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NCERT Class 12 Political Science Chapter 6 Security in Contemporary World
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Security in Contemporary World
Chapter: 6
POLITICAL SCIENCE
PART – I: CONTEMPORARY WORLD POLITICS
TEXTBOOK QUESTION ANSWER
Q. 1. Match the terms with their meaning:
| (i) Confidence Building Measures (CBMs) | (a) Giving up certain types of weapons. |
| (ii) Arms Control | (b) A process of exchanging information on defence matters between nations on a regular basis. |
| (iii) Alliance | (c) A coalition of nations meant to deter or defend against military attacks. |
| (iv) Disarmament | (d) Regulates the acquisition or development of weapons. |
Ans.
| (i) Confidence Building Measures (CBMs) | (b) A process of exchanging information on defence matters between nations on a regular basis. |
| (ii) Arms Control | (d) Regulates the acquisition or development of weapons. |
| (iii) Alliance | (c) A coalition of nations meant to deter or defend against military attacks. |
| (iv) Disarmament | (a) Giving up certain types of weapons. |
Q. 2. Which among the following would you consider as a traditional security concern/non-traditional security concern/ not a threat?
(a) The spread of chikungunya/dengue fever.
Ans. Non-traditional security concern.
(b) Inflow of workers from a neighbouring nation.
Ans. Non-traditional security concern.
(c) Emergence of a group demanding nationhood for their region.
Ans. Non-traditional security concern.
(d) Emergence of a group demanding autonomy for their region.
Ans. Not a threat.
(e) A newspaper that is critical of the armed forces in the country.
Ans. Not a threat.
Q. 3. What is the difference between traditional and non-traditional security? Which category would the creation and sustenance of alliances belong to?
Ans. (i) Traditional security is obtained through co-operation in limiting the violence while non-traditional security includes a wide range of dengers and threats that affect human existence.
(ii) Defence of state is given priority in the former while the latter gives priority to individual or in other words, mankind.
(iii) Traditional security is confined to disarmament treaties, the non-traditional security includes global security comprising reduction in global warming, curb international terrorism and health epidemics.
Q. 4. What are the differences in the threats the people in the Third World face and those living in the First World face?
Or
How are the threats faced by the people in the third world different from those faced by the people living in the first world. Support your Answer with example.
Ans. The differences in the threats that people in the Third World face and those living in the First World face are as given below:
(i) The Third World countries face the threats not only from outside their borders, mostly from neighbours, but also from within. They quarrelled over borders and territories or control over people and populations or all of these simultaneously. On the other hand, most of the First World countries, particularly the powerful Western European countries, faced no serious threats from groups or communities living within those borders. These countries faced threats only from outside their borders.
(ii) New states of the Third World face threats from separatist movement which wanted to form an independent country. Sometimes such movements got help from neghbouring countries. There was no threat in the First World countries.
Q. 5. Is terrorism a traditional or non- traditional threat to security?
Ans. Terrorism is a non-traditional threat to security.
Q. 6. What are the choices available to a state when its security is threatened, according to the traditional security perspective?
Ans. (i) To build co-operative security through participation with EU, ASEAN, NATO, SEATO etc.
(ii) To make more Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) than the rival state.
(iii) To go to war for the right reasons and when all other options are e.g. self-defence or practised prevention of genocide.
(iv) To accept disarmament and use to curb and manufacture of arms.
Q. 7. What is Balance of Power? How could a state achieve this?
Or
What is meant by ‘Balance of Power’?
Ans. A tendency to incur more expenditure on defence than the neighbouring countries. It begets Cold War era situation between two states. e.g. when India conducted nuclear test in 1998, Pakistan took it as threat and within a month, she also conducted the same test in her territory. Such apprehension gathers momentum if in the past the neighbouring country/ies has/have waged war. This tendency leads to race of hostile country to pile up more and more sophisticated and deadly weapons.
Q. 8. What are the objectives of military alliances? Give an example of a functioning military alliance with its specific objectives.
Ans. Objectives of military alliances are to form alliances with other countries to increase the effective power of the state entered in alliance relative to another country. These tend to change because of national interest intervent to them. USA entered in an alliance with Islamic militants in Afghanistan to harm USSR in 1980s. However, she attacked them after 9/11 event.
Q. 9. Rapid environmental degradation is causing a serious threat to security. Do you agree with the statement? Substantiate your arguments.
Ans. I agree with this statement. In broad concept of human security, the threat agenda should include hunger, disease and natural disasters because these kill far more people than war, genocide and terrorism combined. In its broadest formulation, the human security agenda e-compassed economic security and threats to human dignity.
The ideas of global security emerged in the 1990s in response to the global nature of threats such as global warming. No country can resolve this problem alone. In some situations, one country may have to disproportionately bear the brunt of a global problem such as environmental degradation. For examples, due to global warming, a sea level rise of 1.5-2.0 metres would flood 20% of Bangladesh, inundate most of the Maldives and threatens nearly half the population of Thailand.
The 1997 Kyoto Protocol provides a roadmap for reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases to check global warming. India joined 160 countries that have signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol. Actually, the problem of rapid environmental degradation is global in nature. So international cooperation is vital, even though it is difficult to achieve.
Q. 10. Nuclear weapons as deterrence or defence have limited usage against contemporary security threats to states. Explain the statement.
Ans. The contemporary security threats to states are terrorism, violation of human rights, global poverty, large scale migration to seek a better life, health epidemics and so on. Nuclear weapons as deterrence or defence have limited usage against these threats because these threats require cooperation rather than military confrontation. Military force may be used against terrorism but not for alleviating poverty or to control health epidemics. These threats need cooperation at the regional, continental and global level. It depends on the nature of the threat and willingness and ability of countries to respond.
Q. 11. Looking at the Indian scenario, what type of security has been given priority in India, traditional or non-traditional? What examples could you cite to substantiate the argument?
Ans. It is traditional security that India so far has resorted to. We can state this on following grounds:
(i) Strengthening military capability is norms of traditional security.
(ii) To strengthen international norms and institutions is also a component of traditional security. It is cooperative security that India seeks. India has so far failed in her efforts to attain non-traditional security. This is because eradication of poverty, setting up social and economic justice, tackling migration problem and mitigation of health epidemics are components of non-traditional security.
Q. 12. Read the cartoon below and write a short note in favour or against the connection between war and terrorism depicted in this cartoon.
Ans. In favour:
(i) It shows a shift of war to terrorism. It has the possibility of war because its kids are of multi-faces and multifarous terroristic activities. These kids do hole in internal system of the states and suck in economy and people e.g. “to look down others” is also an instinct that tends to upon generate fear.
(ii) Apprehension of war is worldwide and its kids i.e. terrorism have made their safe haven in that apprehension. It’s a threat that kills body, hearts, mind and does hole in psyche of each individual (viz. listener, observer, over viewer, surveyor, local, foreigner to the terrorist attacks).
(iii) Warring tendency feeds terrorism on its body and that tendency is incubated in the mind of individuals viz. the progenitor unit of community and society in its wider import (Natural to global or universal). Bellicosity in the form of arrogance, mischiefs or naughtiness exists in human mammals during childhood but parents and teachers name it cleverness, shrewdness, craze and even sensitivity and, thus, ailing socialisation ultimately leads them to become terrorists.
Against:
(i) War leaves behind remanents or rampage and terrorism breeds in its decomposed parts.
(ii) There are treaties at the cessation that leave behind bog to grow terrorism there. Terrorism first simmers human hearts as people in Germany were aggrieved of Versailles Treaty and submissive approach of Weimer. This simmering was set deep within Rudolf Hitler and he had brought holocaust in: systematic manner.
(iii) Terrorism is not fed by war but by individuals who could not obtain sound socialisation and who are lack of discretion. Social-exclusion, poverty, social unjustice and economic disparity are some pollutants to socialisation. It appears in mischief, brawl, dispute, quarrel during infancy but militancy, coup, insurgency and infiltration in its prime.
