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SEBA Class 9 Home Science Chapter 3 Child Development & Family Studies
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Child Development & Family Studies
Chapter – 3
| EXERCISE |
1. Fill in the blanks:
(a) ___________ is a changing concept.
Ans: Development.
(b) ____________ refers to quantitative change.
Ans: Growth.
(c) Development refers a ___________ Change.
Ans: Qualitative.
(d) Without growth there can be no _____________.
Ans: Development.
2. Give brief answers:
(a) What are the factors that influence the development of a child?
Ans: The factors influence the development of a child are mentioned below:
(i) Genetic Factors: Inherited traits from parents that determine physical characteristics, intelligence, and potential for certain health conditions.
(ii) Prenatal Factors: The health of the mother during pregnancy, including her nutrition, exposure to toxins, and stress levels, which impact fetal development.
(iii) Physical Environment: Living conditions, access to clean water, sanitation, and proper nutrition are essential for healthy growth and development.
(iv) Family Environment: Parental care, emotional support, and socioeconomic status significantly affect a child’s mental, emotional, and social growth.
(v) Education and Stimulation: Early learning opportunities, access to books, and quality schooling enhance cognitive and social development.
(vi) Health and Medical Care: Regular health check-ups, immunizations, and treatment of illnesses contribute to overall well-being and development.
(b) What are the inborn inherent qualities of a child?
Ans: The inborn inherent qualities of a child are mentioned below:
(i) Curiosity: Children are naturally curious about the world around them, eager to explore, ask questions, and learn.
(ii) Imagination: A child has a vivid imagination that allows them to create, visualize, and think creatively.
(iii) Adaptability: Children tend to adjust to new environments and situations relatively quickly.
(iv) Emotional Sensitivity: Inherent emotional responses, such as joy, fear, anger, and affection, are present from a young age.
(v) Innate Learning Ability: Children are born with the capacity to absorb knowledge and develop skills, such as language acquisition.
(vi) Empathy: Even in infancy, children can show signs of empathy, such as responding to the emotions of others.
(vii) Playfulness: A natural inclination to play helps children learn, grow, and develop physically and mentally.
(viii) Resilience: Children possess a remarkable ability to recover from setbacks and adapt to challenges.
(ix) Innocence: A child’s worldview is often pure, untainted by societal influences or biases.
(x) Attachment: A natural tendency to form emotional bonds with caregivers and others who provide love and security.
(c) Write the meaning of ‘Growth’ and ‘Development’.
Ans: The words growth and development can never be used singly. Development is definitely to be mentioned when speaking about the growth of a child. Without growth there can be no development. For example, with the growth of the legs of the child there is development in the form of his being able to stand, walk, jump, etc. Thus it is seen that there is an intimate relation between growth and development.
(d) What are the different phases of life?
Ans: The different phases of life are mentioned below:
(i) Prenatal: A child Stays in its mother’s womb for 280 days from the time of conception till its birth. This is known as pre-natal stage. A child takes the form of a complete human being at this stage. The growth and development of a child completely depends on the diet and health of the mother. Therefore, during this stage the diet of the mother must be balanced and care of the health should be taken. The respiration of the child also depends on its mother.
(ii) Infancy: The stage from birth to 2 years of a child is called infancy. During infancy the physical development is very rapid. A few days after birth there is an increase in the weight of the baby and the hands, feet and the muscles become stronger. Generally most of the children are able to hold their heads straight, at about 4 months, and are able to smile and recognise voices.
(iii) Babyhood: The stage from 3-9 years is known as babyhood. This stage can be divided into two parts:
(a) Preschool age.
(b) School age.
(a) Preschool age: The stage from 3 to 5 or 6 years is known as pre-school age. Although the child goes to school at this stage, no formal education is imparted. Through games and sports there is a development in the child’s imagination, he learns to mix with his peers and show interest and ability in various aspects. During this stage, the child loves to draw various things with pencil, chalk etc. The child is afraid of the dark and of strangers.
(b) School age: The stage from 6 years falls under school age. During this stage formal education is imparted to the child. In this stage there is language development; the child is able to play games with physical skill, morality is developed and individual freedom is attained.
(iv) Adolescence: Adolescence is the stage between the completion of 9 years to 19 years of age of the child. The age between ten to fourteen years is called initial adolescence and the period between fifteen to nineteen years as late adolescence stage. During this period there is novelty in the physical, mental, social and moral aspects.
(v) Adulthood: During adulthood a person’s physical development is completed and he makes himself known as an adult. He tries to make himself known as an individual in the society. The mental and intellectual developments are also almost complete. Along with trying to make himself known as a self dependent person, he also tries to have social respect.
(vi) Old age: After 60 years of age, a person enters old age. During this period there is a decrease in the ability to work, ability to digest, memory, physical energy and enthusiasm. The person has to depend on others for some work. He is attacked by various diseases.
(e) What do you mean by prenatal stage?
Ans: The prenatal stage refers to the period of development that occurs in the womb, starting from conception and lasting until birth. This stage is crucial for the formation and growth of a new life, as it involves the development of all major organs, tissues, and body systems. The prenatal period is typically divided into three phases: the germinal stage (first two weeks after conception), the embryonic stage (from the third to the eighth week), and the fetal stage (from the ninth week until birth). Factors such as maternal health, nutrition, and environmental influences play a vital role in shaping the baby’s development during this stage, making it a critical time for ensuring proper care and monitoring.
(f) How does development occur in infancy?
Ans: The development occur in infancy stage from birth to 2 years of a child is called infancy. During infancy the physical development is very rapid. A few days after birth there is an increase in the weight of the baby and the hands, feet and the muscles become stronger. Generally most of the children are able to hold their heads straight, at about 4 months, and are able to smile and recognise voices. At six months, with some help it is able to sit By around one year, it is able to walk and is able to run at 1½ years. Immediately after birth the sense organs-eyes, ear, nose, tongue, and skin of the infant become active and in around 3 weeks it is able to recognise the various tastes like sour, bitter, sweet. At 4 weeks, it shows different behavioural patterns like sorrow, pain, fear, anger etc. At one year, it is able to utter words like ta-ta, ma-ma, etc. And to eat on its own and even to recognise, the domestic pets it sees around the house. By the time, the child is 1½ years, it is able to show the different parts of the body.
(g) What do you mean by babyhood? Write about the development of babyhood.
Ans: Babyhood stage from 3-9 years is known as babyhood.
The development of babyhood are mentioned below:
(i) Growth and Development: The growth and development of a child. Every child follows his own individual rate of physical growth. With the definite rate a child passes through different phases of growth and development. Children of the same age group may not be able to walk at the same time, but before running or jumping they will definitely learn to walk. You have already learnt earlier about the different phases of life and how growth and development occur in those phases. Here we will study about the milestones of growth and development of a child.
(ii) Physical Development: When we speak about physical development we mean the increase in the size, weight, height, bones, teeth, brain and different part of the body. A child’s development is very rapid after birth. height and weight of the child increases. Simultaneously the internal organ such as lungs, heart and digestive system also increases in size, the bones become strong, the teeth begins to grow and the muscles and nerves also begin to grow. At the same time the brain (intellect) also develops. With the increase in age changes in the physique occurs. After the attainment of puberty the adolescent looks like an adult.
(iii) Intellectual Development: The power to reason and think taking all the aspects of the environment in view is intel- lectual development. With the help of intellectual development a child learn to think, imagine, reason and solve problems. The field of knowledge of a child becomes broader with new experience and new situations. The more the conceptual development of the child, the more the knowledge. Environment influences the intellectual development of the child. Intellectual development increases with age.
(iv) Language Development: A child does not know any language at birth. Except crying, it cannot express anything else. At around three months it starts babbling and recognises if some body calls. At the age of one, it is able to utter one or two words. From the age of two years it starts uttering sentences hav-ng two words. From three years it starts uttering sentences con-words. At four years it is able to utter a sentence made up to 6-8 words. At around five years a child has a vocabulary of 2500 words and speaks long sentences like an adult.
(v) Moral Development: Moral development is the process of developing a person’s sense of right and wrong, as well as their values, attitudes, and behaviors.
(vi) Social Development: Social behaviour develops. Man is a social being. Every individual relates him-self with the different individuals of the society and also with the changing situations. This is called social development.
(h) How does development occur in adolescence?
Ans: Adolescence is the stage between the completion of 9 years to 19 years of age of the child. The age between ten to fourteen years is called initial adolescence and the period between fifteen to nineteen years as late adolescence stage. During this period there is novelty in the physical, mental, social and moral aspects. There is an increase in the weight and height of girls and boys at this stage. They attain puberty. Memory, attention, concentration are also developed. Besides, some congnitive abilities like thinking, intelligence, reasoning are also developed and they attain maturdy. The adolescents become greatly imaginative.
3. Elaborate the concepts of growth and development.
Ans: The growth and development of a child. Every child follows his own individual rate of physical growth. With the definite rate a child passes through different phases of growth and development. Children of the same age group may not be able to walk at the same time, but before running or jumping they will definitely learn to walk.
4. What is growth and development? Explain the principles of growth and development.
Ans: The growth and development of a child. Every child follows his own individual rate of physical growth. With the definite rate a child passes through different phases of growth and development. Children of the same age group may not be able to walk at the same time, but before running or jumping they will definitely learn to walk.
The principal of growth of development are mentioned below:
(i) Development involves changes: We have already learnt that there are changes in development. A child grows gradually after birth and then there are some physical changes The diagram shows that an infant’s size of the head is large and as compared to the body the size of the legs is shorter. But as the child grows, the head becomes smaller and com-pared to the body the legs become longer.
(ii) Rate of Development at different age level is different: The physical development of a child differs according to age. The physical growth of a child is very rapid from birth till 6 years. After that, it becomes a bit slow. Again during adolescence (10 years to 19 years) growth becomes rapid. But the language development of a child is faster during early childhood (2-6 years) as compared to infancy (0-2 years). Hence, it is said that the rate of development at different age levels is different.
(iii) Development is sequential and orderly: There is a definite pattern in the growth and development of a child. That is, it is sequential and orderly. It is seen that the child at first learns to sit then it stands, then it walks and at last it runs. In the same way, if we observe we will see that a child learns to speak single words before uttering a sentence. In this way a child grows following some rules.
5. Explain the different phases of life.
Ans: The different phases of life represent distinct stages of physical, emotional, and social development. Infancy, the first stage, spans from birth to around 2 years of age. During this phase, a child undergoes rapid physical growth, develops basic motor skills, and forms primary emotional bonds with caregivers. Childhood follows, from 2 to 12 years, where children experience steady physical growth, develop cognitive abilities, and begin formal education. Socially, they learn to interact with peers and adults, and their emotional development becomes more complex. Adolescence, occurring between the ages of 13 and 19, is marked by the onset of puberty, which brings significant physical and hormonal changes. This stage also involves the development of a personal identity, independence, and a heightened focus on social relationships and intellectual exploration. The adulthood phase, spanning from 20 to 60 years, focuses on career development, family life, and personal responsibilities. Physical growth stabilizes, but aging processes slowly begin. This phase often involves the pursuit of personal goals, professional accomplishments, and emotional maturity. Finally, old age, beginning around 60 years and beyond, brings physical decline and changes in health. It is a time of reflection, where individuals assess their lives and focus on relationships, legacy, and coping with age-related challenges. Each phase contributes to the complex journey of human development, with its own unique experiences and challenges.
6. Write in brief about the various aspects of growth and development.
Ans: Growth and development are fundamental processes that define the progression of an organism or society over time. Growth typically refers to the physical increase in size, number, or mass, often measured quantitatively. It is observable in both biological contexts, such as the increase in height or weight of an individual, and in economic terms, such as the growth of GDP in a country. Development, on the other hand, is a broader concept that encompasses qualitative changes. It includes emotional, social, intellectual, and psychological progress, focusing on the refinement of abilities and skills. In a societal context, development refers to improvements in living standards, education, healthcare, and infrastructure. While growth may indicate an increase in certain measurable factors, development suggests a holistic transformation that contributes to the overall well-being and advancement of individuals or societies. Both growth and development are interdependent and essential for the healthy progress of an individual or community.
7. Explain the motor development of a child.
Ans: Motor development in children refers to the process through which they acquire control over their body movements, progressing in a predictable pattern. It is divided into two main categories: gross motor development and fine motor development. Gross motor development involves larger muscle movements like walking, running, and jumping, and it follows a head-to-toe and center-to-outward progression. In infancy, babies begin with basic reflexes and gradually gain the ability to sit, crawl, and stand. By the toddler stage, they refine skills such as walking, running, and climbing. Preschoolers improve further with activities like hopping and riding a tricycle, while school-age children develop coordination for sports. Fine motor development, which involves smaller muscle movements needed for tasks like writing or using utensils, starts with simple hand-eye coordination in infancy, progressing to more complex skills such as drawing and using scissors by the preschool stage. By the school-age years, children refine their writing abilities and can perform more intricate tasks like tying shoelaces. The development of these skills is influenced by factors such as genetics, environment, physical activity, and practice, with a stimulating environment promoting quicker and more efficient skill acquisition.
8. What are the changes that occur in intellectual development of a child?
Ans: The power to reason and think taking all the aspects of the environment in view is intel-lectual development. With the help of intellectual development a child learns to think, imagine, reason and solve problems. The field of knowledge of a child becomes broader with new experience and new situations. The more the conceptual development of the child, the more the knowledge. Environment influences the intellectual development of the child. Intellectual development increases with age.
9. What are the emotional developments of a child?
Ans: Emotional Development a child brings instincts such as love and affection, fear, anger, inquisitiveness, jealousy at birth. But then it cannot manifest these instincts. With the growth of the child these instincts get expressed in the form of emotions. Emotions are of two kinds-positive emotions and negative emotions. Affection, joy, amusement these are positive emotions. On the other hand sorrow, gust, shame, distress etc. fear, anger, jealously, distress are negative emotions. Positive emotions help in personality development and negative emotions pose a hindrance to personality development.
10. How social and moral development helps in personality development of a child?
Ans: Social and moral development play a vital role in shaping the personality of a child. These aspects influence how a child interacts with others, makes decisions, and builds values that guide their behavior throughout life.
(i) Social Development refers to the ability to interact effectively with others, form meaningful relationships, and adapt to societal norms. Through social interactions with family, peers, and educators, children learn communication, empathy, teamwork, and conflict resolution. These skills build confidence and help children establish their identity within a community. Positive social experiences foster self-esteem and the ability to cooperate, which are crucial for a well-rounded personality.
(ii) Moral Development involves the formation of a sense of right and wrong and developing ethical values that guide behavior. By understanding fairness, responsibility, and respect, children cultivate integrity and accountability. Moral reasoning, influenced by parental guidance, role models, and cultural teachings, helps children make sound decisions, even in challenging situations. A strong moral foundation enables them to develop traits like honesty, compassion, and resilience.
11. Write short notes:
(a) Growth and Development.
Ans: The growth and development of a child. Every child follows his own individual rate of physical growth. With the definite rate a child passes through different phases of growth and development. Children of the same age group may not be able to walk at the same time, but before running or jumping they will definitely learn to walk. You have already learnt earlier about the different phases of life and how growth and development occur in those phases.
(b) Physical Development.
Ans: When we speak about physical development we mean the increase in the size, weight, height, bones, teeth, brain and different part of the body. A child’s development is very rapid after birth. height and weight of the child increases. Simultaneously the internal organ such as lungs, heart and digestive system also increases in size, the bones become strong, the teeth begins to grow and the muscles and nerves also begin to grow. At the same time the brain (intellect) also develops. With the increase in age changes in the physique occurs. After the attainment of puberty the adolescent looks like an adult.
(c) Intellectual Development.
Ans: The power to reason and think taking all the aspects of the environment in view is intel-lectual development. With the help of intellectual development a child learn to think, imagine, reason and solve problems. The field of knowledge of a child becomes broader with new experience and new situations. The more the conceptual development of the child, the more the knowledge. Environment influences the intellectual development of the child. Intellectual development increases with age.
(d) Language Development.
Ans: Language Development: A child does not know any language at birth. Except crying, it cannot express anything else. At around three months it starts babbling and recognises if some body calls. At the age of one, it is able to utter one or two words. From the age of two years it starts uttering sentences hav-ing two words. From three years it starts uttering sentences con-words. At four years it is able to utter a sentence made up to 6-8 words. At around five years a child has a vocabulary of 2500 words and speaks long sentences like an adult.
Through games and sports there is language development in the child and also it learns some sport related words. The child gets the scope of learning new words by travelling and also in the school. Parents and elderly people should always speak correctly and clearly in front of the children. Then the language development of the children will be correct and clear.
(e) Moral Development.
Ans: Moral development is the process of developing a person’s sense of right and wrong, as well as their values, attitudes, and behaviors.
(f) Social Development.
Ans: Social behaviour develops. Man is a social being. Every individual relates him- self with the different individuals of the society and also with the changing situations. This is called social development.
