to dominate or interfere in the domestic affairs of the smaller countries of the region. India think that there are real economic benefits for all, if all the countries lift up trade barriers. She understands trade relations shall shortly remove the suspicious in the minds of every two countries and mutual cooperation to weed out all differences will spontaneously sprout.
