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NIOS Class 10 Psychology Chapter 8 Motivation and Emotion
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Motivation and Emotion
Chapter: 8
TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS ANSWERS
INTEXT QUESTIONS 8.1
Q.1. Explain the concept of motivation.
Ans: Motivation plays an important role in directing human behaviour. There are several characteristics of motivation. First, it pushes us to reach the goals we have set for ourselves. In order to reach our goals we need to be aroused or feel active.
Q.2. Differentiate between primary and secondary motives.
Ans: Differentiate between primary and secondary motives:
Primary motives: (a) Effect of lack of sleep on performance. Try to keep awake for a long period of time, for example for about 16 hours.
Now list your experience on two aspects:
(i) how long you take to learn a lesson. and
(ii) your feelings at this point of time.
(b) Effect of not eating for a long period of time. Try not to eat for a long period, for example, 8 hours. List your experience in terms of how you feel.
Rate your feelings on a five point scale in terms of:
(i) extent of low feeling.
(ii) level of irritation and annoyance.
Secondary motives: Secondary needs lead to psychological or social motives. They are called social motives because they are learned in social groups, particularly the family. As children grow up and interact with others they acquire certain needs which can be fulfilled in a group setting. For example, achievement motivation is acquired by children through their parents, role models and socio-cultural influences.
Some common social motives are:
- Achievement: To strive for success and excellence, carry out difficult tasks.
- Affiliation: To seek and enjoy the company of others, to make friends.
- Power: To strive for impact on others, to influence, control and persuade others.
- Nurturance: To help and take care of others such as children, elderly or sick persons.
- Aggression: To fight, forcefully overcome opposition, to hurt and ridicule.
- Exploration: To seek a variety of stimulation, to explore novel things.
Q.3. Describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
Ans: According to psychologist Abraham Maslow, there are several levels of needs that each person must strive to meet before he or she can achieve the highest level of personal fulfilment. Thus, a person must be able to fulfil the primary (biological) needs at the lowest level, as indicated in Figure 1. Once these needs are met then safety becomes important, followed by need to belong and to love and be loved. The desire to belong to groups such as family, friends, and religious groups makes us feel loved and accepted by others. If we succeed in satisfying the mentioned needs then we feel the need to have self esteem, confidence, and feeling of self worth. Next come cognitive needs which include need for knowledge and understanding, followed by need for order and beauty. Finally a person moves towards reaching the full potential called self-actualization. Such a person has the qualities of self awareness, is socially responsive, and is open to the challenges of life. This type of organisation of needs is called a hierarchy, or ranking in a series.
As life goes on people gain wisdom and knowledge of how to handle situations, thus they move up the ladder or hierarchy. A person may move up and down the hierarchy depending upon the situation he or she finds himself in. This hierarchy may not hold true for different cultures. It has been found that in countries like Sweden and Norway quality of life is very important and social needs are more sought after than self-actualization. In some cultures security needs are more dominant than self-actualization making job security more important than job satisfaction.
Q.4. Discuss the role of culture and environment in our needs and motives.
Ans: The role of culture and environment in our needs and motives:
(i) Learned liking and habits, for example, a person who enjoys having pizza will want to eat it even if not hungry.
(ii) Stress can lead to eating, for example, examination stress makes some students eat more than is required.
(iii) External cues, such as when it is dinner time or your mother calls out for dinner you are likely to feel hungry. The smell and attractive appearance of food may also make you feel hungry.
(iv) Dietary restraints, if the doctor has advised a patient to avoid sweet foods there may be an increased desire to eat sweets.
Quiz 1
Q.1. The process by which a person moves towards fulfilment of wants is called:
(a) Need.
(b) Incentive.
(c) Motivation.
(d) Goal.
Ans: (c) Motivation.
Q.2. Secondary needs are acquired through:
(a) Biological needs.
(b) Social interaction.
(c) Intrinsic procession.
(d) Innate needs.
Ans: Social interaction.
Q.3. According to Maslow the most basic needs are:
(a) Safety
(b) Cognitive.
(c) Love.
(d) Biological.
Ans: (d) Biological.
Q.4. Reema gets Rs. 20 for every good grade she obtains in school. Reema is receiving:
(a) Intrinsic motivation.
(b) Extrinsic motivation.
(c) Primary need.
(d) Growth need.
Ans: (b) Extrinsic motivation.
Q.5. Ashok has a high need for ____________ because he likes to study and investigate new things.
(a) Love.
(b) Nurturance.
(c) Exploration.
(d) Achievement.
Ans: (c) Exploration.
INTEXT QUESTIONS 8.2
Q.1. State the functions of emotions in our lives.
Ans: Emotions play several important functions in our lives.
(i) Emotions prepare us for action: When you see a person with a gun coming towards you, the emotion of fear and the accompanying bodily changes will help you run away from the situation.
(ii) Emotions help arrange our activities and future behaviour in some order: Emotions help us to gather information and increase our chances of making the right response in the future. When a person threatens us we will try to avoid meeting that person out of fear. Positive emotions can act as reinforcement such as, wanting to repeat an action which brought us praise and joy.
(iii) Emotions help us interact effectively with others: When we show our emotions other people watching them may come to be familiar with our way of behaving and know how we are likely to act again in the future. Similarly, others’ emotional expressions help us understand how to behave with them.
Q.2. With the help of examples identify the components of emotions.
Ans: Emotion has three basic components or parts:
(i) Physiological changes: When a person feels an emotion certain changes take place in our body such as increase in heart rate, blood pressure, pupil size is increased, perspiration takes place, breathing is faster and the mouth may become dry. Think about the last time when you went to the examination centre to write your exam or when you were angry at your younger brother. You may have experienced these bodily changes.
(ii) Behavioural changes and emotional expression: Refer to the outward and noticeable signs of what a person is feeling. These include facial expressions, bodily postures, and gestures with the hand, running away, smiling, frowning, and slumping in a chair. The six primary emotions in facial expressions are: fear, anger, sadness, surprise, disgust and happiness. This means that these emotions are easily recognized in people from all over the world.
(iii) Emotional Feelings: Emotion also includes the personal/individual feeling. We can label the emotion felt as: happy, sad, angry, disgusted and so on. Labelling of a feeling is shaped by past experiences and the culture one belongs to. On seeing a person with a stick in his/her hand we may run away or prepare ourselves to fight, whereas, if a well known singer is in your neighbourhood you will go to the place to hear him sing your favourite songs.
Cognition or understanding of the situation is the most important part of emotional experiences. Some psychologists feel that we think and then feel, while others believe that our emotional reactions are so fast that thinking about the situation does not arise. Attempt Activity 3 to check which explanation is correct according to you? Human emotions involve so many things, past experience, culture, individual differences therefore at times we may first act and then think about it.
Q.3. State how display rules are influenced by culture.
Ans: Rules are influenced by culture are:
Learned liking and habits, for example, a person who enjoys having pizza will want to eat it even if not hungry.
(i) Stress can lead to eating, for example, examination stress makes some students eat more than is required.
(ii) External cues, such as when it is dinner time or your mother calls out for dinner you are likely to feel hungry. The smell and attractive appearance of food may also make you feel hungry.
Quiz 2
State whether the following statements are true or false:
Q.1. Emotions prepare us for action. T/F
Ans: T.
Q.2. When a person feels an emotion no bodily changes take place. T/F
Ans: F.
Q.3. Emotional expression is only shown through facial expressions. T/F
Ans: F.
Q.4. Labelling of emotions is influenced by past experience and the culture one belongs to. T/F
Ans: T.
Q.5. Display rules are approved ways that are noticeable in the expression of emotion. T/F
Ans: T.
TERMINAL QUESTIONS
Q.1. Write three examples of motivated action. Now identify the important characteristics of motivation.
Ans: Three examples of motivated action:
(i) The Concept of Motivation: Motivation plays an important role in directing human behaviour. There are several characteristics of motivation. First, it pushes us to reach the goals we have set for ourselves. In order to reach our goals we need to be aroused or feel active. Too little arousal will make us feel dull and relaxed, whereas, too much arousal may make us withdraw from our goal. Hence we must be motivated to maintain a balanced or optimum level of arousal. Second, people are motivated to behave in certain ways because of the pleasing and pleasant properties of external stimuli, such as, money, good grades, food, which motivate the person to act in a purposeful/focussed manner. Third, motivation is the result of the person’s thoughts and expectations. It can be of two types: intrinsic motivation that comes from within the person, based on personal enjoyment of any task, and extrinsic motivation which is based on external rewards such as money, pay and grades. You will find that sometimes we work hard and produce high quality work when motivation is intrinsic rather than extrinsic. On the other hand, we are also influenced by external rewards. In life, both types of motivation are important. Finally, motivational needs are ordered such that basic needs such as hunger and thirst are satisfied first and then other higher-needs, such as need for achievement and power are fulfilled. Let us now learn about the hierarchy of needs.
(ii) The Hierarchy of motive: According to psychologist Abraham Maslow, there are several levels of needs that each person must strive to meet before he or she can achieve the highest level of personal fulfilment. Thus, a person must be able to fulfil the primary (biological) needs at the lowest level, as indicated in Figure 1. Once these needs are met then safety becomes important, followed by the need to belong and to love and be loved. The desire to belong to groups such as family, friends, and religious groups makes us feel loved and accepted by others. If we succeed in satisfying the mentioned needs then we feel the need to have self esteem, confidence, and feeling of self worth. Next come cognitive needs which include need for knowledge and understanding, followed by need for order and beauty. Finally a person moves towards reaching the full potential called self-actualization. Such a person has the qualities of self awareness, is socially responsive, and is open to the challenges of life.
(iii) Primary motive: ‘Need’ refers to a lack of something that is necessary for us. We feel hungry when our blood sugar level is low, thus we need to eat food to satisfy our hunger. Motives or needs are characterised in terms of primary and secondary needs or motives. Important primary needs are biological needs such as hunger, thirst, oxygen, rest, sleep, temperature regulation, warmth, shelter, excretion, and sex. These needs have to be satisfied for us to stay alive. Needs such as hunger and sleep are cyclical in nature or are repetitive. Thus we need to eat and sleep regularly. Attempt Activity 1 to understand the effects of not eating or sleeping for a long time.
The important characteristics of motivation are:
(a) Effect of lack of sleep on performance. Try to keep awake for a long period of time, for example for about 16 hours.
Now list your experience on two aspects:
(i) how long you take to learn a lesson. and
(ii) your feelings at this point of time.
(b) Effect of not eating for a long period of time. Try not to eat for a long period, for example, 8 hours. List your experience in terms of how you feel.
Rate your feelings on a five point scale in terms of:
(i) extent of low feeling.
(ii) level of irritation and annoyance.
Q.2. Identify the important components of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Which motives are satisfied first? Provide reasons as to why this is so.
Ans: The Hierarchy of Needs According to psychologist Abraham Maslow, there are several levels of needs that each person must strive to meet before he or she can achieve the highest level of personal fulfilment. Thus, a person must be able to fulfil the primary (biological) needs at the lowest level, as indicated in Figure 1. Once these needs are met then safety becomes important, followed by the need to belong and to love and be loved. The desire to belong to groups such as family, friends, and religious groups makes us feel loved and accepted by others. If we succeed in satisfying the mentioned needs then we feel the need to have self esteem, confidence, and feeling of self worth. Next come cognitive needs which include need for knowledge and understanding, followed by need for order and beauty. Finally a person moves towards reaching the full potential called self-actualization. Such a person has the qualities of self awareness, is socially responsive, and is open to the challenges of life.
This type of organisation of needs is called a hierarchy, or ranking in a series. As life goes on people gain wisdom and knowledge of how to handle situations, thus they move up the ladder or hierarchy. A person may move up and down the hierarchy depending upon the situation he or she finds himself in. This hierarchy may not hold true for different cultures. It has been found that in countries like Sweden and Norway quality of life is very important and social needs are more sought after than self-actualization. In some cultures security needs are more dominant than self-actualization making job security more important than job satisfaction.
Q.3. With suitable examples describe the role of motivation and emotion in organising our behaviour.
Ans: Hence your motivation is also accompanied by emotions. Any situation that brings about a strong emotion is likely to motivate you to either repeat it or to avoid it. Thus both motivation and emotion are forces that push us towards action. Primary needs like hunger, thirst and sleep and secondary needs like achievement, power or approval are accompanied by emotional reactions of satisfaction, joy and pride.
It can be said that:
(i) Both motivation and emotion move, activate and help control and plan human Behaviour.
(ii) The feeling part of emotion has a motivational component. It helps us to get what we want and to avoid what we do not want in life.
(iii) Emotions can serve as motives. For example, a frightened child may cry out for help and seek comfort and security from a loved one, such as a mother or father.
