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NCERT Class 11 Political Science Chapter 12 Freedom
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Freedom
Chapter: 12
| (PART-B) POLITICAL THEORY |
| TEXT BOOK QUESTIONS ANSWER |
1. What is meant by freedom? Is there a relationship between freedom for the individual and freedom for the nation?
Ans: Political freedom has been described as freedom from oppression or coercion, the absence of disabling conditions for an individual and the fulfilment of enabling conditions, or the absence of life conditions of compulsion, e.g. economic compulsion, in a society.
(i) Philosophical Perspective:
(a) Liberalism: Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on the rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed, political equality, right to private property and equality before the law.
(b) Collectivism: Collectivism is the political theory that states that the will of the people is omnipotent, an individual must obey; that society as a whole, not the individual, is the unit of moral value.
(ii) Political Perspective:
(a) Democratic Systems: Democracy means rule by the people. The word comes from the ancient Greek words ‘demos’ (the people) and ‘kratos’ (to rule). A democratic country has a system of government where people have the power to participate in decision-making.
(b) Authoritarian Systems: An authoritarian regime has “a concentration of power in a leader or an elite not constitutionally responsible to the people”. Unlike totalitarian states, they will allow social and economic institutions not under governmental control, and tend to rely on passive mass acceptance rather than active popular support.
(iii) Social Perspective:
(a) Interdependence: Social interdependence exists when individuals share common goals and each individual’s outcomes are affected by the actions of the others (Deutsch 1962.
(b) Conflict: Social conflict occurs when two or more people oppose each other in social interaction, and each exerts social power with reciprocity in an effort to achieve.
(iv) Historical Examples:
(a) United States: Today, the United States operates within a multi-party system, with the Democratic and Republican Parties as the most influential players. However, other parties, including the Reform, Libertarian, Socialist, Natural Law, Constitution, and Green Parties, also participate in presidential elections.
(b) Soviet Union: The political system of the Soviet Union took place in a federal single-party soviet socialist republic framework which was characterised by the superior role of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), the only party permitted by the Constitution.
(v) Economic Perspective:
(a) Market Economies: The assumption behind a market economy is that supply and demand are the best determinants of an economy’s growth and health without any influence from external sources, such as government intervention.
(b) Planned Economies: Nations that follow a planned economy have a central controlling authority that plans and manages all production and supply processes and overall economic activities. The primary goal of a planned economy is to provide equal employment opportunities to all citizens and regulate pricing of resources.
(vi) Legal and Human Rights Perspective:
(a) Rule of Law: The rule of law is a core element of the humanitarian and human rights agendas; is crucial to understanding and addressing the reasons for displacement and statelessness; and is the foundation of the humanitarian protection regime.
(b) Human Rights: Human rights, on the other hand, are the safeguards that a human being seeks in order to live in dignity and equality. Legal rights, on the other hand, are the government’s protections for residents of a particular state. Fundamental rights only include certain rights that are fundamental to a normal existence.
2. What is the difference between the negative and positive conception of liberty?
Ans: Here’s a detailed explanation of each:
(i) Negative Liberty:
(a) Definition: Negative liberty is primarily concerned with freedom from external restraint and contrasts with positive liberty (the possession of the power and resources to fulfil one’s own potential).
(ii) Key Characteristics:
(a) Freedom from Interference: Political freedom has been described as freedom from oppression or coercion, the absence of disabling conditions for an individual and the fulfilment of enabling conditions, or the absence of life conditions of compulsion, e.g. economic compulsion, in a society.
(b) Individual Autonomy: Individual autonomy is an idea that is generally understood to refer to the capacity to be one’s own person, to live one’s life according to reasons and motives that are taken as one’s own and not the product of manipulative or distorting external forces.
(c) Scope: The scope of political science includes analysing different types of governments, political ideologies through history, voting patterns and political participation, and international relations.
(d) Freedom of speech: Freedom of speech is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or a community to articulate their opinions and ideas without fear of retaliation, censorship, or legal sanction.
(e) Freedom of religion: Freedom of speech is the right to articulate opinions and ideas without interference, retaliation or punishment from the government. The term “speech” is interpreted broadly and includes spoken and written words as well as symbolic speech (e.g., what a person wears, reads, performs, protests, and more).
(iii) Positive Liberty:
(a) Definition: Positive liberty is the ability to act on one’s free will, as opposed to negative liberty, which is freedom from external restraint on one’s actions. Positive liberty may also refer to freedom from internal constraints.
(iv) Key Characteristics:
(a) Freedom to Achieve Potential: Political freedom has been described as freedom from oppression or coercion, the absence of disabling conditions for an individual and the fulfilment of enabling conditions, or the absence of life conditions of compulsion, e.g. economic compulsion, in a society.
(b) Collective Support: First, Collective Action requires an intentional alignment of shared purpose and shared problem analysis among the member organisations. Second, members have influence over one another’s actions and hold each other accountable.
(c) Empowerment: Political empowerment can be defined ‘as the capacity to influence decision making process, planning, implementation and evaluation by integrating them into the political system’.
(d) Access to education: The Right to Education Act 2009 guarantees free and compulsory education for all children between ages 6-14 as a fundamental right in India.
(e) Economic support: Some of the characteristics or themes of a political economy include the distribution of wealth, how goods and services are produced, who owns property and other resources, who profits from production, supply and demand, and how public policy and government interaction impact society.
(v) Key Differences:
(a) Nature of Freedom: Freedom has its roots in self-determination, the exercise of intellect, and free will. There are different kinds of freedom, including physical, psychological, and moral freedom. True freedom requires both voluntariness in choice and responsibility for the consequences of one’s actions
(b) Role of the State: The State includes both the government and the governed. The government is the established form of political administration of a State. It means the supreme and ultimate power of the State by virtue of which it may command and enforce obedience.
(c) Focus: Political scientists focus upon political systems, including the effect of the environment on the system, inputs, the decision-making agencies which render.
(vi) Criticisms and Debates:
(a) Negative Liberty: It recognizes that human nature and human dignity require a space where people can act freely. It explains that to express himself or herself, one requires non-interference and areas where individual liberties are not violated.
(b) Positive Liberty: It is the idea that freedom means being able to do what you want, without any external obstacles. This concept has been criticised for being too simplistic and not taking into account the importance of individual self-realisation.
3. What is meant by social constraints? Are constraints of any kind necessary for enjoying freedom?
Ans: Social constraints refer to the restrictions imposed by the society whosoever is unauthorised for the same. Necessity of constraints, there are various sections who demand a ban on films, books, articles, journals, etc.
Yes, constraints are essential to enjoy freedom. Constraints are necessary to develop respect for the views and beliefs of others. It is necessary for the creation of a society. Constraints are an inevitable aspect of society, as differences in ideas, opinions, and ambitions can lead to conflicts and disputes. Without mechanisms to control violence and settle disagreements, society would descend into chaos.
4. What is the role of the state in upholding freedom of its citizens?
Ans: The Role of the state in upholding freedom of its citizens:
(i) Protection of Rights: Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals’ freedom from infringement by governments, social organisations, and private individuals. They ensure one’s entitlement to participate in the civil and political life of society and the state.
(ii) Rule of Law: According to the Secretary-General, “the rule of law is a principle of governance in which all persons, institutions and entities, public and private, including the State itself, are accountable to laws that are publicly promulgated, equally enforced and independently adjudicated, and which are consistent with.
(iii) Enforcement of Laws: Enforcement, the Essay argues, is the activity by which a legally constituted power is applied to make the law’s dictates actual; it is a matter of law’s efficacy.
(iv) Promotion of Equality: Achieving more equality in society involves addressing systemic issues like discrimination, prejudice, and bias. It requires implementing policies promoting equal opportunities, such as affirmative action, equal pay policies, and anti-discrimination laws.
(v) Providing Essential Services: Providing essential services is the primary function of administrative governance in societies emerging from conflict. These societies are in immediate need of security, the rule of law, economic governance, and basic human needs services such as health and education.
(vi) Balancing Individual and Collective Interests: Individual interest is conceptualised as a relatively stable affective-evaluative orientation toward certain subject areas or objects. A high level of interest in a particular subject area involves close associations between that subject area and positive feeling- and value-related attributes (e.g., excitement).
5. What is meant by freedom of expression? What in your view would be a reasonable restriction on this freedom? Give examples.
Ans: You have the freedom to express yourself online and to access information and the opinions and expressions of others. This includes political speech, views on religion, opinions and expressions that are favourably received or regarded as inoffensive, but also those that may offend, shock or disturb others.
(i) Incitement to Violence: The use of political violence is usually to fulfill a revolutionary objective, and in times of civil strife to challenge the status quo. The goals of political violence can be varied such as to strengthen the position of a group, or to weaken an opposing side.
(ii) Hate Speech: Hate speech can be conveyed through any form of expression, including images, cartoons, memes, objects, gestures and symbols and it can be disseminated offline or online. Hate speech is “discriminatory” (biassed, bigoted or intolerant) or “pejorative” (prejudiced, contemptuous or demeaning) of an individual or group.
(iii) Defamation: Defamation is saying or writing something about another person that hurts their reputation. Usually, when people use the word defamation, it means that the statement is not true. In this case, it is against the law. A statement that is defamation is called defamatory.
(iv) National Security: National security refers to the protection of a nation’s interests and sovereignty against internal and external threats. It involves safeguarding the well-being and safety of a country’s citizens. It also protects its territory, economy, infrastructure, and institutions from potential risks.
(v) Obscenity and Pornography: Obscenity refers to a narrow category of pornography that violates contemporary community standards and has no serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value. For adults at least, most pornography-material of a sexual nature that arouses many readers and viewers-receives constitutional protection.
