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NIOS Class 10 Psychology Chapter 1 An Introduction to Psychology
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An Introduction to Psychology
Chapter: 1
TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS ANSWERS
INTEXT QUESTIONS 1.1
Q.1. Fill in the blanks:
(a) The word ‘psychology’ has its origin in two Greek words __________ and __________.
Ans: Psyche and logos.
(b) The main unit of investigation is psychology is the individual _____________, ___________.
Ans: Psyche, logos.
(c) Wilhelm Wundt established the first experimental ______________. at the University of Leipzig, in Germany.
Ans: Laboratory.
(d) Psychology is the study of ____________, __________ and ___________.
Ans: Experiences, mental processes and behaviours.
INTEXT QUESTIONS 1.2
Q.1. State whether the following statements are True or False:
(a) In learning we acquire new skills through training and experience.
Ans: True
(b) In sensation stimuli are stored in the brain.
Ans: False
(c) In thinking we use stored knowledge to solve various tasks.
Ans: True
(d) In attention we attend to all the stimuli present in the environment.
Ans: False
INTEXT QUESTIONS 1.3
Q.1. Describe any two fields of psychology and indicate their application?
Ans: Their is two fields of psychology and indicate their application are given below:
(i) Educational Psychology: This field of psychology is mainly concerned with academic performance. It studies the role of various factors which influence learning processes in classroom setting. It focuses on assessing the aptitude, skills and intellectual potential of the students and evaluating their performance. An educational psychologist also helps students to overcome learning difficulties.
(ii) Environmental Psychology: This field is concerned with the study of interaction between physical environment and human behaviour. It studies the impact of noise, heat, humidity, pollution and crowding on human performance. It also focuses on the impact of physical environment on psychological health of individuals
TERMINAL QUESTIONS
Q.1. Define psychology. With the help of examples explain the different components of this definition?
Ans: The word ‘psychology’ has its origin in two Greek words ‘psyche’ and ‘logos’. The word ‘psyche’ in Greek language refers to ‘spirit’ or ‘soul’ and the word ‘logos’ refers to ‘discourse’ or ‘study’. During earlier times it was considered as a discipline which deals with the study of the soul.
In the following sections we will try to understand all the components which collectively define psychology.
(a) Study of experience: Psychologists study a variety of human experiences which are mainly personal or private in nature. They may range from experiences of dream, conscious experiences at different stages of life and experiences when the consciousness is altered through meditation or use of psychedelic drugs. The study of such experiences helps the psychologist to understand the personal world of the individual.
(b) Study of mental processes: Psychology as the study of mental processes tries to investigate the activities happening in the brain which are primarily non physiological in nature. These mental processes include perception, learning, remembering and thinking. These are internal mental activities which are not directly observed but inferred from the behavioural activities of the person. For example, we can say that somebody is thinking if he or she displays certain activities related to finding solution to a mathematical problem assigned to him or her.
(c) Study of behaviour: The range of behaviours studied in psychology is very broad. It includes simple reflexes (e.g. eye blinking), common response patterns such as talking to friends,
verbal reports about feelings and internal states and complex behaviours such as handling computers, playing piano and addressing a crowd. These behaviours are either observed directly through naked eyes or are measured through instruments.They are generally exhibited verbally or nonverbally (e.g. facial expression) when an individual reacts to a stimulus in a given situation. Thus in psychology the main unit of investigation is the individual human being an his or her experiences, mental processes and behaviours.
Q.2. Explain the various psychological processes which influence human behaviour. Support your answer with relevant examples?
Ans: The various psychological processes which influence human behaviour are:
(i) Sensation: It refers to our cognizance of several stimuli that we come across in one-of-a-type modalities on the side of vision, hearing, touch, and taste.
For example, upon walking into a kitchen and smelling the scent of baking cinnamon rolls, the sensation is the scent receptors detecting the odour of cinnamon.
(ii) Attention: During attention we selectively focus on a particular stimulus among many stimuli available to us. For instance while listening to a lecture in the classroom we attend to the words pronounced by the teacher and, try to ignore the other stimuli present in the classroom, such as noise made by the fan.
For example, when we try to recall memories, we have to attend to them to bring them from the long-term to the short-term memory store.
(iii) Perception: In the case of belief we way data and make out the means of the stimuli available to us. For instance, we have to examine a pan and recognize it as an object used for writing.
For example, perception may be “Mmm, this smells like the bread Grandma used to bake when the family gathered for holidays.”
(iv) Learning: It allows us to acquire new expertise and abilities thru revel in and practice. The received expertise and abilities further supply a relative extrude in our behaviour and facilitate our adjustment in diverse settings.
For example, A lot of our learning occurs randomly throughout life, from new experiences, gaining information and from our perceptions, for example: reading a newspaper or watching a news broadcast, talking with a friend or colleague, chance meetings and unexpected experiences.
Q.3. Describe four different fields of psychology. Which field of psychology interests you the most? Give reasons.
Ans: Four different fields of psychology are given below:
(i) Abnormal Psychology: This branch of psychology tries to describe, assess, predict and control those categories of behaviours which are considered as unusual and non-normative. It also deals with various categories of psychological disorders which affect the mental health of the individual. It assesses abnormality in the individual through standardised psycho-diagnostic tools and suggests problem specific Treatment.
(ii) Cognitive Psychology: It deals with acquisition, storage, transformation and application of information the individual uses to understand and interpret events happening around him/her.
(iii) Clinical and Counseling Psychology: Clinical psychology is primarily concerned with diagnosis and treatment of various psychological disorders. A clinical psychologist is trained in psychotherapeutic techniques which are used to treat people suffering from psychological disorders. They are employed in hospitals and clinics dealing with mental health problems. The counselling psychologist deals with mild problems pertaining to adjustment in social and emotional life, and provides specialised services to deal with marital problems, stress oriented problems and career choice.
(iv) Educational Psychology: This field of psychology is mainly concerned with academic performance. It studies the role of various factors which influence learning processes in classroom setting. It focuses on assessing the aptitude, skills and intellectual potential of the students and evaluating their performance. An educational psychologist also helps students to overcome learning difficulties. Educational psychology is important because it has the potential to help both students and teachers. It provides important information for educators to help them create educational experiences, measure learning, and improve student motivation.
