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NCERT Class 11 Political Science Chapter 13 Equality
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Equality
Chapter: 13
| (PART-B) POLITICAL THEORY |
| TEXT BOOK QUESTIONS ANSWER |
1. Some people argue that inequality is natural while others maintain that it is equality which is natural and the inequalities which we notice around us are created by society. Which view do you support? Give reasons.
Ans: Some people argue that inequality is natural because nature has endowed different men with different capacities. One individual is born with the genius of a poet, another with that of a musician, a third with that of an engineer.
(i) Evolutionary Perspective: Evolutionary theory tells about how the state was formed as a result of many different social circumstances and also reaches its present form with the process of evolution.
(ii) Individual Choices: Individual level analysis focuses on people. People make decisions within nation states and therefore people make foreign policy. Scholars might look at the roles of different leaders. This level of analysis might explain World War II by examining the role of Hitler.
Arguments That Equality Is Natural and Inequality Is Socially Constructed.
(i) Human Rights Perspective: Natural rights are basic rights that include the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Every citizen is entitled to these rights and they are to be protected from encroachment by the government or society. It is both illegal and morally wrong for a person to be denied natural rights.
(ii) Historical Context: In writing, historical context includes the social, economic, cultural, and political influences that shape your primary sources. The characteristics of historical context are: date, location, major events, religious conditions, cultural traditions and beliefs, social norms, political landscape, and economic structure.
(iii) Socialization and Opportunity: Political socialisation is the process by which individuals internalise and develop their political values, ideas, attitudes, and perceptions via the agents of socialisation. Political socialisation occurs through processes of socialisation that can be structured as primary and secondary socialisation.
Here are the reasons for my perspective:
(i) Historical and Structural Factors: The Structural Approach is a significant tool when analysing political systems. It frames the social, economic, legal, and political connections that shape a society. By delving into these relationships, you gain a deeper understanding of the functions and consequences of different political structures.
(ii) Social and Economic Systems: Political economy is an interdisciplinary branch of the social sciences. It focuses on the interrelationships of individuals, governments, and public policy. Political economists study how economic theories such as capitalism, socialism, and communism work in the real world.
(iii) Opportunity and Access: A political opportunity structure has been defined as the circumstances surrounding a political landscape. However, Tarrow, who used the term in his earlier publications, now argues it is misleading, as most opportunities need to be perceived and are situational, not structural.
(iv) Human Rights and Justice: The political conception of human rights is committed to understanding the distinctive nature of human rights strictly in light of their role in modern international political practice. This role consists typically in limiting the actions of governments and setting standards of legitimacy.
2. There is a view that absolute economic equality is neither possible nor desirable. It is argued that the most a society can do is to try and reduce the gaps between the richest and the poorest members of the society. Do you agree?
Ans: Economic Equality: The pursuit of equality requires that people belonging to different groups and communities have a fair and equal chance to compete for those goods and opportunities.
(i) Meaning: In simple terms, economic equality is about a level playing field where everyone has the same access to the same wealth. Poor people aren’t poor because they want to be. And not all wealthy people got what they have through hard work.
(ii) Economic inequalities: Economic inequality is an umbrella term for a) income inequality or distribution of income (how the total sum of money paid to people is distributed among them), b) wealth inequality or distribution of wealth (how the total sum of wealth owned by people is distributed among the owners), and c) consumption inequality.
(iii) Methods or ways of measuring the degree of economic inequalities: The Gini index, or Gini coefficient, measures income inequality in nations by determining how income is distributed across their populations.
(iv) Nature or position at ground of economic equality: Social equality is distinct from alleviating suffering of the unfortunate in society. It is an expression of the ideal that any two individuals in society should be treated with an equal level of respect and have equal right to participate in society without regard for social status or hierarchy.
(v) Importance of economic equality or dangers of economic inequalities for society:
(a) The situation in an economy in which the apportionment of resources or goods among the people is considered fair. In simple terms, economic equality is about a level playing field where everyone has the same access to the same wealth. Poor people aren’t poor because they want to be.
(b) Effects of income inequality, researchers have found, include higher rates of health and social problems, and lower rates of social goods, a lower population-wide satisfaction and happiness and even a lower level of economic growth when human capital is neglected for high-end consumption.
3. Match the following concepts with appropriate instances:
| (a) Affirmative action | (i) Every adult citizen has a right to vote. |
| (b) Equality of opportunity | (ii) Banks offer higher rates of interest to senior citizens. |
| (c) Equal Rights | (iii) Every child should get free education |
Ans: Inequality exists because of unequal opportunities and exploitation of one group from other groups in the society.
(i) Appropriate Instances: The normative approach is centred on the assessment of cultural and social values to explore political phenomena in a state. It posits the ideal features of government and proposes changes to existing government procedures to help it approach those ideals.
(ii) Appropriate Instances: The normative approach is centered on the assessment of cultural and social values to explore political phenomena in a state. It posits the ideal features of government and proposes changes to existing government procedures to help it approach those ideals.
4. A government report on farmers’ problems says that small and marginal farmers cannot get good prices from the market. It recommends that the government should intervene to ensure a better price but only for small and marginal farmers. Is this recommendation consistent with the principle of equality?
Ans: I think that the above written recommendation is consistent with the principle of equality. In a liberal democratic country, in a welfare state and in a socialist society the interest of the small and marginal farmers should be protected by the government so that they could lead reasonably just social lives and should get some economic assistance from the government. They (small and marginal farmers) will be in a better position to get justice-social, economic and political.
5. Which of the following violate the principles of equality? And why?
(a) Every child in class will read the text of the play by turn.
Ans: This does not violate the principle of equality.
(b) The government of Canada encouraged white Europeans to migrate to Canada from the end of the Second World War till 1960.
Ans: The Government of Canada encouraged white Europeans to migrate to Canada from the end of the Second World War till 1960, violating the principle of equality.
(c) There is a separate railway reservation counter for the senior citizens.
Ans: It is not a violation of principles of equality because this right is given to the senior citizens on the basis of their special needs and requirements.
(d) Access to some forest areas is reserved for certain tribal communities.
Ans: This violates the principle of equality because all tribal people should be treated equally, no one should be discriminated against by reserving forest areas for some only.
6. Here are some arguments in favour of the right to vote for women. Which of these are consistent with the idea of equality? Give reasons.
(a) Women are our mothers. We shall not disrespect our mothers by denying them the right to vote.
Ans: It is not consistent with the idea of equality as this is not based on the principles of equality but this argument emanates from our emotions.
(b) Decisions of the government affect women as well as men, therefore, they also should have a say in choosing the rulers.
Ans: It is consistent with the idea of equality as this argument is based on the impact of the decision-making process on women and hence, their right to choose the decision-makers.
(c) Not granting women the right to vote will cause disharmony in the family.
Ans: It is not consistent with the idea of equality as it is concerned more with the disintegration of family rather than giving women equal opportunity to choose their representatives.
(d) Women constitute half of humanity. You cannot subjugate them for long by denying them the right to vote.
Ans: It is consistent with the idea of equality as this argument is based on rational thinking. Women are considered equal to men in the composition of society and are therefore given equal importance and opportunity to cast their vote.
