SEBA Class 9 Home Science Chapter 4 Clothing and Textiles

SEBA Class 9 Home Science Chapter 4 Clothing and Textiles Solutions in English Medium to each chapter is provided in the list so that you can easily browse throughout different chapters SEBA Class 9 Home Science Chapter 4 Clothing and Textiles Question Answer, SEBA Class 9 Elective Home Science Notes in English Medium and select need one.

SEBA Class 9 Home Science Chapter 4 Clothing and Textiles

Also, you can read the SCERT book online in these sections Solutions by Expert Teachers as per SEBA (CBSE) Book guidelines. SEBA Class 9 Home Science Chapter 4 Clothing and Textiles Notes. These solutions are part of SCERT All Subject Solutions. Here we have given Elective Home Science Class 9 SEBA Solutions for All Chapters, You can practice these here.

Clothing and Textiles

Chapter – 4

EXERCISE

Questions: 

1. Write about the observation on burning of fibres. 

Ans: Do yourself.

2. How is observation test method carried out? 

Ans: Do yourself.

3. Write about the observation of test fibre under a microscope. 

Ans: Do yourself.

4. Write the procedure followed in burning tests. 

Ans: Do yourself.

5. What is the importance of fibre identification? 

Ans: Do yourself.

6. What methods will you follow to identify a fibre? 

Ans: Do yourself.

7. Discuss in brief the methods of fibre identification. 

Ans: Do yourself.

8. How will you identify fibres by microscopic test, observation, burning and solubility test. 

Ans: Do yourself.

9. How will you identify the following fibres? 

(a) Cotton.

Ans: Do yourself.

(b) Wool.

Ans: Do yourself.

(c) Silk and 

Ans: Do yourself.

(d) Nylon. 

Ans: Do yourself.

10. Write short notes on: 

(a) Observation.

Ans: Do yourself.

(b) Burning test.

Ans: Do yourself.

(c) Microscopic test.

Ans: Do yourself.

(d) Solubility test.

Ans: Do yourself.

EXERCISE

Revision questions:

1. What are the reagents you will use to remove grease stains from fabric?

Ans: Gently rub liquid dish soap (for handwashing), stain pretreatment or liquid enzyme detergent into the stain and let sit for 10 minutes.

2. Which type of bleach with spice is used to remove stain from cotton fabric?

Ans: Turmeric bleach.

3. Find out the right answer to the following.

(a) Chemical bleaches are essential for removing stains (Right/Wrong).

Ans: Right.

(b) Instead of acetic acid, vinegar can be used for removing stains (Right/Wrong).

Ans: Right.

(c) Lipstick stain is removed by methylated spirit. (Right/Wrong).

Ans: Right.

(d) Grease stain can be removed by the application of solvent and then absorbed by powder (Right/ Wrong).

Ans: Right.

(e) Carbon tetrachloride is used to remove grease stain (Right/Wrong).

Ans: Right.

4. Write short notes on: 

(a) Stains.

Ans: Stains are marks or discolourations on surfaces or fabrics that are caused by the absorption or deposition of substances. They can be either organic (e.g., food, blood) or inorganic (e.g., ink, rust). Stains occur when liquids or particles, such as oils, pigments, or chemicals, come into contact with a surface and are absorbed or adhere to the surface, making the material appear dirty or discolored. The removal of stains requires specific techniques and cleaning agents tailored to the type of stain.

(b) Dip method of stain removal.

Ans: The dip method of stain removal involves immersing the stained fabric or material in a cleaning solution, such as a detergent or stain remover, to help loosen and dissolve the stain. The fabric is usually soaked for a specified amount of time, depending on the severity and type of stain. After soaking, the material is gently agitated or rubbed, followed by rinsing or washing to remove the stain. This method is effective for stains that are not easily removed by surface cleaning alone.

(c) Bleach.

Ans: Bleach is a chemical agent that is used to remove stains, disinfect, and lighten fabrics and surfaces. It works by breaking down the pigments in stains, making them colorless. Common types of bleach include chlorine bleach (often used for whitening and disinfecting) and oxygen bleach (a gentler option used for delicate fabrics and stain removal). Bleach is particularly effective on organic stains such as those caused by food, mold, or bodily fluids, but it must be used with caution as it can damage certain fabrics or surfaces if not used properly.

5. Define stain. Give its classification.

Ans: A stain is a discoloration that can be clearly distinguished from the surface, material, or medium it is found upon.

Its classification are mentioned below:

(i) Vegetable stains: These stains are produced by the contact between the fabric and vegetable particles and juices from different parts of the plant like leaf, fruits, flowers, bark, roots, rhizome, etc. These are acidic in nature and require alkaline reagent to remove them.

(ii) Animal stains: These stains are produced on the surface of the fabric on contact with animal blood, meat-fish juices broken egg, milk, dead insects, insect egg, animal excreta, ice-cream, chocolate, etc. To remove these stains alkaline agents like ammonia solution, borax are used.

(iii) Mineral Stains: Mineral stains like iron rust black ink, medicine or dye stains, coloured mud, metallic salts, shoe polish, car polish, etc., are first treated by acid reagents to act on the metal and then by an alkaline solution to neutralize the acid reagent. 

(iv) Grease stain: Grease stains are left in the fabric by the absorption of vegetable oil, ghee, dalda, margarine, animal fat, lard, butter, cream, fish oil, cod liver oil, etc. To remove these types of stains, absorbent powder like flour, talcum powder, french chalk, fuller’s earth or grease solvents like petrol, benzene, ethyl alcohol, methylated spirit, etc are required.

(v) Dyes and paints: Dye stains can be from natural sources like leaf, grass, flower, root, rhizome, etc., These may be acidic or alkaline in nature and require specific reagents for their removal.

6. How will you identify stain?

Ans: Stains can be identified by its appearance, colour, smell and touch.

(i) Appearance: It helps us to observe the state of the stain. A new and fresh stain can be identified easily from the old stain and can be treated accordingly.

(ii) Colour: All stains have their own colour which is a clue for identification e.g. the turmeric stain is yellow in colour, blood has its own red colour, stains of nail polish, lipstick, etc.

(iii) Smell: Smell is also an identity proof for stains. The stains of medicine, meat, fish, etc. Have their peculiar smell which helps in easy identification.

7. Write about any two methods of stain removal.

Ans: Two methods of stain removal are mentioned below: 

(i) Sponge Method: In this method a pad or blotter is placed under the stain. A piece of fabric folded several times (swab) and saturated with the cleaning arranged is used to soak stain by patting on the wrong side of the fabric. The swabs and pads should be changed frequently, whenever the swab appears to be dirty. Remove excess liquid and then dry the cloth.

(ii) Steam Method: This method is specifically suitable for removing stains from woolen, velvet, silk or coloured cotton cloth. For this a kettle of water is boiled till vapor arises. Then on the stained part of the fabric a drop of reagent is added and that part is placed in front of the nozzle of the kettle allowing the steam to pass through. When it is saturated with steam place it under running water and remove the stain.

8. Classify stains.

Ans: Stain can be classified in the following categories and specific method is adopted to remove stains from each group.

(i) Vegetable stains: These stains are produced by the contact between the fabric and vegetable particles and juices from different parts of the plant like leaf, fruits, flowers, bark, roots, rhizome, etc. These are acidic in nature and require alkaline reagent to remove them.

(ii) Animal stains: These stains are produced on the surface of the fabric on contact with animal blood, meat- fish juices broken egg, milk, dead insects, insect egg, animal excreta, ice-cream, chocolate, etc. To remove these stains alkaline agents like ammonia solution, borax are used.

9. Write the names of various reagents used in stain removal.

Ans: The names of various reagents used in stain removal are mentioned below:

(i) Solvents: Solvents are liquid in form and be applied to most of the fabrics either to remove stains or to dry clean. These substances do not harm either the fibre or the colour. Because of high cost, these are rarely used at home. The commonly used solvents are petrol, benzine, acetone, turpentine, paraffin, methylated spirit, carbon tetrachloride, perchloroethylene, kerosene, ethyl alcohol, chloroform, trichloroethylene, etc.

(ii) Absorbent: Grease absorbent are dry powder like bran, flour (besan, rice powder, any powder), talcum powder, french chalk powder, multani mitti, sulphur powder, fuller’s earth, common salts, bread crumbs, powdered magnesium and other commercial dry cleaning powder.

(iii) Grease removing agents: Grease removers are classified in to two groups. One group is known as solvents because they dissolve the grease and thus facilitate its removal. The other group is known as absorbent because they absorb the grease and thus remove it.

10. What is a stain? What are the agents you will use to remove stains from fabric.

Ans: Stain is a dirty mark on something that is difficult to remove.

(i) Water.

(a) For fresh stains or water-soluble stains like coffee, tea, or juice. Soap or Detergent Effective for general stains such as dirt, mud, or sweat.

(ii) White Vinegar.

(a) Ideal for removing stains caused by coffee, tea, and fruit juice. Baking Soda Works well on grease and oil stains; also used for odor removal.

(iii) Lemon Juice.

(a) Effective for rust stains and brightening whites. Rubbing Alcohol or Isopropyl Alcohol Suitable for ink or marker stains.

(iv) Hydrogen Peroxide.

(a) Often used for blood or protein-based stains.

11. Classify stains according to their sources.

Ans: Stains can be classified according to their sources into several categories. Food and beverage stains come from items like coffee, tea, wine, sauces, and fruit juices, typically organic and either greasy or water-based. Grease and oil stains originate from substances like butter, cooking oil, motor oil, and makeup, characterized by their hydrophobic and greasy nature, often requiring degreasers for removal. Dye and ink stains result from ink, markers, paint, and hair dye, containing pigments that can be water-soluble or solvent-soluble. Biological stains arise from blood, sweat, urine, vomit, and grass, which are protein-based and usually removed with enzyme-based cleaners. Rust and mineral stains are caused by rust, hard water, and lime deposits, containing metal ions or minerals that need acidic solutions for effective cleaning. Cosmetic and personal care stains are from lipstick, foundation, sunscreen, and deodorants, comprising oils, dyes, and other chemicals. Lastly, environmental and outdoor stains include mud, dirt, soot, tar, and mildew, often a mix of organic and inorganic components. Each type of stain requires specific treatment methods based on its source and composition.

12. Make a list of stain removing agents.

Ans: List of stain removing agents are mentioned below: 

(i) Acid reagent: This type of agent is mainly used to remove stains like rust, betel nut stain, old stains of tea and coffee and to remove excess blue from the fabric and to neutralise alkaline action from fabric.

(ii) Acidic agents are like oxalic acid, acetic acid, lime juice, salts of lime vinegar, oleic acid.

(iii) Alkaline Reagent: This agent is generally used to remove the acidic stain. These are washing soda (sodium carbonate) ammonia solution, ammonium carbonate and borax.

(iv) Solvents: Solvents are liquid in form and be applied to most of the fabrics either to remove stains or to dry clean. These substances do not harm either the fibre or the colour. Because of high cost, these are rarely used at home. The commonly used solvents are petrol, benzine, acetone, turpentine, paraffin, methylated spirit, carbon tetrachloride, perchloroethylene, kerosene, ethyl alcohol, chloroform, trichloroethylene, etc.

(v) Absorbent: Grease absorbent are dry powder like bran, flour (besan, rice powder, any powder), talcum powder, french chalk powder, multani mitti, sulphur powder, fuller’s earth, common salts, bread crumbs, powdered magnesium and other commercial dry cleaning powder.

13. How will you prepare javelle water.

Ans: Javelle water, also known as chlorine water or sodium hypochlorite solution, can be prepared by reacting chlorine gas with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. To prepare it, first, dissolve sodium hydroxide in water to make a sodium hydroxide solution. In a separate container, pass dry chlorine gas through the sodium hydroxide solution. This reaction produces sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and water (H₂O).

The reaction can be represented as:

Cl₂ + 2NaOH → NaOCl + NaCl + H₂O

Javelle water typically contains a concentration of sodium hypochlorite and can be used as a bleaching agent or disinfectant. After the reaction is complete, the solution should be filtered to remove any impurities, and the resulting Javelle water can be stored in a tightly sealed container to prevent the decomposition of sodium hypochlorite.

14. Give two reasons to show that stain removal is essential.

Ans: Two reasons to t stain removal is essential are mentioned Below:

(i) Maintaining Hygiene: Stains, especially from food, dirt, or body oils, can harbor bacteria and germs. Proper stain removal ensures cleanliness and reduces the risk of infections.

(ii) Preserving Appearance: Stains can make clothes, fabrics, or surfaces look dirty and worn out. Removing stains helps in maintaining a neat, fresh, and appealing appearance of items.

15. Discuss the principles of stain removal.

Ans: The principles of stain removal are mentioned below: 

(i) On application of stain removal technique decide first whether the fabric is washable or not. The technique to be used varies radically for each type of fabric.

(ii) Before you use any chemical on a coloured fabric, test to make is sure that the chemicals does not remove the colour.

(iii) Always study the nature and texture of the fabric when chemical reagents and bleaches are used, as these have injurious effects on the fabric.

(iv) Always try to remove the stains while the stains are still fresh, as the older stains become increasingly difficult to remove.

(v) Try to use dilute chemical solutions as far as possible.

16. Mention the rules of stain removal.

Ans: The rules of stain removal are mentioned below: 

(i) On application of stain removal technique decide first whether the fabric is washable or not. The technique to be used varies radically for each type of fabric.

(ii) Before you use any chemical on a coloured fabric, test to make is sure that the chemicals does not remove the colour.

(iii) Always study the nature and texture of the fabric when chemical reagents and bleaches are used, as these have injurious effects on the fabric.

(iv) Always try to remove the stains while the stains are still fresh, as the older stains become increasingly difficult to remove.

(v) Try to use dilute chemical solutions as far as possible.

17. Mention four ways of stain identification.

Ans: Four ways of stain identification are mentioned below: 

(i)  Appearance: It helps us to observe the state of the stain. A new and fresh stain can be identified easily from the old stain and can be treated accordingly.

(ii) Colour: All stains have their own colour which is a clue for identification e.g. the turmeric stain is yellow in colour, blood has its own red colour, stains of nailpolish, lipstick, etc.

(iii) Smell: Smell is also an identity proof for stains. The stains of medicine, meat, fish, etc. have their peculiar smell which helps in easy identification

(iv) Touch: Touch gives us different feelings on contact with different foreign materials. When stains come in contact with different fabric surfaces react in different way. After absorption of the stain some become very stiff of oily or slippery and some may have no changes and remains as such. So, by touch we can make out the structure and content of the foreign matter, e.g.- nail polish, egg, lipstick, flour paste etc., which makes the stain removing process simple.

18. How will you remove the following stains-

(a) Grease.

Ans: To remove grease stains, apply baking soda or cornstarch to absorb the grease. After a few minutes, scrub gently with a soft brush or cloth. Wash the item with warm water and detergent.

(b) Betel nut.

Ans: To remove betel nut stains, first blot the stain with a clean cloth to remove excess residue. Then, apply a mixture of lemon juice and baking soda to the stain. Scrub gently and rinse with cold water.

(c) Ink.

Ans: For ink stains, blot the stain with rubbing alcohol or vinegar. Apply a cotton ball or cloth soaked in the solution to the stain, gently dabbing until it lifts. Rinse with water and wash as usual.

(d) Nail polish.

Ans: To remove nail polish, use a cotton ball soaked in nail polish remover (acetone-based). Dab the stain gently until it starts to lift. Wash the item with warm water and soap.

(e) Fruit juice.

Ans: For fruit juice stains, immediately rinse the stain with cold water to prevent it from setting. Then, apply a mixture of dish soap and white vinegar, scrub gently, and rinse thoroughly. You may also use a stain remover if necessary.

19. What do you understand vegetable stain?

Ans: A stain is an unwanted mark on a fabric which is difficult to remove by ordinary washing. Vegetable stain is a stain caused by plant foods. 

20. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

(a) ___________ should be removed before laundering.

Ans: Dirt or dust.

(b) To remove unidentified stain _____________ should be used first. 

Ans: Water.

(c) While steeping in water stain becomes ____________ and comes off easily.

Ans: Loosened.

(d) Stain is a mark or spot created by ____________ materials over the surface of the fabric.

Ans: Foreign.

(e) Stain is easy to remove when it is ______________.

Ans: Fresh.

(f) The stain like _____________, _____________ can be identified by its colour. 

Ans: Blood, ink.

(g) Grease stain can be removed by ____________ and ____________.

Ans: Detergent and solvents.

(h) Curry stain can be identified by its _____________.

Ans: Yellowish colour.

(i) Egg stain can be identified by _____________.

Ans: Its sticky texture.

21. What stains are termed as animal stain?

Ans: Animal stains are stains that are derived from animal products, such as blood, milk, egg, urine, and feces.

22. Which are the grease stains?

Ans: Grease stains include stains caused by substances like oil, butter, ghee, lard, vegetable oil, and animal fat.

23. Name the bleaching agents used for stain removal.

Ans: The bleaching agents used for stain removal are:

(i) Hydrogen peroxide.

(ii) Chlorine bleach.

(iii) Oxygen bleach.

(iv) Baking soda.

24. How will you remove the following.

(a) Lipstick.

Ans: To remove lipstick stains, gently scrape off excess lipstick using a dull knife or spoon. Then, apply a small amount of rubbing alcohol or nail polish remover to the stain and blot with a clean cloth. Wash with warm water and detergent.

(b) Rust.

Ans: To remove rust stains, apply a paste made of lemon juice and salt, or use a commercial rust remover. Let it sit for 10-15 minutes before scrubbing gently with a soft brush or cloth. Rinse thoroughly with water.

(c) Ghee or butter.

Ans: For ghee or butter stains, sprinkle some cornstarch or talcum powder on the stain to absorb excess grease. Then, scrape off the powder and wash the fabric with warm water and detergent.

(d) Bleach.

Ans: Bleach stains are usually permanent, but to treat them immediately, rinse the area with cold water to remove excess bleach. If the fabric is still usable, you can try using a fabric dye to restore the color.

(e) Curry. 

Ans: For curry stains, gently blot the stain with cold water. Apply a mixture of dish soap and vinegar, then scrub gently with a brush. Rinse thoroughly and wash the fabric with detergent.

(f) Tea or coffee.

Ans: To remove tea or coffee stains, blot the stain immediately with a clean cloth to absorb excess liquid. Rinse the stained area with cold water. Apply a solution of dish soap and white vinegar to the stain, gently scrub with a soft brush, and rinse thoroughly. For stubborn stains, soak the fabric in a mixture of water and oxygen-based bleach before washing it as usual.

(g) Medicine.

Ans: To remove medicine stains, especially from fabric, use a mixture of vinegar and water. Apply it to the stain, then gently blot. Wash the fabric with detergent afterward.

25. How will you treat unknown stains?

Ans: For unknown stains, start by blotting the stain with a clean cloth to absorb any excess liquid. Test a small amount of detergent, vinegar, or rubbing alcohol on an inconspicuous area of the fabric. Once you determine the stain treatment, apply the appropriate solution to the stain, blot it gently, and rinse with cold water. Repeat if necessary, then wash the fabric as usual.