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NCERT Class 11 Political Science Chapter 11 Political Theory: An Introduction
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Political Theory: An Introduction
Chapter: 11
| (PART-B) POLITICAL THEORY |
| TEXT BOOK QUESTIONS ANSWER |
1. Which of the following statements are true/false about political theory?
(a) It discusses ideas that form the basis of political institutions.
Ans: True.
(b) It explains the relationship between different religions.
Ans: False.
(c) It explains the meaning of concepts like equality and freedom.
Ans: True.
(d) It predicts the performance of political parties.
Ans: False.
2. Politics is more than what politicians do. Do you agree with this statement? Give examples.
Ans: Yes, I agree with the statement that itics is Politics more than what politicians do.
(i) Civil Society and Activism: Civil Society denotes the sphere of action that lies between the state and society that is made up of civic groups, civil society organisations, and non-governmental organisations. These all work to represent and promote certain special interests or raise public awareness of civic duties and political rights.
Example: The Civil Rights Movement in the United States.
(ii) Media and Public Opinion: Public opinion can be influenced by public relations and the political media. Additionally, mass media utilises a wide variety of advertising techniques to get their message out and change the minds of people. Since the 1950s, television has been the main medium for moulding public opinion.
Example: The Role of Media in Shaping Political Discourse.
(iii) Grassroots Movements and Community Organizing: Grassroots movements, using self-organisation, encourage community members to contribute by taking responsibility and action for their community. Grassroots movements utilise a variety of strategies from fundraising and registering voters, to simply encouraging political conversation.
Example: The Environmental Movement.
(iv) Economic Institutions and Business Influence: Both economics and political science use analytical models which relate certain independent and dependent variables to one another in a systematic way. These can be called “partial” and. general” equilibrium models. Partial-equilibrium analysis as-sumes other things equal, or in Latin, ceteris paribus.
Example: Corporate Lobbying and Campaign Contributions.
(v) Cultural and Educational Institutions: Cultural and educational rights are human rights that promote equality and respect for all cultures, religions, and languages. They include the right to freedom of expression, the right to receive an education, and the right to participate in cultural life.
Example: The Role of Universities and Intellectuals.
(vi) Judiciary and Legal Advocacy: The judiciary is that branch of the government that interprets the law, settles disputes and administers justice to all citizens. The judiciary is considered the watchdog of democracy, and also the guardian of the Constitution.
Example: Landmark Supreme Court Decisions.
(vii) International Organizations and Agreements: International organisations serve many diverse functions, including collecting information and monitoring trends (e.g., the World Meteorological Organization), delivering services and aid (e.g., the World Health Organization), and providing forums for bargaining (e.g., the European Union) and settling disputes (e.g).
Example: The United Nations and Global Governance.
3. Vigilant citizens are a must for the successful working of a democracy. Comment.
Ans: (i) Accountability: “Governments are ‘accountable’ if voters can discern whether governments are acting in their interest and sanction them appropriately, so that those incumbents who act in the best interest of the citizens win reelection and those who do not lose them.”
(ii) Informed Decision-Making: Informed decision making is based solely on confidence that, given the right information and understanding, we can all make the right decisions.
(iii) Participation: Political participation includes a broad range of activities through which people develop and express their opinions on the world and how it is governed, and try to take part in and shape the decisions that affect their lives.
(iv) Protection of Rights: Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals’ freedom from infringement by governments, social organisations, and private individuals. They ensure one’s entitlement to participate in the civil and political life of society and the state.
(v) Fostering a Culture of Democracy: The role of the press and electronic media in introducing a serious discussion on major economic, political, and foreign policy issues does strengthen democratic culture. It acts as another forum for accountability of government policies and the private sector by engaging in serious discussions on national issues.
(vi) Community and Social Responsibility: Social responsibility is an ethical framework in which a person works and cooperates with other people and organisations for the benefit of the community. Social responsibility from businesses such as providing recycling bins can in turn provide opportunities for people to be socially responsible by recycling.
(vii) Media and Information Integrity: Integrity is also acting consistently not only with what is generally accepted as moral, what others think, but primarily with what is ethical, what politicians should do based on reasonable arguments. Important virtues of politicians are faithfulness, humility, and accountability.
4. In what ways is the study of political theory useful for us? Identify four ways in which political theory can be useful to us.
Ans: Political theory helps bureaucrats, politicians, government officers and advocates to interpret the laws and constitution. It also helps in understanding the problems of society and explore the ways to solve them.
(i) Understanding Political Concepts and Ideologies: Politics is about making agreements between people so that they can live together in groups such as tribes, cities, or countries. In large groups, such as countries, some people may spend a lot of their time making such agreements. These people are called politicians.
(ii) Enhancing Civic Participation and Citizenship: Citizenship or civic participation consists of behaviours, attitudes, and actions that reflect. concerned and active membership in a community. This includes the more traditional. electoral citizenship activities, such as voting, serving on nonprofit boards or school boards, as.
(iii) Developing Critical Thinking and Analytical Skills: Analytical reasoning is a more linear approach to gathering and analysing data. It takes a step-by-step flow that breaks down information in a logical pattern. Critical thinking skills enable you to question the data, verify it, and analyse outside information before developing a more holistic solution.
(iv) Informing Public Policy and Ethical Decision-Making: Ethical considerations in public policy making refer to the values, principles, and moral judgments that policymakers take into account when making decisions that affect the public.
5. Do you think a good/convincing argument can compel others to listen to you?
Ans: (i) Clarity and Coherence: Clarity is the covering up of a different. Coherence, on the other hand, is the illusion that an argument holds together, that it is all of one piece. Coherence belies the fiction that the writer is a whole subject, in complete control of his or her writing the habit of saying.
(ii) Evidence and Reasoning: We found that the weight of the ball increased each time we pumped more air into it (evidence). This shows that air has weight, one of the characteristics of matter (reasoning).
(iii) Relevance: Having something to do with the matter being considered. Political theory helps bureaucrats, politicians, government officers and advocates to interpret the laws and constitution. It also helps in understanding the problems of society and exploring the ways to solve them.
(iv) Emotional Appeal: An emotional appeal is a method of persuasion that’s designed to create an emotional response. Emotion (also known as pathos or suffering in Greek) is one of the three modes of persuasion identified by Aristotle. The other two are logos, or logic, and ethos, or authority.
(v) Credibility of the Speaker: Speaker credibility is the trustworthiness a speaker brings to the stage of a speech. It consists of the credentials that qualify a person to speak on the topic being presented. Without speaker credibility, the speech, itself, cannot be credible.
(vi) Engagement Techniques: Social media engagement theory refers to the concept that individuals engage with content on social media platforms through active participation and interaction.
(vii) Addressing Counter Arguments: Respectfully acknowledge evidence or standpoints that differ from your argument. Refute the stance of opposing arguments, typically utilising words like “although” or “however.” In the refutation, you want to show the reader why your position is more correct than the opposing idea.
(viii) Audience’s Openness: Openness in research ethics refers to the principle of transparency and accessibility in the research process. It involves making research findings, data, and methodologies openly available to promote rigour, constructive scrutiny, and accountability.
6. Do you think studying political theory is like studying mathematics? Give reasons for your answer.
Ans: (i) Nature of Content:
(a) Mathematics: Deals with abstract concepts, numbers, formulas, and theorems that are objective and can be universally proven or disproven. The focus is on precision, logical reasoning, and problem-solving.
(b) Political Theory: It defines political theory as the academic study of government and the state, as well as the activities associated with governance. It notes that political theory examines events, ideas, laws, justice, civil rights, government issues, history, ethics, social life, and political life.
(ii) Methodology:
(a) Mathematics: Uses a formal and rigorous approach with clearly defined rules and procedures. Problems are solved through logical steps, and results are definitive and replicable.
(b) Political Theory: Political methodology, broadly defined, addresses the tools of inquiry that are appropriate to the study of political science. These tools include quantitative techniques for data analysis, qualitative approaches, and specialized techniques for solving particular problems.
(iii) Objective vs. Normative:
(a) Mathematics: Primarily objective, focusing on what is logically and empirically true.
(b) Political Theory: Each political community can function on the basis of certain common standards shared by its members. A descriptive social or political theory simply identifies and examines those standards whereas a normative theory formulates statements as to what standards a politi- cal community ought to follow or be based upon.
(iv) Certainty of Conclusions:
(a) Mathematics: Conclusions are certain and based on logical proofs. Once proven, mathematical theorems hold universally.
(b) Political Theory: Rights are those essential conditions of social life without which no person can generally realize his best self. These are the essential conditions for health of both the individual and his society.
(v) Similarities:
(a) Analytical Skills: Analytical skills involve examining data from a variety of sources, filtering the information to leave only the data that relates to your study and then drawing conclusions from that information. Depending on the nature of the data, you may need to perform quantitative or qualitative analysis to derive useful results.
(b) Logical Reasoning: History is the study of the past as it is described in written documents and Political Science is the study of understanding methods of governing, and describing the operation of governments.
(c) Structured Thinking: In the 1970s, political scientists Gabriel Almond and Bingham Powell introduced a structural-functionalist approach to comparing political systems. They argued that, in order to understand a political system, it is necessary to understand not only its institutions (or structures) but also their respective functions.
