NCERT Class 12 Political Science Chapter 3 New Centres of Power Solutions to each chapter is provided in the list so that you can easily browse through different chapters NCERT Class 12 Political Science Chapter 3 New Centres of Power and select need one. NCERT Class 12 Political Science Chapter 3 New Centres of Power Question Answers Download PDF. NCERT Political Science Class 12 Solutions.
NCERT Class 12 Political Science Chapter 3 New Centres of Power
Also, you can read the NCERT book online in these sections Solutions by Expert Teachers as per Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) Book guidelines. CBSE Class 12 Political Science Solutions are part of All Subject Solutions. Here we have given NCERT Class 12 Political Science Chapter 3 New Centres of Power Notes, NCERT Class 12 Political Science Textbook Solutions for All Chapters, You can practice these here.
New Centres of Power
Chapter: 3
POLITICAL SCIENCE
PART – I: CONTEMPORARY WORLD POLITICS
TEXTBOOK QUESTION ANSWER
Q. 1. Arrange the following in chronological order.
(a) China’s accession to WTO.
(b) Establishment of the EEC.
(c) Establishment of the EU.
(d) Birth of ARF.
Ans. (b) Establishment of the EEC.
(c) Establishment of the EU.
(d) Birth of ARF.
(a) China’s accession to WTO.
Q. 2. The ‘ASEAN Way’
(a) Reflects the life style of ASEAN members.
(b) A form of interaction among ASEAN members that is informal and cooperative.
(c) The defence policy followed by the ASEAN members.
(d) The road that connects all the ASEAN members.
Ans. (b) A form of interaction among ASEAN members that is informal and cooperative.
Q. 3. Who among the following adopted an ‘Open Door’ policy?
(a) China.
(b) EU.
(c) Japan.
(d) USA.
Ans. (a) China.
Q. 4. Fill in the blanks:
(a) The border conflict between China and India in 1962 was principally over ___________ and __________ region.
Ans. Arunachal Pradesh, Aksai Chin.
(b) ARF was established in the year ____________.
Ans. 1994.
(c) China entered into bilateral relations with ___________ (a major country) in 1972.
Ans. India.
(d) __________ plan influenced the establishment of the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation in 1948.
Ans. Marshall.
(e) __________is the organisation of ASEAN that deals with security.
Ans. ARF.
Q. 5. What are the objectives of establishing regional organisations?
Ans. The objectives of establishing regional organisations are as follows:
(i) To accelerate economic growth.
(ii) To accelerate social progress and cultural development through economic growth.
(iii) To promote regional peace and stability based on the rule of law and the principles of the United Nations’ Charter.
(iv) To acquire political cooperation.
(v) To have a common foreign and security policy, cooperation on justice and home affairs, etc.
(vi) To have military influence.
Q. 6. How does geographical proximity influence the formation of regional organisations?
Ans. Due to geographical proximity, the countries of the region feel necessity to develop a regional organisation. The development of such feeling, mutual cooperation and peace would replace the mutual conflict and war. Geographical unity encourages economic cooperation and interstate trade. They can be formed a security community through which the member countries can settle territorial disputes without involving in armed confrontation. By forming such organisation, member states can uphold peace, neutrality, cooperation, non-interference and respect for national defence and sovereign rights. Further, they can create a common market and production base within the region and can aid social and economic development in the region.
This would further keep the member nations to such alternative centre of power unhindered by the hegemony which is presently marching ahead with open jaws to gobble sovereignty of all other countries in the world viz. activities of USA.
Q. 7. What are the components of the ASEAN Vision 2020?
Ans. (i) It wants to negotiate conflicts in the region through ASEAN Way.
(ii) It wants to create a common market and production base within member states and to aid social and economic development.
(iii) Its FTA would begin to act full-fledge in the fields of investment, labour and services.
Q. 8. Name the pillars and the objectives of the ASEAN community.
Ans. (A) Pillars of ASEAN:
There are three in number:
(i) The ASEAN security community.
(ii) The ASEAN economic community.
(iii) The ASEAN socio-cultural community.
(B) Objectives of ASEAN:
(i) To speed up economic growth of member countries and through that growth, to bring social progress and cultural development.
(ii) To promote regional peace and stability based on the rule of law and the principles of UN Charter.
(iii) To form an interaction among member countries that is formal, non-confrontationist and cooperative.
(iv) To maintain and honour the sovereignty of member nations always intact and uninterrupted.
Q. 9. In what ways does the present Chinese economy differs from its command economy?
Ans. The present China economy differs from its earlier communist economy in the following ways:
| Earlier Communist Economy (1) | Present Economy (2) |
| 1. China was short of foreign exchange that it needed in order to buy technology and goods from the world market. So it decided to substitute imports by domestic goods. | 1. China has now large foreign exchange reserves that is used to make big investment in other countries. |
| 2. As a result of this economy China was able to establish the foundations of an industrial economy. | 2. As a result of this economy, there is rise in agricultural production and rural incomes. There is significant rise in rural industry. |
| 3. Economy grew at a respectable rate of 5-6 per cent. But industrial production did not grow fast, international trade was minimal and per capita income was very low. | 3. The economy has grown at a faster rate. There is phenomenal rise in foreign trade. China has become the most important destination for foreign direct investment. |
| 4. It used its own resources and depended on Soviet aid and advice. | 4. Investments of capital and technology from abroad was encouraged. |
| 5. The object was to create state-owned heavy industries sector from the capital accumulated from agriculture. | 5. Policy of privatisation of agriculture (1982), of industry (1998) was followed. Trade barriers were removed. |
| 6. After the communist revolution, the economy was based on the Soviet Model. | 6. China introduced a market economy and opened their economy step by step. |
| 7. China severed its links with the capitalist world. | 7. By 1978, China followed the ‘open door’ policy and introduced economic reforms. |
Q. 10. How did the European countries resolve their post Second World War problem? Briefly outline the attempts that led to the formation of the European Union.
Or
Discuss the various steps that led to the formation of the European Union.
Ans. As the Second World War came to an end, many of European leaders grappled with the question of Europe. Should Europe be allowed to revert to its old rivalries or be reconstructed on principles and institutions that would contribute to a positive conception of international relations? As an answer to all these issues, the European leaders arrived at conclusion to establish an organisation which was later on known as European Union.
Attempts that led to the formation of the European Union may be discussed as follows:
(i) America extended massive financial help for reviving Europe’s economy under Marshal Plan. For very purpose, the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) was established in 1948. It became a forum where the Western.European states began to cooperate on trade and economic issues.
(ii) In 1949, the Council of Europe was established. It was another step towards political cooperation.
(iii) In 1957, European Economic Community was formed. This process acquired a political dimension with the creation of the European Parliament.
(iv) The collapse of the Soviet bloc put Europe on a fast track and resulted in the establishment of the European Union in 1992.
Q. 11. What makes the European Union a highly influential regional organisation?
Or
What role has been played by the European Union in solving the problems of the European countries?
Or
Which features of the European Union make it a highly influential regional organisation. Explain.
Or
Analyse any three factors responsible for the European Union to be a highly influential regional organisation.
Ans. Role played by the European Union in solving the problems of the European countries: Since its formation in 1992, the European Union continues to grow as a highly influential regional organisation. It has started to act more as a nation state. The European Union has economic, political and diplomatic and military influence.
(i) The EU as the biggest economy: The European Union is the world’s biggest economy with a GDP of more than $12 trillion in 2005, slightly larger than that of the United States of America. Its currency, the Euro, is now in a position to threat the dominance of the US dollar. Its share of world trade is three times larger than that of the United States of America allowing it to be more assertive in trade disputes with the USA and China. Its economic power gives it influence over its closest neighbours as well as in Asia and Africa. It also functions as an important bloc in international economic organisations such as WTO.
(ii) The EU’s political and diplomatic influence: Two members of the EU, Britain and France, hold permanent seats in the UN Security Council. The EU includes several non- permanent members of the UNSC. This has enabled the EU to influence some US policies such as the current US position on Iran’s nuclear programme. Its use of diplomacy, economic investments and negotiations rather than coercion and military force has been effective in the case of its dialogue with China on human rights and environmental degradation.
(iii) The European Union’s military influence: Militarily, the EU’s combined armed forces are the second largest in the world. Its total spending on defence is second after the US. Two EU member states, Britain and France, also have nuclear arsenals of approximately 550 nuclear warheads. It is also the world’s second most important source of space and communication technology.
Q. 12. The emerging economies of China and India have great potential to challenge the unipolar world. Do you agree with the statement? Substantiate your arguments.
Ans. It is a fact that the emerging economies of China and India have great potential to challenge the unipolar world. China’s economic success since 1978 has made it a great power. China has been the fastest growing economy since the reforms first began there. It is projected to overtake the US as the world’s largest economy by 2040. It has enormous influence in regional affairs. The strength of its economy, together with other factors such as population, land mass, resurces, regional location and political influence makes it a powerful country.
Similarly India had adopted the policy of liberalisation and globalisation. It has made tremendous progress. India alongwith China view themselves as rising powers in global politics and can challenge the unipolar world. If India and China are able to lead a coalition of countries, this coalition would more powerful and mass succeed in their aims.
Q. 13. The peace and prosperity of coun-tries lay in the establishment and strength-ening of regional economic organisations. Justify this statement.
Ans. It is correct to say that the peace and prosperity of countries lay in the establishment and strengthening of regional economic organisations. While evolving regional solutions to their historical enmities and weaknesses, both the European Union and the ASEAN have developed alternative institutions and conventions that build a more peaceful and cooperative regional order and have transformed the countries in the region into prosperous economies.
For example, Germany fought against England and France in the Second World War but now all these countries are members of the European Union. Earlier under the Marshall Plan, the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation was established and it became a forum where the west European states began to cooperate on trade and economic issues. The EU is the world’s biggest economy with a GDP of more than $12 trillion in 2005.
Similarly, South East Asian region suffered economically due to European and Japanese colonialisms. The region confronted problems of poverty and economic backwardness. The establishment of ASEAN has accelerated economic growth of the region.
Q. 14. Identify the contentious issues between China and India. How could these be resolved for greater cooperation? Give your suggestions.
Ans. (i) When China attacked on Tibet in 1950-51, Dalai Lama, the political and religious leader of Tibet, took shelter in India. As a result the relations between the two countries became strained.
(ii) India and China also have a controversy over the McMohan Line, the border line between India and China.
(iii) China and India were involved in a border conflict in 1962 over competing territorial claims principally in Arunachal Pradesh and in the Aksai Chin region of Ladakh.
(iv) During Indo-Pak war of 1965, China clearly demonstrated its hostility towards India and gave moral and diplomatic support to Pakistan.
(v) China has been always an aid-giver country to Pakistan. It has been supporting Pakistan’s militarily, financially and technically. China has contributed Pakistan to build nuclear arsenals.
(vi) China’s military relations with Bangladesh and Myanmar were viewed as hostile to Indian interest in South Asia.
(vii) China demonstrated its continued hostility towards India, and support to Pakistan, during Bangladesh Crisis in 1971.
(viii) India’s nuclear tests in 1974 and 1998 have also been an issue of dispute between India and China.
However, all these contentious issues between the two countries can be solved by mutual understanding and genuine efforts by both the countries.
Suggestions:
(i) China and India are the two new emerging economic powers of the world, they must solve their disputes amicably.
(ii) As both countries are eager to play a major role in the Asian economy and politics, they should interact on regular intervals and steps should be taken to contain conflict on the border.
(iii) Both countries should develop mutual cooperation in the areas of science and technology and cultural exchanges will further boost the relationship.
(iv) At the global level, India and China must adopt policies in the interests of both in course of their interaction with international economic institutions like the World Trade Organisation.
(v) Increasing transportation and communication links, common economic interests and global concerns will certainly help in establishing a more positive and sound relationship between these two most populous countries of the world.
