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SEBA Class 9 Home Science Chapter 4 Clothing and Textiles
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Clothing and Textiles
Chapter – 4
| EXERCISE |
Questions:
1. Write about the observation on burning of fibres.
Ans: Do yourself.
2. How is observation test method carried out?
Ans: Do yourself.
3. Write about the observation of test fibre under a microscope.
Ans: Do yourself.
4. Write the procedure followed in burning tests.
Ans: Do yourself.
5. What is the importance of fibre identification?
Ans: Do yourself.
6. What methods will you follow to identify a fibre?
Ans: Do yourself.
7. Discuss in brief the methods of fibre identification.
Ans: Do yourself.
8. How will you identify fibres by microscopic test, observation, burning and solubility test.
Ans: Do yourself.
9. How will you identify the following fibres?
(a) Cotton.
Ans: Do yourself.
(b) Wool.
Ans: Do yourself.
(c) Silk and
Ans: Do yourself.
(d) Nylon.
Ans: Do yourself.
10. Write short notes on:
(a) Observation.
Ans: Do yourself.
(b) Burning test.
Ans: Do yourself.
(c) Microscopic test.
Ans: Do yourself.
(d) Solubility test.
Ans: Do yourself.
| EXERCISE |
Revision questions:
1. What are the reagents you will use to remove grease stains from fabric?
Ans: Gently rub liquid dish soap (for handwashing), stain pretreatment or liquid enzyme detergent into the stain and let sit for 10 minutes.
2. Which type of bleach with spice is used to remove stain from cotton fabric?
Ans: Turmeric bleach.
3. Find out the right answer to the following.
(a) Chemical bleaches are essential for removing stains (Right/Wrong).
Ans: Right.
(b) Instead of acetic acid, vinegar can be used for removing stains (Right/Wrong).
Ans: Right.
(c) Lipstick stain is removed by methylated spirit. (Right/Wrong).
Ans: Right.
(d) Grease stain can be removed by the application of solvent and then absorbed by powder (Right/ Wrong).
Ans: Right.
(e) Carbon tetrachloride is used to remove grease stain (Right/Wrong).
Ans: Right.
4. Write short notes on:
(a) Stains.
Ans: Stains are marks or discolourations on surfaces or fabrics that are caused by the absorption or deposition of substances. They can be either organic (e.g., food, blood) or inorganic (e.g., ink, rust). Stains occur when liquids or particles, such as oils, pigments, or chemicals, come into contact with a surface and are absorbed or adhere to the surface, making the material appear dirty or discolored. The removal of stains requires specific techniques and cleaning agents tailored to the type of stain.
(b) Dip method of stain removal.
Ans: The dip method of stain removal involves immersing the stained fabric or material in a cleaning solution, such as a detergent or stain remover, to help loosen and dissolve the stain. The fabric is usually soaked for a specified amount of time, depending on the severity and type of stain. After soaking, the material is gently agitated or rubbed, followed by rinsing or washing to remove the stain. This method is effective for stains that are not easily removed by surface cleaning alone.
(c) Bleach.
Ans: Bleach is a chemical agent that is used to remove stains, disinfect, and lighten fabrics and surfaces. It works by breaking down the pigments in stains, making them colorless. Common types of bleach include chlorine bleach (often used for whitening and disinfecting) and oxygen bleach (a gentler option used for delicate fabrics and stain removal). Bleach is particularly effective on organic stains such as those caused by food, mold, or bodily fluids, but it must be used with caution as it can damage certain fabrics or surfaces if not used properly.
5. Define stain. Give its classification.
Ans: A stain is a discoloration that can be clearly distinguished from the surface, material, or medium it is found upon.
Its classification are mentioned below:
(i) Vegetable stains: These stains are produced by the contact between the fabric and vegetable particles and juices from different parts of the plant like leaf, fruits, flowers, bark, roots, rhizome, etc. These are acidic in nature and require alkaline reagent to remove them.
(ii) Animal stains: These stains are produced on the surface of the fabric on contact with animal blood, meat-fish juices broken egg, milk, dead insects, insect egg, animal excreta, ice-cream, chocolate, etc. To remove these stains alkaline agents like ammonia solution, borax are used.
(iii) Mineral Stains: Mineral stains like iron rust black ink, medicine or dye stains, coloured mud, metallic salts, shoe polish, car polish, etc., are first treated by acid reagents to act on the metal and then by an alkaline solution to neutralize the acid reagent.
(iv) Grease stain: Grease stains are left in the fabric by the absorption of vegetable oil, ghee, dalda, margarine, animal fat, lard, butter, cream, fish oil, cod liver oil, etc. To remove these types of stains, absorbent powder like flour, talcum powder, french chalk, fuller’s earth or grease solvents like petrol, benzene, ethyl alcohol, methylated spirit, etc are required.
(v) Dyes and paints: Dye stains can be from natural sources like leaf, grass, flower, root, rhizome, etc., These may be acidic or alkaline in nature and require specific reagents for their removal.
6. How will you identify stain?
Ans: Stains can be identified by its appearance, colour, smell and touch.
(i) Appearance: It helps us to observe the state of the stain. A new and fresh stain can be identified easily from the old stain and can be treated accordingly.
(ii) Colour: All stains have their own colour which is a clue for identification e.g. the turmeric stain is yellow in colour, blood has its own red colour, stains of nail polish, lipstick, etc.
(iii) Smell: Smell is also an identity proof for stains. The stains of medicine, meat, fish, etc. Have their peculiar smell which helps in easy identification.
7. Write about any two methods of stain removal.
Ans: Two methods of stain removal are mentioned below:
(i) Sponge Method: In this method a pad or blotter is placed under the stain. A piece of fabric folded several times (swab) and saturated with the cleaning arranged is used to soak stain by patting on the wrong side of the fabric. The swabs and pads should be changed frequently, whenever the swab appears to be dirty. Remove excess liquid and then dry the cloth.
(ii) Steam Method: This method is specifically suitable for removing stains from woolen, velvet, silk or coloured cotton cloth. For this a kettle of water is boiled till vapor arises. Then on the stained part of the fabric a drop of reagent is added and that part is placed in front of the nozzle of the kettle allowing the steam to pass through. When it is saturated with steam place it under running water and remove the stain.
8. Classify stains.
Ans: Stain can be classified in the following categories and specific method is adopted to remove stains from each group.
(i) Vegetable stains: These stains are produced by the contact between the fabric and vegetable particles and juices from different parts of the plant like leaf, fruits, flowers, bark, roots, rhizome, etc. These are acidic in nature and require alkaline reagent to remove them.
(ii) Animal stains: These stains are produced on the surface of the fabric on contact with animal blood, meat- fish juices broken egg, milk, dead insects, insect egg, animal excreta, ice-cream, chocolate, etc. To remove these stains alkaline agents like ammonia solution, borax are used.
9. Write the names of various reagents used in stain removal.
Ans: The names of various reagents used in stain removal are mentioned below:
(i) Solvents: Solvents are liquid in form and be applied to most of the fabrics either to remove stains or to dry clean. These substances do not harm either the fibre or the colour. Because of high cost, these are rarely used at home. The commonly used solvents are petrol, benzine, acetone, turpentine, paraffin, methylated spirit, carbon tetrachloride, perchloroethylene, kerosene, ethyl alcohol, chloroform, trichloroethylene, etc.
(ii) Absorbent: Grease absorbent are dry powder like bran, flour (besan, rice powder, any powder), talcum powder, french chalk powder, multani mitti, sulphur powder, fuller’s earth, common salts, bread crumbs, powdered magnesium and other commercial dry cleaning powder.
(iii) Grease removing agents: Grease removers are classified in to two groups. One group is known as solvents because they dissolve the grease and thus facilitate its removal. The other group is known as absorbent because they absorb the grease and thus remove it.
10. What is a stain? What are the agents you will use to remove stains from fabric.
Ans: Stain is a dirty mark on something that is difficult to remove.
(i) Water.
(a) For fresh stains or water-soluble stains like coffee, tea, or juice. Soap or Detergent Effective for general stains such as dirt, mud, or sweat.
(ii) White Vinegar.
(a) Ideal for removing stains caused by coffee, tea, and fruit juice. Baking Soda Works well on grease and oil stains; also used for odor removal.
(iii) Lemon Juice.
(a) Effective for rust stains and brightening whites. Rubbing Alcohol or Isopropyl Alcohol Suitable for ink or marker stains.
(iv) Hydrogen Peroxide.
(a) Often used for blood or protein-based stains.
11. Classify stains according to their sources.
Ans: Stains can be classified according to their sources into several categories. Food and beverage stains come from items like coffee, tea, wine, sauces, and fruit juices, typically organic and either greasy or water-based. Grease and oil stains originate from substances like butter, cooking oil, motor oil, and makeup, characterized by their hydrophobic and greasy nature, often requiring degreasers for removal. Dye and ink stains result from ink, markers, paint, and hair dye, containing pigments that can be water-soluble or solvent-soluble. Biological stains arise from blood, sweat, urine, vomit, and grass, which are protein-based and usually removed with enzyme-based cleaners. Rust and mineral stains are caused by rust, hard water, and lime deposits, containing metal ions or minerals that need acidic solutions for effective cleaning. Cosmetic and personal care stains are from lipstick, foundation, sunscreen, and deodorants, comprising oils, dyes, and other chemicals. Lastly, environmental and outdoor stains include mud, dirt, soot, tar, and mildew, often a mix of organic and inorganic components. Each type of stain requires specific treatment methods based on its source and composition.
12. Make a list of stain removing agents.
Ans: List of stain removing agents are mentioned below:
(i) Acid reagent: This type of agent is mainly used to remove stains like rust, betel nut stain, old stains of tea and coffee and to remove excess blue from the fabric and to neutralise alkaline action from fabric.
(ii) Acidic agents are like oxalic acid, acetic acid, lime juice, salts of lime vinegar, oleic acid.
(iii) Alkaline Reagent: This agent is generally used to remove the acidic stain. These are washing soda (sodium carbonate) ammonia solution, ammonium carbonate and borax.
(iv) Solvents: Solvents are liquid in form and be applied to most of the fabrics either to remove stains or to dry clean. These substances do not harm either the fibre or the colour. Because of high cost, these are rarely used at home. The commonly used solvents are petrol, benzine, acetone, turpentine, paraffin, methylated spirit, carbon tetrachloride, perchloroethylene, kerosene, ethyl alcohol, chloroform, trichloroethylene, etc.
(v) Absorbent: Grease absorbent are dry powder like bran, flour (besan, rice powder, any powder), talcum powder, french chalk powder, multani mitti, sulphur powder, fuller’s earth, common salts, bread crumbs, powdered magnesium and other commercial dry cleaning powder.
13. How will you prepare javelle water.
Ans: Javelle water, also known as chlorine water or sodium hypochlorite solution, can be prepared by reacting chlorine gas with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. To prepare it, first, dissolve sodium hydroxide in water to make a sodium hydroxide solution. In a separate container, pass dry chlorine gas through the sodium hydroxide solution. This reaction produces sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and water (H₂O).
The reaction can be represented as:
Cl2 + 2NaOH → NaOCl + NaCl + H2O
Javelle water typically contains a concentration of sodium hypochlorite and can be used as a bleaching agent or disinfectant. After the reaction is complete, the solution should be filtered to remove any impurities, and the resulting Javelle water can be stored in a tightly sealed container to prevent the decomposition of sodium hypochlorite.
14. Give two reasons to show that stain removal is essential.
Ans: Two reasons to t stain removal is essential are mentioned Below:
(i) Maintaining Hygiene: Stains, especially from food, dirt, or body oils, can harbor bacteria and germs. Proper stain removal ensures cleanliness and reduces the risk of infections.
(ii) Preserving Appearance: Stains can make clothes, fabrics, or surfaces look dirty and worn out. Removing stains helps in maintaining a neat, fresh, and appealing appearance of items.
15. Discuss the principles of stain removal.
Ans: The principles of stain removal are mentioned below:
(i) On application of stain removal technique decide first whether the fabric is washable or not. The technique to be used varies radically for each type of fabric.
(ii) Before you use any chemical on a coloured fabric, test to make is sure that the chemicals does not remove the colour.
(iii) Always study the nature and texture of the fabric when chemical reagents and bleaches are used, as these have injurious effects on the fabric.
(iv) Always try to remove the stains while the stains are still fresh, as the older stains become increasingly difficult to remove.
(v) Try to use dilute chemical solutions as far as possible.
16. Mention the rules of stain removal.
Ans: The rules of stain removal are mentioned below:
(i) On application of stain removal technique decide first whether the fabric is washable or not. The technique to be used varies radically for each type of fabric.
(ii) Before you use any chemical on a coloured fabric, test to make is sure that the chemicals does not remove the colour.
(iii) Always study the nature and texture of the fabric when chemical reagents and bleaches are used, as these have injurious effects on the fabric.
(iv) Always try to remove the stains while the stains are still fresh, as the older stains become increasingly difficult to remove.
(v) Try to use dilute chemical solutions as far as possible.
17. Mention four ways of stain identification.
Ans: Four ways of stain identification are mentioned below:
(i) Appearance: It helps us to observe the state of the stain. A new and fresh stain can be identified easily from the old stain and can be treated accordingly.
(ii) Colour: All stains have their own colour which is a clue for identification e.g. the turmeric stain is yellow in colour, blood has its own red colour, stains of nailpolish, lipstick, etc.
(iii) Smell: Smell is also an identity proof for stains. The stains of medicine, meat, fish, etc. have their peculiar smell which helps in easy identification
(iv) Touch: Touch gives us different feelings on contact with different foreign materials. When stains come in contact with different fabric surfaces react in different way. After absorption of the stain some become very stiff of oily or slippery and some may have no changes and remains as such. So, by touch we can make out the structure and content of the foreign matter, e.g.- nail polish, egg, lipstick, flour paste etc., which makes the stain removing process simple.
18. How will you remove the following stains-
(a) Grease.
Ans: To remove grease stains, apply baking soda or cornstarch to absorb the grease. After a few minutes, scrub gently with a soft brush or cloth. Wash the item with warm water and detergent.
(b) Betel nut.
Ans: To remove betel nut stains, first blot the stain with a clean cloth to remove excess residue. Then, apply a mixture of lemon juice and baking soda to the stain. Scrub gently and rinse with cold water.
(c) Ink.
Ans: For ink stains, blot the stain with rubbing alcohol or vinegar. Apply a cotton ball or cloth soaked in the solution to the stain, gently dabbing until it lifts. Rinse with water and wash as usual.
(d) Nail polish.
Ans: To remove nail polish, use a cotton ball soaked in nail polish remover (acetone-based). Dab the stain gently until it starts to lift. Wash the item with warm water and soap.
(e) Fruit juice.
Ans: For fruit juice stains, immediately rinse the stain with cold water to prevent it from setting. Then, apply a mixture of dish soap and white vinegar, scrub gently, and rinse thoroughly. You may also use a stain remover if necessary.
19. What do you understand vegetable stain?
Ans: A stain is an unwanted mark on a fabric which is difficult to remove by ordinary washing. Vegetable stain is a stain caused by plant foods.
20. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
(a) ___________ should be removed before laundering.
Ans: Dirt or dust.
(b) To remove unidentified stain _____________ should be used first.
Ans: Water.
(c) While steeping in water stain becomes ____________ and comes off easily.
Ans: Loosened.
(d) Stain is a mark or spot created by ____________ materials over the surface of the fabric.
Ans: Foreign.
(e) Stain is easy to remove when it is ______________.
Ans: Fresh.
(f) The stain like _____________, _____________ can be identified by its colour.
Ans: Blood, ink.
(g) Grease stain can be removed by ____________ and ____________.
Ans: Detergent and solvents.
(h) Curry stain can be identified by its _____________.
Ans: Yellowish colour.
(i) Egg stain can be identified by _____________.
Ans: Its sticky texture.
21. What stains are termed as animal stain?
Ans: Animal stains are stains that are derived from animal products, such as blood, milk, egg, urine, and feces.
22. Which are the grease stains?
Ans: Grease stains include stains caused by substances like oil, butter, ghee, lard, vegetable oil, and animal fat.
23. Name the bleaching agents used for stain removal.
Ans: The bleaching agents used for stain removal are:
(i) Hydrogen peroxide.
(ii) Chlorine bleach.
(iii) Oxygen bleach.
(iv) Baking soda.
24. How will you remove the following.
(a) Lipstick.
Ans: To remove lipstick stains, gently scrape off excess lipstick using a dull knife or spoon. Then, apply a small amount of rubbing alcohol or nail polish remover to the stain and blot with a clean cloth. Wash with warm water and detergent.
(b) Rust.
Ans: To remove rust stains, apply a paste made of lemon juice and salt, or use a commercial rust remover. Let it sit for 10-15 minutes before scrubbing gently with a soft brush or cloth. Rinse thoroughly with water.
(c) Ghee or butter.
Ans: For ghee or butter stains, sprinkle some cornstarch or talcum powder on the stain to absorb excess grease. Then, scrape off the powder and wash the fabric with warm water and detergent.
(d) Bleach.
Ans: Bleach stains are usually permanent, but to treat them immediately, rinse the area with cold water to remove excess bleach. If the fabric is still usable, you can try using a fabric dye to restore the color.
(e) Curry.
Ans: For curry stains, gently blot the stain with cold water. Apply a mixture of dish soap and vinegar, then scrub gently with a brush. Rinse thoroughly and wash the fabric with detergent.
(f) Tea or coffee.
Ans: To remove tea or coffee stains, blot the stain immediately with a clean cloth to absorb excess liquid. Rinse the stained area with cold water. Apply a solution of dish soap and white vinegar to the stain, gently scrub with a soft brush, and rinse thoroughly. For stubborn stains, soak the fabric in a mixture of water and oxygen-based bleach before washing it as usual.
(g) Medicine.
Ans: To remove medicine stains, especially from fabric, use a mixture of vinegar and water. Apply it to the stain, then gently blot. Wash the fabric with detergent afterward.
25. How will you treat unknown stains?
Ans: For unknown stains, start by blotting the stain with a clean cloth to absorb any excess liquid. Test a small amount of detergent, vinegar, or rubbing alcohol on an inconspicuous area of the fabric. Once you determine the stain treatment, apply the appropriate solution to the stain, blot it gently, and rinse with cold water. Repeat if necessary, then wash the fabric as usual.
1. Fill in the blanks:
(i) A stain is an ___________ mark.
Ans: Undesirable.
(ii) A stain is best removed when it is still ____________.
Ans: Fresh.
(iii) A stain can be recognised by its ___________ and ___________.
Ans: Color and Texture.
(iv) Several applications of a ____________ chemical are better than one of a __________ chemical.
Ans: Mild, Stronger.
(v) Do not use the chemical if the test shows ___________ to the fabric.
Ans: Damage.
26. For removing each of the following stains, choose the most appropriate method out of the four given:
(i) Old tea stain on a white cotton fabric.
(a) Use salt water.
(b) Soak in glycerine.
(c) Soak in lime juice.
(d) Soak in borax solution.
Ans: (d) Soak in borax solution.
(ii) Old blood stain on a coloured cotton fabric.
(a) Use salt water.
(b) Soak in glycerine.
(c) Soak in hot water.
(d) Soak in ammonia solution.
Ans: (a) Use salt water.
(iii) Lipstick stain.
(a) Use salt water.
(b) Apply vaseline and then soap water.
(c) Soak in glycerine.
(d) Soak in methylated spirit.
Ans: (b) Apply vaseline and then soap water.
(iv) Rust stain.
(a) Use lime juice and salt.
(b) Soak in methylated spirit.
(c) Use curd and rub.
(d) Wash with soap and cold water.
Ans: (a) Use lime juice and salt.
(v) Fresh butter stain on silk.
(a) Apply powder and rub.
(b) Wash with cold water.
(c) Apply salt and leave in the sun.
(d) Wash with warm water and soap.
Ans: (a) Apply powder and rub.
(vi) Nail Polish stain on a – fabric.
(a) Soak in methylated spirit.
(b) Soak in warm water.
(c) Soak in warm water and soap.
(d) Apply amyl-acetate.
Ans: (a) Soak in methylated spirit.
(vii) Fresh ink stain on a cotton fabric.
(a) Wash with cold water and soap.
(b) Wash with boiling water and soap.
(c) Use salt and lime juice.
(d) Wash with cold water, soap water and sodium thiosulphate.
Ans: (d) Wash with cold water, soap water, and sodium thiosulphate.
| EXERCISE |
1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate word:
(a) Clothing enhances physical ____________.
Ans: Appearance.
(b) Clothing helps in providing physical and mental _____________.
Ans: Comfort.
(c) On the basis of ____________ clothing varies.
Ans: Climate.
(d) Cotton and linen fabric can absorb _____________.
Ans: Moisture.
(e) Fibre and Filaments varies in _____________.
Ans: Thickness.
(f) Before washing clothes ____________ should be removed.
Ans: Buttons.
(g) To remove unidentified stain, should use ____________ at first step.
Ans: Cold water.
(h) Stain can be removed _____________ if we soak in water.
Ans: Effectively.
(i) Stain is a mark over the surface of fabric of ____________ matters.
Ans: Foreign matters.
(j) Stain can be removed easily while its ____________.
Ans: Fresh.
(k) By the colour of the __________ stains etc, can be identified very easily.
Ans: Classified.
(l) Grease stain can be removed by ____________ .
Ans: Solvent.
(m) Egg albumin stain can be identified by ____________.
Ans: Vinegar.
2. Write short answer:
(a) What are the basic elements human life?
Ans: The basic elements of human life include air (oxygen), water, food, shelter, clothing, and social interaction. These elements are essential for survival and overall well-being.
(b) What are the reasons for wearing clothes?
Ans: Clothes are worn for protection (from weather, insects, and physical harm), modesty, comfort, cultural expression, and to maintain hygiene.
(c) Why do we feel warm when we wear furry clothes during winter?
Ans: Furry clothes trap air between the fibers, and this trapped air acts as an insulator. The air prevents the loss of body heat, keeping us warm during winter.
(d) Why are cotton and linen clothes worn during summer?
Ans: Cotton and linen are lightweight, breathable, and absorb moisture. They allow air circulation and absorb sweat from the skin, helping to keep the body cool during hot weather.
(e) What points are to be considered while making selection of clothes?
Ans: When selecting clothes, consider the fabric type (for comfort and breathability), the season (to ensure proper temperature regulation), the occasion (formality or casual wear), the fit (for comfort and mobility), and personal preferences (such as style and color).
(f) Write the differences between staple fibre and filament.
Ans: The differences between staple fibre and filament are mentioned below:
Staple fibre: Short fibers that need to be spun into yarn or thread. Examples include cotton, wool, and flax.
Filament: Long, continuous fibers, often made from synthetic materials. They do not need to be spun. Examples include silk and nylon.
(g) What are the fundamental properties of fibre?
Ans: The fundamental properties of fiber include length, strength, elasticity, absorbency, moisture retention, and the ability to be spun or woven into fabrics.
(h) What is vegetable fibre? What are its different division?
Ans: Vegetable fibre is the fibres obtained from different parts of vegetables and plants are known as vegetable fibres.
Its different division are mentioned below:
(i) Seed fibre Cotton, ‘simalu’ (Kapo).
(ii) Bast fibre-Hemp, jute, ‘Ramie’, Flax.
(iii) Leaf fibre “keteki”, pine-apple, manila hemp.
(i) What do you mean by synthetic fibre?
Ans: Synthetic fibers are man-made fibers produced from chemical substances, typically derived from petroleum. Examples include nylon, polyester, and acrylic.
(j) What fibre is used to make flannelette fabric? For which season it will be suitable?
Ans: Flannelette fabric is typically made from cotton or wool fibers. It is suitable for colder seasons due to its soft texture and ability to trap warmth.
(k) Name the animals from which wool can be obtain.
Ans: Sheep, goats, rabbits, camels, and yaks
(l) What is yarn? What are its divisions?
Ans: Yarn is a long, continuous length of interlocked fibers, typically used for weaving or knitting into fabric. It is produced by spinning fibers together to form a strand.
Its divisions are:
(i) Spun yarn: Made from short fibers twisted together.
(ii) Filament yarn: Made from long fibers, often synthetic, that are continuous.
(m) What do you mean by natural fibre?
Ans: Natural fibres are the fibres that are obtained from plants, animals or mineral sources.
(n) What are the sources of vegetable fibre?
Ans: Vegetable fibers come from plant sources.
Common sources include:
(i) Cotton (from cotton plant).
(ii) Jute (from jute plant).
(iii) Flax (for linen).
(iv) Hemp (from hemp plant).
(v) Sisal (from agave plant).
(o) Give the differences between vegetable fibre and synthetic fibre?
Ans: The differences between vegetable fibre and synthetic fibre:
Vegetable fiber: Derived from plants; biodegradable, eco-friendly, and breathable. Examples: Cotton, Jute.
Synthetic fiber: Man-made from chemicals, usually petroleum-based; non-biodegradable and can be less breathable. Examples: Nylon, Polyester.
(p) For what purpose can we use the fabric made out of mineral fibre?
Ans: Fabrics made from mineral fibers, such as asbestos, are used for specialized purposes like heat insulation, fireproofing, and protective clothing in extreme environments.
(q) Make a list of man-made fibre.
Ans: Liist of man-made fibre are mentioned below:
(i) Nylon.
(ii) Polyester.
(iii) Acrylic.
(iv) Rayon.
(v) Spandex.
(r) Make a list of Natural fibre.
Ans: List of Natural fibre:
(i) Cotton.
(ii) Wool.
(iii) Silk.
(iv) Jute.
(v) Hemp.
(vi) Flax.
(vii) Coir.
(s) What cloths will become suitable for warm-climatic condition?
Ans: In warm climatic conditions, it is essential to choose fabrics that are breathable, lightweight, and capable of absorbing moisture to keep the body cool and comfortable. Cotton is one of the best choices as it allows air to circulate freely, absorbs sweat, and keeps the skin dry. Linen, made from the flax plant, is also an excellent option due to its lightness and ability to wick away moisture, providing a cool feeling even in hot weather. Silk is another natural fiber that, although light and breathable, has the added benefit of regulating body temperature. Rayon, a semi-synthetic fiber, is also a good choice, as it is lightweight, breathable, and has a smooth texture that doesn’t cling to the skin. These fabrics help in maintaining comfort by allowing airflow, preventing the body from overheating, and reducing the feeling of stickiness in high temperatures. Avoiding synthetic fabrics like polyester and nylon is advisable, as they do not breathe well and may cause discomfort by trapping heat.
(t) Mention the demerits of synthetic fibre.
Ans: The demerits of synthetic fibre are mentioned below:
(i) Non-biodegradable: Causes environmental pollution.
(ii) Less breathable: Can cause discomfort in warm climates.
(iii) Can release harmful chemicals: During production or wear.
(iv) Prone to static electricity.
(u) Mention the properties of animal fibre.
Ans: Animal fibers like wool and silk have the following properties:
(i) Warmth: Good insulation.
(ii) Elasticity: Can stretch and return to original shape.
(iii) Water resistance: Wool is naturally water-repellent.
(iv) Softness: Silk and wool are soft to the touch.
(v) What is thermoplastic fibre?
Ans: A thermoplastic is a class of polymer that can be softened through heating and then processed using methods such as extrusion, injection moulding, thermoforming and blow moulding.
(w) From plant kingdom what are the different fibre we can obtain?
Ans: From the plant kingdom, fibers such as cotton, jute, hemp, flax (for linen), and coir (from coconut husk) are obtained.
(x) What fibre will you select for winter clothing?
Ans: For winter clothing, wool and silk are ideal due to their warmth, insulation properties, and ability to retain heat.
(y) Why synthetic fabric is not suitable for warm climate?
Ans: Synthetic fabrics like polyester and nylon are not suitable for warm climates because they do not breathe well, trap heat, and may cause sweating and discomfort.
(z) What fabric will you select for new born baby?
Ans: For newborn babies, cotton fabric is ideal as it is soft, breathable, and gentle on the sensitive skin of babies.
3. Write short notes:
(a) Reasons for wearing clothes.
Ans: Clothes are worn to protect the body from environmental factors like heat, cold, and rain. They provide protection from harmful insects and sunburns, offer modesty, and are a means of self-expression. Clothes also serve as a status symbol and enhance personal appearance.
(b) Warmth of woolen fabric for winter season.
Ans: Woolen fabrics trap air between the fibers, which act as insulation, helping to retain body heat. This property makes wool an ideal choice for winter clothing, keeping the body warm in cold weather.
(c) Uses of cotton and linen fabric for summer season.
Ans: Cotton and linen are lightweight, breathable fabrics that allow air to circulate and absorb moisture from the skin, keeping the body cool. These fabrics are commonly used in summer clothing as they help in maintaining comfort in hot weather.
(d) What is fibre? With example write its subdivision.
Ans: A fibre is a long, slender strand or thread of material, which can be natural or synthetic, used in the production of fabrics. Natural fibres include plant-based fibres like cotton, linen, and jute, and animal-based fibres like wool and silk. Synthetic fibres include materials like nylon, polyester, and acrylic.
(e) What do you mean by animal fibre? Mention its type.
Ans: Animal fibre is derived from animals and is primarily used in the production of fabrics. Common types of animal fibres include wool (from sheep), silk (from silkworms), and alpaca (from alpacas).
(f) What are the observations will you do in burning test?
Ans: In the burning test, observations include how the fibre burns, whether it burns quickly or slowly, the smell produced, and the type of ash it leaves behind. Natural fibres typically burn with a smell similar to burning organic matter, while synthetic fibres often produce a chemical smell.
(g) What will you check for fibre in observation test?
Ans: In an observation test, the texture, color, and appearance of the fibre are checked. The way the fibre reacts to light, moisture, and heat is also observed to identify its type.
(h) On microscopic test of fibre what are you going to observe?
Ans: Under a microscope, the structure of the fibre is observed. This includes the diameter, shape, surface texture, and any distinctive patterns that help differentiate one fibre from another. For example, cotton fibres appear as flattened, twisted ribbons, while wool fibres are scaly and have a crimped structure.
(i) On burning test, what actually used to do?
Ans: In a burning test, a small piece of the fibre is held with a pair of forceps and exposed to a flame. Observations such as how the fibre ignites, whether it melts or forms beads, and the smell produced are noted to identify the fibre.
(j) Why fibre identification is important?
Ans: Fibre identification is important to determine the fabric’s properties, such as durability, absorbency, and comfort. It helps in choosing the right material for specific purposes like clothing, upholstery, and industrial use.
(k) For fibre identification what process will you select?
Ans: To identify fibres, various tests can be selected, including burning tests, microscopic examination, and solubility tests (using chemical solvents). These methods help in distinguishing between natural and synthetic fibres.
(l) Define stain?
Ans: A stain is a mark or discoloration on a surface, often caused by the absorption of liquids, chemicals, or dirt. Stains can occur on fabrics, skin, or other materials and may require cleaning to remove.
(m) How will you identify stain?
Ans: To identify a stain, consider its color, texture, and location on the fabric. The type of stain can be inferred from its appearance (e.g., oily, greasy, or watery stains) and its origin (food, ink, blood, etc).
(n) Explain any two methods of stain removal.
Ans: Two common methods of stain removal include:
(i) Using a stain remover or detergent: Applying a liquid detergent or stain remover to the affected area and then washing it off.
(ii) Using natural substances: Applying vinegar, baking soda, or lemon juice to the stain before washing it, as these substances help break down and lift stains.
(o) Classify stain.
Ans: (i) Vegetable stains: These stains are produced by the contact between the fabric and vegetable particles and juices from different parts of the plant like leaf, fruits, flowers, bark, roots, rhizome, etc. These are acidic in nature and require alkaline reagent to remove them.
(ii) Animal stains: These stains are produced on the surface of the fabric on contact with animal blood, meat-fish juices broken egg, milk, dead insects, insect egg, animal excreta, ice-cream, chocolate, etc. To remove these stains alkaline agents like ammonia solution, borax are used.
(iii) Grease stain: Grease stains are left in the fabric by the absorption of vegetable oil, ghee, dalda, margarine, animal fat, lard, butter, cream, fish oil, cod liver oil, etc. To remove these types of stains, absorbent powder like flour, talcum powder, french chalk, fuller’s earth or grease solvents like petrol, benzene, ethyl alcohol, methylated spirit, etc are required.
(iv) Dyes and paints: Dye stains can be from natural sources like leaf, grass, flower, root, rhizome, etc., These may be acidic or alkaline in nature and require specific reagents for their removal. Synthetic dyes like acid dye basic dye, direct dye, naphthol dyes, reactive dyes, sulphur dyes etc. The stains due to synthetic dyes are difficult to remove. We need strong chemicals to remove them.The other paint stains like wood wall paint, roof paint, etc. mainly require reagents like turpentine, kerosene, mixture of alcohol and benzene, etc.
Neither perspiration nor scorch mark fall in to any of the group discussed. Perspiration though is a human secretion, has no protein component. They do not fall under animal group. Neither they fall under vegetable group.
(p) What do you mean by vegetable stain?
Ans: A stain is a discoloration that can be clearly distinguished from the surface, material, or medium it is found upon.
(q) What type of stains are termed as animal stain?
Ans: Animal stains are caused by animal products such as blood, sweat, or saliva. These stains are often protein-based and require specific cleaning methods.
(r) Which are grease stain?
Ans: Grease stains are caused by oils and fats, such as cooking oil, butter, and motor oil. These stains are usually difficult to remove because of the oily nature of the substance.
(s) Write about the reagents used for stain removal.
Ans: Reagents used for stain removal include:
(i) Hydrogen peroxide: Used for removing protein stains like blood.
(ii) Ammonia: Helps break down greasy stains.
(iii) Baking soda: Used for removing food and organic stains.
(iv) Vinegar: A natural stain remover for a variety of stains, including coffee and tea.
4. Explain the factors you will consider for selection of clothing.
Ans: The factors you will consider for selection of clothing are:
(i) Climate: The weather and season influence the type of fabric (e.g., cotton for summer, wool for winter).
(ii) Occasion: Formal, casual, or festive occasions require different styles of clothing.
(iii) Comfort: The fabric’s texture, breathability, and fit affect comfort.
5. Name the natural fibre and filament that are used for clothing construction. Explain the merits and demerits while using.
Ans: Natural fibres include cotton, wool, silk, and jute. A natural filament example is silk.
Merits and demerits:
(i) Cotton:
Merits: Comfortable, breathable, and soft.
Demerits: Wrinkles easily and shrinks after washing.
(ii) Silk:
Merits: Luxurious texture, good insulation properties.
Demerits: Expensive, requires delicate care.
(iii) Wool:
Merits: Warm, wrinkle-resistant.
Demerits: Prone to shrinking and moth damage.
6. Give the differences between natural fibre and synthetic fibre. Name three fibre that are used in Textile Industry and the property possess by these fibres.
Ans: Do yourself.
7. Which are the natural fibre? Name the vegetable fibre that serves many purpose.
Ans: Natural fibres can be classified according to their origin. The vegetable, or cellulose-base, class includes such important fibres as cotton, flax, and jute. The animal, or protein-base, fibres include wool, mohair, and silk. An important fibre in the mineral class is asbestos.
The vegetable fibre that serves many purposes is jute. It is used for making:
(i) Bags.
(ii) Ropes.
(iii) Mats.
(iv) Curtains.
(v) Carpets.
8. ‘Clothing gives up physical and mental satisfaction.’ Explain how?
Ans: Clothing provides both physical and mental satisfaction in various ways:
(i) Physical Satisfaction:
(a) Protection and Comfort: Clothing protects the body from environmental factors such as heat, cold, rain, and wind, ensuring physical comfort. For example, woolen clothes provide warmth in winter, while cotton clothes keep the body cool in summer.
(b) Ease of Movement: Properly fitted and breathable clothing enhances mobility and reduces physical discomfort during activities, whether it is sports, work, or daily routines.
(c) Hygiene and Safety: Clothing acts as a barrier against dirt, dust, harmful UV rays, and even occupational hazards, thus safeguarding the body from injuries and infections.
(ii) Mental Satisfaction:
(a) Confidence and Self-Esteem: Wearing clothes that fit well, suit one’s personality, and align with cultural or social expectations boosts confidence and self-esteem. Dressing appropriately for occasions also contributes to a sense of belonging.
(b) Expression of Identity: Clothing serves as a medium for self-expression. Colors, styles, and designs often reflect an individual’s personality, mood, or cultural identity, leading to a sense of fulfillment.
(c) Psychological Comfort: Familiar or favorite clothing can provide a sense of security and emotional comfort, especially in stressful situations. For instance, some people have a preference for wearing lucky clothes during significant events.
(d) Social Acceptance: Dressing according to social norms can reduce anxiety about judgment, promoting mental peace and acceptance within a community or group.
9. ‘Clothing made for vegetable fibre are comfortable for summer wear.’ Discuss.
Ans: Clothing made from vegetable fibers such as cotton, linen, and jute is ideal for summer wear due to their natural properties that provide comfort in hot weather. These fabrics are highly breathable, allowing air to circulate freely, which helps in maintaining a cool body temperature. They are also excellent at absorbing moisture, efficiently wicking away sweat and keeping the skin dry even in humid conditions. The lightweight and soft texture of these materials minimizes irritation, making them gentle on the skin during summer. Additionally, vegetable fibers act as natural insulators, protecting the skin from the direct heat of the sun while maintaining a cooling effect. Examples like cotton T-shirts and linen dresses are popular for their softness and moisture-wicking abilities, while jute is often used in summer accessories. Being derived from natural sources, these fabrics are eco-friendly and biodegradable, making them a sustainable choice for summer clothing. Thus, vegetable fiber-based clothing provides both comfort and environmental benefits during the hot season.
10. Name the fabrics that are made of cotton fibre.
Ans: Fabrics made of cotton fibre include cotton cloth, denim, muslin, calico, voile, poplin, cambric, and corduroy.
11. Explain the various uses of animal fibre.
Ans: Animal fibres are used in various ways:
(i) Wool is used to make warm clothes like sweaters, coats, and shawls.
(ii) Silk is used to create luxurious fabrics for sarees, dresses, and ties.
(iii) Animal fibres like alpaca and cashmere are used in high-quality winter garments.
(iv) Coarse animal fibres, such as those from jute animals, are used for making rugs and carpets.
(v) Animal fibres are also used in upholstery, tapestries, and decorative items
12. Are the fabrics made of synthetic fibre suitable for summer wear?
Ans: Fabrics made of synthetic fibres are generally not suitable for summer wear as they are not breathable and do not absorb sweat, leading to discomfort. Natural fibres like cotton are more suitable as they allow better air circulation and absorb moisture effectively.
13. What does stain mean? Name the reagents used for removing stain from fabric.
Ans: A stain is a discoloration that can be clearly distinguished from the surface, material, or medium it is found upon.
The reagents used for removing stain from fabric are:
(i) Water: For fresh stains or water-soluble stains.
(ii) Detergents: For general cleaning and removing oil-based or dirt stains.
(iii) Vinegar (Acetic Acid): Effective for coffee, tea, and light rust stains.
(iv) Baking Soda: Used for grease, mild odors, and stubborn stains.
(v) Hydrogen Peroxide: Removes blood, wine, and organic stains; acts as a mild bleach.
(vi) Rubbing Alcohol (Isopropyl Alcohol): Removes ink, oil, and adhesive stains.
14. Classify stain according to its source.
Ans: Stains can be classified based on their source as follows:
(i) protein-based stains: Blood, sweat, egg, etc.
(ii) Oil-based stains: Grease, butter, cooking oil, etc.
(iii) Tannin-based stains: Tea, coffee, wine, etc.
(iv) Dye-based stains: Ink, fabric dye, etc.
(v) Combination stains: A mixture of two or more sources, such as food stains.
15. Make a list of chemicals that are used for stain removal.
Ans: Chemicals commonly used for stain removal are:
(i) Acetic acid (vinegar): Removes rust and coffee stains.
(ii) Ammonia: Effective against grease and sweat stains.
(iii) Hydrogen peroxide: Removes blood and dye-based stains.
(iv) Baking soda: Neutralizes acidic stains and odors.
(v) Sodium hypochlorite (bleach): Used for whitening and disinfecting.
(vi) Alcohol: Effective for ink and marker stains.
(vii) Detergents and surfactants: Remove oil and dirt stains.
16. How will you prepare ‘Javelle water’?
Ans: Javelle water, also known as Eau de Javel, is made by mixing sodium or potassium hypochlorite with water.
17. Give two reasons for stain removal from fabric.
Ans: Two reasons for stain removal from fabric are:
(i) To maintain the appearance and cleanliness of the fabric.
(ii) To prevent permanent damage or discoloration of the fabric caused by the stain.
18. Mention the rules for stain removal.
Ans: Stain removal should be carried out with utmost care. Fabric may get damaged if proper care is not taken. Following are the rules which should be strictly followed to maintain the fabrics in perfect condition.
(i) Remove the stain immediately when it is fresh.
(ii) Try to identify the stain.
(iii) Study the nature and texture of the fabric as chemical reagents and bleaches have injurious effects on wool, silk, synthetic and coloured cotton.
(iv) Treat known stains with specific reagents.
(v) Select chemicals which is appropriate for the stain and the nature of the fabric.
(vi) Try out the stain removal agent on a corner of the fabric to ensure that it will not cause any damage to the fabric.
(vii) The stain on the fabric should be in contact with the reagent only until the stain has softened or dissolved. The fabric is to be then rinsed in clear water several times to remove the reagent.
(viii) Acidic or alkaline reagent should be neutralised accordingly to protect the fabric.
(ix) If the stain is removed by the sponging method, work out with a soaked swab in circular motion starting from the outer edge of the stain towards its centre.
19. Give four ways of identification of stain.
Ans: Four ways of identification of stain are mentioned below:
(i) Appearance: It helps us to observe the state of the stain. A new and fresh stain can be identified easily from the old stain and can be treated accordingly.
(ii) Colour: All stains have their own colour which is a clue for identification e.g. the turmeric stain is yellow in colour, blood has its own red colour, stains of nail polish, lipstick, etc.
(iii) Smell: Smell is also an identity proof for stains. The stains of medicine, meat, fish, etc. Have their peculiar smell which helps in easy identification.
(iv) Touch: Touch gives us different feelings on contact with different foreign materials. When stains come in contact with different fabric surfaces react in different ways. After absorption of the stain some become very stiff of oily or slippery and some may have no changes and remains as such. So, by touch we can make out the structure and content of the foreign matter, e.g. nail polish, egg, lipstick, flour paste etc., which makes the stain removing process simple.
20. Write about the pre-preparation for stain removal.
Ans: The pre-preparation for stain removal are:
(i) Wash Appropriately: After pre-treating, launder clothing or wash fabric items according to care label instructions, using the recommended water temperature and detergent.
(ii) Air Dry if Unsure: If the stain persists after washing, air dry the item instead of using a dryer, as heat can set stains permanently.
(iii) Act Quickly: Address stains promptly to prevent them from setting into the fabric or surface, which can make them harder to remove.
21. Write about the main classification of stain.
Ans: Stains are usually classified according to the substances that cause them. Stain can be classified in the following categories and specific method is adopted to remove stains from each group.
(i) Vegetable stains: These stains are produced by the contact between the fabric and vegetable particles and juices from different parts of the plant like leaf, fruits, flowers, bark, roots, rhizome, etc. These are acidic in nature and require alkaline reagent to remove them.
(ii) Animal stains: These stains are produced on the surface of the fabric on contact with animal blood, meat- fish juices broken egg, milk, dead insects, insect egg, animal excreta, ice-cream, chocolate, etc. To remove these stains alkaline agents like ammonia solution, borax are used.
(iii) Mineral stains: Mineral stains like iron rust, black ink, medicine or dye stains, coloured mud, metallic salts, shoe polish, car polish, etc., are first treated by acid reagents to act on the metal and then by an alkaline solution to neutralize the acid reagent. However, for removing shoe polish, apply a little grease on the stain and rub in circular motion, and then scrap it off. Then apply absorbent powder and after that turpentine. At last wash with solvent soap.
(iv) Grease stains are left in the fabric by the absorption of vegetable oil, ghee, dalda, margarine, animal fat, lard, butter, cream, fish oil, cod liver oil, etc. To remove these types of stains, absorbent powder like flour, talcum powder, french chalk, fuller’s earth or grease solvents like petrol, benzene, ethyl alcohol, methylated spirit, etc are required.
(v) Dyes and paints: Dye stains can be from natural sources like leaf, grass, flower, root, rhizome, etc., These may be acidic or alkaline in nature and require specific reagents for their removal.
22. To remove grease stain from fabric what are the agent you are going to used?
Ans: Grease stains can be removed using:
(i) Dishwashing liquid mixed with water.
(ii) Baking soda or cornstarch (as absorbents).
(iii) White vinegar (for persistent stains).
(iv) A commercial grease remover (specifically designed for fabrics).
23. To remove stain from cotton dresses what bleaching agents are you going to use?
Ans: The bleaching agents suitable for cotton dresses are:
(i) Hydrogen peroxide (mild bleach for colored cotton).
(ii) Sodium hypochlorite (used cautiously for white cotton).
(iii) Lemon juice and sunlight (natural bleaching method).
(iv) Commercial oxygen bleach (safe for most fabrics).
24. Among the stain removal methods explain any two methods.
Ans: The stain removal methods explain any two methods are mentioned below:
(i) Sponge Method: In this method a pad or blotter is placed under the stain. A piece of fabric folded several times (swab) and saturated with the cleaning arranged is used to soak stain by patting on the wrong side of the fabric. The swabs and pads should be changed frequently, whenever the swab appears to be dirty. Remove excess liquid and then dry the cloth.
(ii) Steam Method: This method is specifically suitable for removing stains from woolen, velvet, silk or coloured cotton cloth. For this a kettle of water is boiled till vapor arises. Then on the stained part of the fabric a drop of reagent is added and that part is placed in front of the nozzle of the kettle allowing the steam to pass through. When it is saturated with steam place it under running water and remove the stain.
25. To remove stain what principle are you going to follow?
Ans: The prime principle of successful stain removal operation is to restore the garment to its original appearance, structure and texture. Stains should be removed at the first chance while they are still fresh. Fresh stains are easy to remove as they dissolve very easily sometimes, without the application of reagent.
The principle of stain removal are as follows:
(i) On application of stain removal technique decide first whether the fabric is washable or not. The technique to be used varies radically for each type of fabric.
(ii) Before you use any chemical on a coloured fabric, test to make is sure that the chemicals does not remove the colour.
(iii) Always study the nature and texture of the fabric when chemical reagents and bleaches are used, as these have injurious effects on the fabric.
(iv) Always try to remove the stains while the stains are still fresh, as the older stains become increasingly difficult to remove.
26. Explain the adverse effects of stain.
Ans: (i) Reduces the beauty of the garment.
(ii) If stain stays for a longer period of time, then the stained portion of the garment gets damaged.
(iii) The stain spoils the appearance and shorten the life of the garment.
(iv) Due to the application of reagents to remove stains, the fabric may lose strength and discoloration may occur.
(v) If the source of stain is very strong or concentrated, it may damage completely the fabric before any protection can be given.
27. What will you do to remove unknown stain?
Ans: The bleaching agents suitable for cotton dresses are:
(i) Hydrogen peroxide (mild bleach for colored cotton).
(ii) Sodium hypochlorite (used cautiously for white cotton).
(iii) Lemon juice and sunlight (natural bleaching method).
(iv) Commercial oxygen bleach (safe for most fabrics).
28. Write short notes on-mineral fibre, Linen organdy, muslin, ramie, flax, jute, coconut, wool, synthetic, stain, methods of stain removal, bleaching, oxidising bleaches, Javelle water.
Ans: Do yourself.
29. How will you remove the following stains from fabric-
(a) Grease.
Ans: Apply baking soda or cornstarch to absorb the grease. Scrape off the excess and wash the fabric with warm water and detergent.
(b) Beetel-nut.
Ans: Betel-nut: Soak the fabric in a mixture of lemon juice and water for 10-15 minutes, then wash with detergent.
(c) Ink.
Ans: Ink: Dab the stain with rubbing alcohol or nail polish remover, and blot with a clean cloth. Wash with water and detergent.
(d) Nail polish.
Ans: Nail polish: Use nail polish remover (acetone) on a cotton ball and gently blot the stain, then wash the fabric with soap.
(e) Fruit juice.
Ans: Fruit juice: Rinse the stain with cold water, then apply a mixture of vinegar and water or a stain remover before washing.
(f) Lipstick.
Ans: Lipstick: Apply a small amount of dishwashing detergent or rubbing alcohol to the stain, then blot it with a clean cloth before washing.
(g) Rust.
Ans: Rust: Apply a mixture of lemon juice and salt to the rust stain, let it sit for a few minutes, then rinse with cold water and wash.
(h) Ghee or butter.
Ans: Ghee or butter: Apply baking soda or cornstarch to absorb the grease, scrape off excess, and wash the fabric with warm water and detergent.
(i) Blood.
Ans: Blood: Soak the fabric in cold water, then apply hydrogen peroxide or soap to the stain and rinse well.
(j) Curry.
Ans: Curry: Apply dish soap or a mixture of vinegar and water to the stain, then wash with warm water.
(k) Tea-coffee.
Ans: Tea-coffee: Rinse with cold water, then apply a mixture of vinegar and water or baking soda paste to the stain before washing.
(l) Medicine.
Ans: Medicine: Soak the fabric in cold water, then apply a stain remover or detergent to the affected area and wash with warm water.
